http://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&feed=atom&deletedOnly=&limit=500&target=Octavius&topOnly=&year=&month=NovaRoma - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T07:33:04ZFrom NovaRomaMediaWiki 1.17.0http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Marcus_Octavius_Gracchus_(Nova_Roma)Marcus Octavius Gracchus (Nova Roma)2011-03-15T04:34:17Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<div>{{BioHeader|name=Marcus Octavius Gracchus|id=22|option=senator}}<br />
<div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em">__TOC__</div><br />
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'''Marcus Octavius Gracchus''' was a [[Consular (Nova Roma)|Consular]] of [[Nova Roma]]. For over eight years, he was known as '''Marcus Octavius Germanicus''', changing his cognomen {{Sep 26}} {{2006}} to the more appropriate '''Gracchus'''. <br />
<br />
M. Octavius was one of the [[Early Citizens (Nova Roma)|first persons to join]] Nova Roma after its founding in [[MMDCCLI]], making him one of the original [[Patrician (Nova Roma)|Patrician]] [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|Patresfamilias]].<br />
<br />
M. Octavius resigned his citizenship {{Jun 8}} {{2009}}. [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Nova-Roma/message/66424] <br />
<br />
He returned briefly in {{2010}} to protest abuses by then-Pontifex Maximus Piscinus, but then departed again, rescinding a petition to regain citizenship, in protest of alleged election tampering and mailing list censorship perpetrated by Consul [[Publius Memmius Albucius (Nova Roma)|Publius Memmius Albucius]].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
===Early Involvement===<br />
Though he joined Nova Roma at its inception, Octavius was not immediately active, largely due to an outside project. In early {{2000}}, however, he began to participate in the mailing list, and thinking of ways to improve the web site. At about this time, Consul [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]] posted to the main list [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-04.html#M0013] a request for candidates to fill several vacancies: a new Censor was needed due to a resignation, as were two Curule Aediles as these positions had been vacant since the last year's general election.<br />
<br />
Octavius saw the Aedileship as an ideal position from which to implement his ideas for transforming the web site. He declared his candidacy for [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|Curule Aedile]] the same day, {{Apr 4}} [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-04.html#M0034], and soon after published a [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-07.html#M0012 detailed plan] of improvements. When the [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-05-05.html#M0007 election results] were posted, Octavius had been elected Curule Aedile Maior, 26 tribes to 18.<br />
<br />
He immediately began working closely with both Censores. Until this point, the citizen records had been kept in the form of a Microsoft Access file, supplemented with paper printouts of incoming requests for citizenship; these would be mailed between the two Censores each month as they rotated active duty. Octavius imported this data into a PostgreSQL database and built a web-based tool to edit it. Upon receiving the Censores' and Consules' approval, he transferred the novaroma.org domain and web site to his own server, where it remains to this day.<br />
<br />
===Senator===<br />
<br />
Only six months after becoming active as Aedile, Octavius was nominated to the Senate by unanimous vote of the Senate, and adlected by the two Censores. He turned his attention first to the upcoming elections, rewriting the voting software, and pledging to run for no office except Magister Araneum (where there was no opposition) to avoid the appearance of impropriety. In December, he was also approved by the Senate as Propraetor [[Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Provincia Lacus Magni]], a position that had been vacant since the resignation of [[Gaius Drusus Domitianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Drusus Domitianus]] eighteen months before.<br />
<br />
During the year {{2001}}, Octavius maintained a highly visible presence on the main list and in the debate over the so-called "Gender edict", maintaining that the decision had been reasonable and that it was time to move on, and clashing often with [[Marcus Apollonius Formosanus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Apollonius Formosanus]]. At this time he continued to make improvements to the web site, and in particular, the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|Album Civium]].<br />
<br />
At the end of {{2001}}, Octavius announced his intention to stand for Consul. The only other candidate was [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Nova Roma)|Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix]], who was then finishing a two-year term as Censor. The election was very close, with Octavius receiving only one more [[century]] than Cornelius; he learned of this result while staying at the house of [[Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus (Nova Roma)|Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus]].<br />
<br />
===Consulship MMDCCLV===<br />
In the final week of {{2001}}, both outgoing consuls presented proposals to the Senate with insufficient time remaining in the year to conclude debate and voting. Consul [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] nominated three candidates for the Senate to vote on in order to make a recommendation to the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censores]]. Consul [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]] proposed a law that would allow for the removal of inactive Senators, as two Senators had not been heard from in over a year. As Senior Consul, Octavius presided over the Senate in January, and thus inherited both proposals. <br />
<br />
In addition to handling these issues, Octavius also in his first month proposed the title "Pater Patriae" for each of the two founders, who had also just finished their second consulships, and this was overwhelmingly approved by the Senate.<br />
<br />
====First Censorial Powers Controversy====<br />
Former Consul Vedius's nomination of three proposed Senators did not, at first, attract much debate, as it was a relatively routine matter - save that one of the candidates was his wife, [[Priscilla Vedia Serena (Nova Roma)|Priscilla Vedia Serena]]. All three were presented to the Senate for a simple majority vote, and all three received the Senate's approval; the Senate thus made the official recommendation to the Censores that the three candidates should become Senators.<br />
<br />
Former Consul Cassius's plan for the removal of Senators was hotly contested. Both Censores were in favour, as this would give them a guideline for a process only vaguely described in the [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]]. Other Senators were divided on the matter. Some claimed that it was ahistorical to remove Senators for absence; others maintained that the patterns of membership in an online society are sufficiently different from those of Roma Antiqua as to require different regulations, and that absences of a year or more were sufficient grounds to assume a person had lost interest alltogether.<br />
<br />
Simultaneously with this argument, the issue of the three proposed Senators arose again. The Censores disagreed with the recommendation of the Senate and did not wish to adlect all three candidates. The Senate divided on similar lines as they had on the above issue - with one faction claiming that the Censores '''must''' admit anyone approved by the Senate; the other saying that the decision was entirely that of the Censores. <br />
<br />
Octavius pushed hard for the Senator removal procedure, and eventually obtained Senate and Comitia approval for the [[Lex Octavia de senatoribus (Nova Roma)|Lex Octavia de Senatoribus]], which granted the Censores the power to remove those Senators who had failed to vote in two thirds of a year's Senate sessions. On the issue of the new Senators, however, he was less successful. With Censores [[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus]] and [[Caius Flavius Diocletianus (Nova Roma)|Caius Flavius Diocletianus]] unwilling to accept Priscilla Vedia Serena, Octavius asked them instead to let the Senate choose three candidates from a list of five, who would then be made Senators. The Senate then voted, and when the three selected did not include P. Vedia, she and Pater Patriae Fl. Vedius both resigned citizenship on {{Mar 15}} {{2002}}.<br />
<br />
====[[Roman Days|Roman Days MMDCCLV]]====<br />
[[Image:RD2002_fivesenators.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Octavius (left) and the other Senators at Roman Days]]<br />
In June of the year of his Consulship, Octavius attended the annual Roman Days event in Maryland, there meeting several Nova Roma citizens for the first time.<br />
<br />
====Second Censorial Powers Controversy====<br />
Later that same month, a conflict arose between the two Consuls, again on the issue of the Censores power. Consul L. Cornelius had privately shown Octavius a proposed lex that would substantially modify the Censores' power to create Senators, in some cases, making adlection automatic, even against the wishes of the Senators. Octavius opposed this - thinking it was retaliation for the Censores' actions in the events three months prior - and privately insisted that the proposal be modified, or it would be vetoed. When Consul Cornelius finally posted a call for votes, however, the text included several of the features that the two had agreed would be removed, and Octavius vetoed it within hours.<br />
<br />
This ended a truce that had existed between the two Consuls, and for much of the remainder of their term, they quarrelled publicly and privately.<br />
<br />
====Gens Reform====<br />
<br />
===First Censorship [[MMDCCLVI]]-[[MMDCCLVII]]===<br />
At the end of his Consulship, Octavius was elected Censor. He had worked closely with the Censores ever since {{2000}}, when he took over the web site and built the Censores' tools, and had been himself performing some of the Censores' functions ever since - assignment of voter codes, tribes, and centuries. Now, as Censor, Octavius continued to work on the tools, while his colleague [[Caius Flavius Diocletianus (Nova Roma)|Caius Flavius Diocletianus]] handled the regular duties of the office.<br />
<br />
But during this time, his enthusiasm for Nova Roma was waning. Octavius was thoroughly and repeatedly criticised on the main list by allies of his co-consul of the previous year, and he largely withdrew from public life. In early {{2004}}, Octavius and his second colleague [[Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus (Nova Roma)|Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus]] published a [[Nota (Nova Roma)|Nota]] against Senator [[Lucius Sicinius Drusus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Sicinius Drusus]], and the resulting villification of the Censores further increased Octavius's isolation. In May of that year, he looked on the main list after having avoided it for some time, and saw that one citizen was in the process of initiating a lawsuit against another for "slander". Utterly disgusted by this, he resigned as Censor and unsubscribed from every mailing list. <br />
<br />
===Absence and Return===<br />
For about a year after this event, Octavius was largely absent from Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
In the summer of {{2005}}, Octavius, though still unhappy with the direction of Nova Roma, met with some friends in Ohio to discuss revival of the Religio Romana, and how it might be accomplished if Nova Roma continued to be a place where fighting was the principal activity. This reawakened his hope for Nova Roma, and he began to think of contributing to society again. At a meeting with [[Caius Minucius Scaevola (Nova Roma)|Caius Minucius Scaevola]], then webmaster, in late {{2005}} he suggested increasing citizen participation in the web site by installing a '''Wiki'''. Though he was avoiding politics and the main list, Octavius had returned to Nova Roma, "behind the scenes", and was once again working to advance its mission.<br />
<br />
In the [[Election MMDCCLVIII|Election]] of {{2005}}, Octavius assisted Scaevola in configuring the voting tools, and supported consular candidate [[Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus]], later becoming Consul Modianus's Accensus.<br />
<br />
===Second Censorship [[MMDCCLIX]]-[[MMDCCLX]]===<br />
A vacancy opened in the Censorship with the resignation of newly-elected Censor [[Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix (Nova Roma)|Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix]] due to work-related issues. Octavius, by now active again, saw this as his opportunity to return to public life, and ran unopposed for the position. He took his oath of office {{May 15}} {{2006}}, four days before the anniversary of his resignation as Censor two years before; thus, if he completes his term, he will have served more than three years as Censor, a longer time than any other to hold that office.<br />
<br />
Within days of Octavius assuming office, an unpleasant discovery was made. Appius Claudius Priscus, who had been citizen for about six months, was discovered to have ties to the neo-Nazi movement. The Consuls and Censores monitored the activities of this person while attempting to find more information. When he boasted of having contacted the US Government in the name of Nova Roma - without authorisation - Octavius and Marinus issued a Nota against Priscus, on {{Jun 6}} {{2006}}.<br />
<br />
After the Priscus crisis had passed, Octavius turned his attention to the Album Civium pages and the Censors' tools, some of which had been essentially unchanged for five years. A new set of Album Civium pageswas released in October. Soon after, Octavius installed and announced an [[IRC (Nova Roma)|IRC Server]] for regularly scheduled chats.<br />
<br />
===MMDCCLXI===<br />
Disgusted by the actions of persons involved in a struggle to control the priestly colleges, and by the insistence by some that a complex law code with massive potential penalties was appropriate for a small organization, Octavius quit the Senate in the [[Purge of MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)|Purge of MMDCCLXI]], and largely ended his involvement with Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
===MMDCCLXIII - Return and Final Departure ===<br />
The resignation of Octavius left Nova Roma unable to hold proper and legal elections. Although the election software's configuration file format was documented in the files themselves, and Octavius had fully cooperated with the new CIO of {{2009}} in explaining how these worked and even offered to set up elections (at industry-standard consulting rates), disagreement in the upper echelons of Nova Roma resulted in no such work being commissioned. <br />
<br />
At the time the election software was created, at least four professional sysadmins had been active members: Octavius Gracchus, T. Octavius Pius, Q. Valerius Callidus, M. Minucius Scaevola. Each of these had managed elections without difficulty; and thus Octavius had never foreseen a need to make the software configurable by less qualified persons, as there had never been a shortage of competent volunteers. Unfortunately, between 2006 and 2009, '''all four''' of the capable volunteers left Nova Roma in disgust at the factionalism or the obsession with "law", leaving the software orphaned and poorly understood.<br />
<br />
In {{2010}}, the simultaneous resignation of both Praetores led to a power struggle between the two consuls. A Senate meeting was called, purportedly to discuss the "IT Crisis"; but in the final hours of that meeting a resolution to appoint a Dictator was introduced, over the objections of Consul Albucius, whose veto was ignored. Octavius had, meanwhile, returned to the main list in order to denounce recent actions of Piscinus; though not a citizen, he still held a strong opinion about that individual, and had heard "through the grapevine" about various actions that negatively impacted some of his few remaining friends within Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
For four months, Octavius - though a non-citizen - was a regular participant in the political debates on the main list, taking the side of Consul Albucius when the College of Pontifices twice found him guilty of ''impietas prudens dolo malo'' because of his intentional violation of augural procedures as set forth by the College of Augurs and the Senate tried to install a dictator over his objections. Octavius proposed a resolution to the crisis: a peaceful partitioning of Nova Roma into two independent groups roughly corresponding to the two major factions; this proposal had some support by various members of both factions but was rejected by the leaders on both sides. The struggle continued, with magistrates and priests ignoring each others' vetoes and proclamations, until finally Piscinus (who had forgotten to pay his annual membership fee) quit the Senate and was removed as Pontifex Maximus. In celebration of this, Octavius applied to the Censores for reinstatement of citizenship.<br />
<br />
Such optimism was not to last, however. That same month, the Senate passed a Senatus Consultum Ultimum granting Consul Albucius sole authority to run the upcoming annual election. What this was expected to accomplish is unclear; the reason elections could not be held earlier was due to the lack of a competent sysadmin or programmer to configure the software, rather than the lack of a strong-willed consul to oversee things, and it remains to be seen whether the S.C.U. will magically bestow technical competence on its beneficiary. <br />
<br />
Now possessing supreme authority, Consul Albucius chose to appoint one of the candidates for consul, [[Aula Tullia Scholastica (Nova Roma)|Aula Tullia Scholastica]] as diribitor, and to ignore her refusal to take up a position she had not consented to. Though she immediately resigned, Albucius outright refused to accept her resignation, and kept her name off the approved list of candidates for consul. <br />
<br />
Octavius, appalled by Albucius's utter disregard for individual rights and his willingness to tamper with an election by not allowing all eligible candidates, protested most vehemently on the mailing lists. At the height of the debate, Albucius forcibly unsubscribed Octavius from the main list, effectively censoring opposition to his agenda of a rigged election.<br />
<br />
Two hours after being banished, Octavius wrote to the censores to rescind his petition for reinstatement as a full citizen. The following morning, {{Dec 1}}, a lengthly valedictory statement from him appeared on the main list, forwarded by a friend who was brave enough to openly defy the consul. Octavius explained that his personal ethical principles, which highly value the rights of individuals, are fundamentally and irrevocably in conflict with the "letter of the law" attitude prevalent in Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
Marcus Octavius Gracchus has no intention to return to Nova Roma ever again.<br />
<br />
<!-- written by Octavius 02 Dec 2010. Hi, thanks for reading! --><br />
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==[[Cursus honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==<br />
<br />
* [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censor]]<br />
:{{2007}}<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
:{{2004}}<br />
:{{2003}}<br />
* [[Consul (Nova Roma)|Consul]]<br />
:{{2002}}<br />
* [[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]<br />
:from {{Nov 11}}{{2000}} to {{Feb 4}}{{2008}}<br />
* [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|Propraetor]] of [[Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Lacus Magni]]<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
* [[Aedilis Curulis (Nova Roma)|Aedilis Curulis]]<br />
:{{2000}}<br />
<br />
==Other Posts==<br />
<br />
* [[Magister Aranearius (Nova Roma)|Magister Aranearius]]<br />
:{{2004}}<br />
:{{2002}}<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
* [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|Accensus]]<br />
:{{2008}}<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
* [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|Scriba]]<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
:{{2005}}<br />
:{{2003}}<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
:{{2000}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Consulars (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Governors (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Magistrates (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Gens Octavia (Nova Roma)|M. Octavius Gracchus]]<br />
[[Category: Tribus Horatia (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Former Senators (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/User_talk:M._Lucretius_AgricolaUser talk:M. Lucretius Agricola2010-12-04T21:06:13Z<p>Octavius: another perspective</p>
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<div>Leave a message, I'll read it the next time I log in. <br />
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Don't delete stuff. /\⁄\ |_ ⁄·\<br />
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---- <br />
<br />
Is it use a template with GlobalText in a category page?<br />
E.g.:<br />
.../Category:PT:Portuguese_Name<br />
<br />
Use the <nowiki>{{Praetor}}</nowiki> but let the text in PT?<br />
> If not, can this solution be possible <nowiki>{{Praetor|PT}}</nowiki>, by this way we could select the language we want....<br />
--[[User_talk:Gaius Cocceius Spinula|Gaius Cocceius Spinula]] @00:15, 23 January 2009 (CET)<br />
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== Template:Populi candidates Aprilis MMDCCLXII ==<br />
<br />
Salve<br />
<br />
I have used the SmallCandidatebox but I cannot fix the page.<br />
<br />
Can you help please?<br />
<br />
--[[User:Marcus Curiatius Complutensis|Complutensis]] 21:37, 14 April 2009 (CEST)<br />
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<br />
Salve the page is Template:Populi candidates Aprilis MMDCCLXII.<br />
<br />
The problem is:<br />
<br />
with the use of the SmallCandidateBox the bottom of the page appears out of the screeen range.<br />
<br />
See [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Populi_candidates_Aprilis_MMDCCLXII here ] after the chapter Diribitors the chapter Custos.<br />
<br />
Vale<br />
<br />
--[[User:Marcus Curiatius Complutensis|Complutensis]] 12:00, 15 April 2009 (CEST)<br />
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== Please check these changes about mola salsa ==<br />
<br />
With the ''virgo Vestalis maxima'', we made some editing to the [[mola salsa]] article. As I think you are knowledgeable of the matter, could you check if you find the changes appropriate? [http://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Mola_salsa&action=history See the changes here]<br />
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Vale! --[[User:Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]] 21:05, 15 January 2010 (CET)<br />
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==Divination==<br />
great article! saw your user page, hehe, I love pseudo-Agricola;-)you are too witty for words<br />
<br />
:I'm just quoting what Cato wrote. /\⁄\ |_ ⁄·\<br />
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== Calendar articles ==<br />
<br />
Please take a look at [[Template talk:Calendar articles]]; your thoughts would be appreciated. ''[[User:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus|Q Caecilius Metellus Postumianus]] 00:57, 15 May 2010 (CEST)''<br />
<br />
:Take a look at Take a look at [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Roman_numeral Template:Roman numeral]. This might save a bit of work, especially if it can be expanded (as I think it can). As time permits, I'll give it some more detailed review as well. ''[[User:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus|Q Caecilius Metellus Postumianus]] 02:28, 15 May 2010 (CEST)''<br />
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::That's the stuff! Let's make sure there are no bugs, confer with Lentulus and adopt it. I don't see a problem with the "under 5000" limitation, at least for now. /\⁄\ |_ ⁄·\ 03:27, 15 May 2010 (CEST)<br />
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== my biography ==<br />
I see you edited my biography with a different perspective on a controversial matter - and I don't object! I'm not defending that guy anymore, not after he what he did. A plague on both their houses... Vale! [[User:Octavius|Octavius]] 22:06, 4 December 2010 (CET)</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Marcus_Octavius_Gracchus_(Nova_Roma)Marcus Octavius Gracchus (Nova Roma)2010-12-02T21:30:31Z<p>Octavius: headers had wrong indentation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{BioHeader|name=Marcus Octavius Gracchus|id=22|option=senator}}<br />
<div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em">__TOC__</div><br />
<br />
'''Marcus Octavius Gracchus''' was a [[Consular (Nova Roma)|Consular]] of [[Nova Roma]]. For over eight years, he was known as '''Marcus Octavius Germanicus''', changing his cognomen {{Sep 26}} {{2006}} to the more appropriate '''Gracchus'''. <br />
<br />
M. Octavius was one of the [[Early Citizens (Nova Roma)|first persons to join]] Nova Roma after its founding in [[MMDCCLI]], making him one of the original [[Patrician (Nova Roma)|Patrician]] [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|Patresfamilias]].<br />
<br />
M. Octavius resigned his citizenship {{Jun 8}} {{2009}}. [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Nova-Roma/message/66424] <br />
<br />
He returned briefly in {{2010}} to protest abuses by then-Pontifex Maximus Piscinus, but then departed again, rescinding a petition to regain citizenship, in protest of alleged election tampering and mailing list censorship perpetrated by Consul [[Publius Memmius Albucius (Nova Roma)|Publius Memmius Albucius]].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
===Early Involvement===<br />
Though he joined Nova Roma at its inception, Octavius was not immediately active, largely due to an [http://www.graveyards.com/ outside project]. In early {{2000}}, however, he began to participate in the mailing list, and thinking of ways to improve the web site. At about this time, Consul [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]] posted to the main list [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-04.html#M0013] a request for candidates to fill several vacancies: a new Censor was needed due to a resignation, as were two Curule Aediles as these positions had been vacant since the last year's general election.<br />
<br />
Octavius saw the Aedileship as an ideal position from which to implement his ideas for transforming the web site. He declared his candidacy for [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|Curule Aedile]] the same day, {{Apr 4}} [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-04.html#M0034], and soon after published a [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-07.html#M0012 detailed plan] of improvements. When the [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-05-05.html#M0007 election results] were posted, Octavius had been elected Curule Aedile Maior, 26 tribes to 18.<br />
<br />
He immediately began working closely with both Censores. Until this point, the citizen records had been kept in the form of a Microsoft Access file, supplemented with paper printouts of incoming requests for citizenship; these would be mailed between the two Censores each month as they rotated active duty. Octavius imported this data into a PostgreSQL database and built a web-based tool to edit it. Upon receiving the Censores' and Consules' approval, he transferred the novaroma.org domain and web site to his own server, where it remains to this day.<br />
<br />
===Senator===<br />
<br />
Only six months after becoming active as Aedile, Octavius was nominated to the Senate by unanimous vote of the Senate, and adlected by the two Censores. He turned his attention first to the upcoming elections, rewriting the voting software, and pledging to run for no office except Magister Araneum (where there was no opposition) to avoid the appearance of impropriety. In December, he was also approved by the Senate as Propraetor [[Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Provincia Lacus Magni]], a position that had been vacant since the resignation of [[Gaius Drusus Domitianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Drusus Domitianus]] eighteen months before.<br />
<br />
During the year {{2001}}, Octavius maintained a highly visible presence on the main list and in the debate over the so-called "Gender edict", maintaining that the decision had been reasonable and that it was time to move on, and clashing often with [[Marcus Apollonius Formosanus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Apollonius Formosanus]]. At this time he continued to make improvements to the web site, and in particular, the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|Album Civium]].<br />
<br />
At the end of {{2001}}, Octavius announced his intention to stand for Consul. The only other candidate was [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Nova Roma)|Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix]], who was then finishing a two-year term as Censor. The election was very close, with Octavius receiving only one more [[century]] than Cornelius; he learned of this result while staying at the house of [[Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus (Nova Roma)|Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus]].<br />
<br />
===Consulship MMDCCLV===<br />
In the final week of {{2001}}, both outgoing consuls presented proposals to the Senate with insufficient time remaining in the year to conclude debate and voting. Consul [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] nominated three candidates for the Senate to vote on in order to make a recommendation to the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censores]]. Consul [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]] proposed a law that would allow for the removal of inactive Senators, as two Senators had not been heard from in over a year. As Senior Consul, Octavius presided over the Senate in January, and thus inherited both proposals. <br />
<br />
In addition to handling these issues, Octavius also in his first month proposed the title "Pater Patriae" for each of the two founders, who had also just finished their second consulships, and this was overwhelmingly approved by the Senate.<br />
<br />
====First Censorial Powers Controversy====<br />
Former Consul Vedius's nomination of three proposed Senators did not, at first, attract much debate, as it was a relatively routine matter - save that one of the candidates was his wife, [[Priscilla Vedia Serena (Nova Roma)|Priscilla Vedia Serena]]. All three were presented to the Senate for a simple majority vote, and all three received the Senate's approval; the Senate thus made the official recommendation to the Censores that the three candidates should become Senators.<br />
<br />
Former Consul Cassius's plan for the removal of Senators was hotly contested. Both Censores were in favour, as this would give them a guideline for a process only vaguely described in the [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]]. Other Senators were divided on the matter. Some claimed that it was ahistorical to remove Senators for absence; others maintained that the patterns of membership in an online society are sufficiently different from those of Roma Antiqua as to require different regulations, and that absences of a year or more were sufficient grounds to assume a person had lost interest alltogether.<br />
<br />
Simultaneously with this argument, the issue of the three proposed Senators arose again. The Censores disagreed with the recommendation of the Senate and did not wish to adlect all three candidates. The Senate divided on similar lines as they had on the above issue - with one faction claiming that the Censores '''must''' admit anyone approved by the Senate; the other saying that the decision was entirely that of the Censores. <br />
<br />
Octavius pushed hard for the Senator removal procedure, and eventually obtained Senate and Comitia approval for the [[Lex Octavia de senatoribus (Nova Roma)|Lex Octavia de Senatoribus]], which granted the Censores the power to remove those Senators who had failed to vote in two thirds of a year's Senate sessions. On the issue of the new Senators, however, he was less successful. With Censores [[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus]] and [[Caius Flavius Diocletianus (Nova Roma)|Caius Flavius Diocletianus]] unwilling to accept Priscilla Vedia Serena, Octavius asked them instead to let the Senate choose three candidates from a list of five, who would then be made Senators. The Senate then voted, and when the three selected did not include P. Vedia, she and Pater Patriae Fl. Vedius both resigned citizenship on {{Mar 15}} {{2002}}.<br />
<br />
====[[Roman Days|Roman Days MMDCCLV]]====<br />
[[Image:RD2002_fivesenators.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Octavius (left) and the other Senators at Roman Days]]<br />
In June of the year of his Consulship, Octavius attended the annual Roman Days event in Maryland, there meeting several Nova Roma citizens for the first time.<br />
<br />
====Second Censorial Powers Controversy====<br />
Later that same month, a conflict arose between the two Consuls, again on the issue of the Censores power. Consul L. Cornelius had privately shown Octavius a proposed lex that would substantially modify the Censores' power to create Senators, in some cases, making adlection automatic, even against the wishes of the Senators. Octavius opposed this - thinking it was retaliation for the Censores' actions in the events three months prior - and privately insisted that the proposal be modified, or it would be vetoed. When Consul Cornelius finally posted a call for votes, however, the text included several of the features that the two had agreed would be removed, and Octavius vetoed it within hours.<br />
<br />
This ended a truce that had existed between the two Consuls, and for much of the remainder of their term, they quarrelled publicly and privately.<br />
<br />
====Gens Reform====<br />
<br />
===First Censorship [[MMDCCLVI]]-[[MMDCCLVII]]===<br />
At the end of his Consulship, Octavius was elected Censor. He had worked closely with the Censores ever since {{2000}}, when he took over the web site and built the Censores' tools, and had been himself performing some of the Censores' functions ever since - assignment of voter codes, tribes, and centuries. Now, as Censor, Octavius continued to work on the tools, while his colleague [[Caius Flavius Diocletianus (Nova Roma)|Caius Flavius Diocletianus]] handled the regular duties of the office.<br />
<br />
But during this time, his enthusiasm for Nova Roma was waning. Octavius was thoroughly and repeatedly criticised on the main list by allies of his co-consul of the previous year, and he largely withdrew from public life. In early {{2004}}, Octavius and his second colleague [[Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus (Nova Roma)|Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus]] published a [[Nota (Nova Roma)|Nota]] against Senator [[Lucius Sicinius Drusus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Sicinius Drusus]], and the resulting villification of the Censores further increased Octavius's isolation. In May of that year, he looked on the main list after having avoided it for some time, and saw that one citizen was in the process of initiating a lawsuit against another for "slander". Utterly disgusted by this, he resigned as Censor and unsubscribed from every mailing list. <br />
<br />
===Absence and Return===<br />
For about a year after this event, Octavius was largely absent from Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
In the summer of {{2005}}, Octavius, though still unhappy with the direction of Nova Roma, met with some friends in Ohio to discuss revival of the Religio Romana, and how it might be accomplished if Nova Roma continued to be a place where fighting was the principal activity. This reawakened his hope for Nova Roma, and he began to think of contributing to society again. At a meeting with [[Caius Minucius Scaevola (Nova Roma)|Caius Minucius Scaevola]], then webmaster, in late {{2005}} he suggested increasing citizen participation in the web site by installing a '''Wiki'''. Though he was avoiding politics and the main list, Octavius had returned to Nova Roma, "behind the scenes", and was once again working to advance its mission.<br />
<br />
In the [[Election MMDCCLVIII|Election]] of {{2005}}, Octavius assisted Scaevola in configuring the voting tools, and supported consular candidate [[Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus]], later becoming Consul Modianus's Accensus.<br />
<br />
===Second Censorship [[MMDCCLIX]]-[[MMDCCLX]]===<br />
A vacancy opened in the Censorship with the resignation of newly-elected Censor [[Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix (Nova Roma)|Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix]] due to work-related issues. Octavius, by now active again, saw this as his opportunity to return to public life, and ran unopposed for the position. He took his oath of office {{May 15}} {{2006}}, four days before the anniversary of his resignation as Censor two years before; thus, if he completes his term, he will have served more than three years as Censor, a longer time than any other to hold that office.<br />
<br />
Within days of Octavius assuming office, an unpleasant discovery was made. Appius Claudius Priscus, who had been citizen for about six months, was discovered to have ties to the neo-Nazi movement. The Consuls and Censores monitored the activities of this person while attempting to find more information. When he boasted of having contacted the US Government in the name of Nova Roma - without authorisation - Octavius and Marinus issued a Nota against Priscus, on {{Jun 6}} {{2006}}.<br />
<br />
After the Priscus crisis had passed, Octavius turned his attention to the Album Civium pages and the Censors' tools, some of which had been essentially unchanged for five years. A new set of Album Civium pageswas released in October. Soon after, Octavius installed and announced an [[IRC (Nova Roma)|IRC Server]] for regularly scheduled chats.<br />
<br />
===MMDCCLXI===<br />
Disgusted by the actions of persons involved in a struggle to control the priestly colleges, and by the insistence by some that a complex law code with massive potential penalties was appropriate for a small organization, Octavius quit the Senate in the [[Purge of MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)|Purge of MMDCCLXI]], and largely ended his involvement with Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
===MMDCCLXIII - Return and Final Departure ===<br />
The resignation of Octavius left Nova Roma unable to hold proper and legal elections. Although the election software's configuration file format was documented in the files themselves, and Octavius had fully cooperated with the new CIO of {{2009}} in explaining how these worked and even offered to set up elections (at industry-standard consulting rates), disagreement in the upper echelons of Nova Roma resulted in no such work being commissioned. <br />
<br />
At the time the election software was created, at least four professional sysadmins had been active members: Octavius Gracchus, T. Octavius Pius, Q. Valerius Callidus, M. Minucius Scaevola. Each of these had managed elections without difficulty; and thus Octavius had never foreseen a need to make the software configurable by less qualified persons, as there had never been a shortage of competent volunteers. Unfortunately, between 2006 and 2009, '''all four''' of the capable volunteers left Nova Roma in disgust at the factionalism or the obsession with "law", leaving the software orphaned and poorly understood.<br />
<br />
In {{2010}}, the simultaneous resignation of both Praetores led to a power struggle between the two consuls. A Senate meeting was called, purportedly to discuss the "IT Crisis"; but in the final hours of that meeting a resolution to appoint a Dictator was introduced, over the objections of Consul Albucius, whose veto was ignored. Octavius had, meanwhile, returned to the main list in order to denounce recent actions of Piscinus; though not a citizen, he still held a strong opinion about that individual, and had heard "through the grapevine" about various actions that negatively impacted some of his few remaining friends within Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
For four months, Octavius - though a non-citizen - was a regular participant in the political debates on the main list, taking the side of Consul Albucius when the augures declared him "impious" and the Senate tried to install a dictator over his objections. Octavius proposed a resolution to the crisis: a peaceful partitioning of Nova Roma into two independent groups roughly corresponding to the two major factions; this proposal had some support by various members of both factions but was rejected by the leaders on both sides. The struggle continued, with magistrates and priests ignoring each others' vetoes and proclamations, until finally Piscinus (who had forgotten to pay his annual membership fee) quit the Senate and was removed as Pontifex Maximus. In celebration of this, Octavius applied to the Censores for reinstatement of citizenship.<br />
<br />
Such optimism was not to last, however. That same month, the Senate passed a Senatus Consultum Ultimum granting Consul Albucius sole authority to run the upcoming annual election. What this was expected to accomplish is unclear; the reason elections could not be held earlier was due to the lack of a competent sysadmin or programmer to configure the software, rather than the lack of a strong-willed consul to oversee things, and it remains to be seen whether the S.C.U. will magically bestow technical competence on its beneficiary. <br />
<br />
Now possessing supreme authority, Consul Albucius chose to appoint one of the candidates for consul, [[Aula Tullia Scholastica (Nova Roma)|Aula Tullia Scholastica]] as diribitor, and to ignore her refusal to take up a position she had not consented to. Though she immediately resigned, Albucius outright refused to accept her resignation, and kept her name off the approved list of candidates for consul. <br />
<br />
Octavius, appalled by Albucius's utter disregard for individual rights and his willingness to tamper with an election by not allowing all eligible candidates, protested most vehemently on the mailing lists. At the height of the debate, Albucius forcibly unsubscribed Octavius from the main list, effectively censoring opposition to his agenda of a rigged election.<br />
<br />
Two hours after being banished, Octavius wrote to the censores to rescind his petition for reinstatement as a full citizen. The following morning, {{Dec 1}}, a lengthly valedictory statement from him appeared on the main list, forwarded by a friend who was brave enough to openly defy the consul. Octavius explained that his personal ethical principles, which highly value the rights of individuals, are fundamentally and irrevocably in conflict with the "letter of the law" attitude prevalent in Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
Marcus Octavius Gracchus has no intention to return to Nova Roma ever again.<br />
<br />
<!-- written by Octavius 02 Dec 2010. Hi, thanks for reading! --><br />
<br />
==[[Cursus honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==<br />
<br />
* [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censor]]<br />
:{{2007}}<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
:{{2004}}<br />
:{{2003}}<br />
* [[Consul (Nova Roma)|Consul]]<br />
:{{2002}}<br />
* [[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]<br />
:from {{Nov 11}}{{2000}} to {{Feb 4}}{{2008}}<br />
* [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|Propraetor]] of [[Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Lacus Magni]]<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
* [[Aedilis Curulis (Nova Roma)|Aedilis Curulis]]<br />
:{{2000}}<br />
<br />
==Other Posts==<br />
<br />
* [[Magister Aranearius (Nova Roma)|Magister Aranearius]]<br />
:{{2004}}<br />
:{{2002}}<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
* [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|Accensus]]<br />
:{{2008}}<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
* [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|Scriba]]<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
:{{2005}}<br />
:{{2003}}<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
:{{2000}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Consulars (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Governors (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Magistrates (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Gens Octavia (Nova Roma)|M. Octavius Gracchus]]<br />
[[Category: Tribus Horatia (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Former Senators (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Marcus_Octavius_Gracchus_(Nova_Roma)Marcus Octavius Gracchus (Nova Roma)2010-12-02T14:59:36Z<p>Octavius: end of story</p>
<hr />
<div>{{BioHeader|name=Marcus Octavius Gracchus|id=22|option=senator}}<br />
<div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em">__TOC__</div><br />
<br />
'''Marcus Octavius Gracchus''' was a [[Consular (Nova Roma)|Consular]] of [[Nova Roma]]. For over eight years, he was known as '''Marcus Octavius Germanicus''', changing his cognomen {{Sep 26}} {{2006}} to the more appropriate '''Gracchus'''. <br />
<br />
M. Octavius was one of the [[Early Citizens (Nova Roma)|first persons to join]] Nova Roma after its founding in [[MMDCCLI]], making him one of the original [[Patrician (Nova Roma)|Patrician]] [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|Patresfamilias]].<br />
<br />
M. Octavius resigned his citizenship {{Jun 8}} {{2009}}. [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Nova-Roma/message/66424] <br />
<br />
He returned briefly in {{2010}} to protest abuses by then-Pontifex Maximus Piscinus, but then departed again, rescinding a petition to regain citizenship, in protest of alleged election tampering and mailing list censorship perpetrated by Consul [[Publius Memmius Albucius (Nova Roma)|Publius Memmius Albucius]].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
===Early Involvement===<br />
Though he joined Nova Roma at its inception, Octavius was not immediately active, largely due to an [http://www.graveyards.com/ outside project]. In early {{2000}}, however, he began to participate in the mailing list, and thinking of ways to improve the web site. At about this time, Consul [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]] posted to the main list [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-04.html#M0013] a request for candidates to fill several vacancies: a new Censor was needed due to a resignation, as were two Curule Aediles as these positions had been vacant since the last year's general election.<br />
<br />
Octavius saw the Aedileship as an ideal position from which to implement his ideas for transforming the web site. He declared his candidacy for [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|Curule Aedile]] the same day, {{Apr 4}} [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-04.html#M0034], and soon after published a [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-07.html#M0012 detailed plan] of improvements. When the [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-05-05.html#M0007 election results] were posted, Octavius had been elected Curule Aedile Maior, 26 tribes to 18.<br />
<br />
He immediately began working closely with both Censores. Until this point, the citizen records had been kept in the form of a Microsoft Access file, supplemented with paper printouts of incoming requests for citizenship; these would be mailed between the two Censores each month as they rotated active duty. Octavius imported this data into a PostgreSQL database and built a web-based tool to edit it. Upon receiving the Censores' and Consules' approval, he transferred the novaroma.org domain and web site to his own server, where it remains to this day.<br />
<br />
===Senator===<br />
<br />
Only six months after becoming active as Aedile, Octavius was nominated to the Senate by unanimous vote of the Senate, and adlected by the two Censores. He turned his attention first to the upcoming elections, rewriting the voting software, and pledging to run for no office except Magister Araneum (where there was no opposition) to avoid the appearance of impropriety. In December, he was also approved by the Senate as Propraetor [[Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Provincia Lacus Magni]], a position that had been vacant since the resignation of [[Gaius Drusus Domitianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Drusus Domitianus]] eighteen months before.<br />
<br />
During the year {{2001}}, Octavius maintained a highly visible presence on the main list and in the debate over the so-called "Gender edict", maintaining that the decision had been reasonable and that it was time to move on, and clashing often with [[Marcus Apollonius Formosanus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Apollonius Formosanus]]. At this time he continued to make improvements to the web site, and in particular, the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|Album Civium]].<br />
<br />
At the end of {{2001}}, Octavius announced his intention to stand for Consul. The only other candidate was [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Nova Roma)|Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix]], who was then finishing a two-year term as Censor. The election was very close, with Octavius receiving only one more [[century]] than Cornelius; he learned of this result while staying at the house of [[Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus (Nova Roma)|Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus]].<br />
<br />
===Consulship MMDCCLV===<br />
In the final week of {{2001}}, both outgoing consuls presented proposals to the Senate with insufficient time remaining in the year to conclude debate and voting. Consul [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] nominated three candidates for the Senate to vote on in order to make a recommendation to the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censores]]. Consul [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]] proposed a law that would allow for the removal of inactive Senators, as two Senators had not been heard from in over a year. As Senior Consul, Octavius presided over the Senate in January, and thus inherited both proposals. <br />
<br />
In addition to handling these issues, Octavius also in his first month proposed the title "Pater Patriae" for each of the two founders, who had also just finished their second consulships, and this was overwhelmingly approved by the Senate.<br />
<br />
====First Censorial Powers Controversy====<br />
Former Consul Vedius's nomination of three proposed Senators did not, at first, attract much debate, as it was a relatively routine matter - save that one of the candidates was his wife, [[Priscilla Vedia Serena (Nova Roma)|Priscilla Vedia Serena]]. All three were presented to the Senate for a simple majority vote, and all three received the Senate's approval; the Senate thus made the official recommendation to the Censores that the three candidates should become Senators.<br />
<br />
Former Consul Cassius's plan for the removal of Senators was hotly contested. Both Censores were in favour, as this would give them a guideline for a process only vaguely described in the [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]]. Other Senators were divided on the matter. Some claimed that it was ahistorical to remove Senators for absence; others maintained that the patterns of membership in an online society are sufficiently different from those of Roma Antiqua as to require different regulations, and that absences of a year or more were sufficient grounds to assume a person had lost interest alltogether.<br />
<br />
Simultaneously with this argument, the issue of the three proposed Senators arose again. The Censores disagreed with the recommendation of the Senate and did not wish to adlect all three candidates. The Senate divided on similar lines as they had on the above issue - with one faction claiming that the Censores '''must''' admit anyone approved by the Senate; the other saying that the decision was entirely that of the Censores. <br />
<br />
Octavius pushed hard for the Senator removal procedure, and eventually obtained Senate and Comitia approval for the [[Lex Octavia de senatoribus (Nova Roma)|Lex Octavia de Senatoribus]], which granted the Censores the power to remove those Senators who had failed to vote in two thirds of a year's Senate sessions. On the issue of the new Senators, however, he was less successful. With Censores [[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus]] and [[Caius Flavius Diocletianus (Nova Roma)|Caius Flavius Diocletianus]] unwilling to accept Priscilla Vedia Serena, Octavius asked them instead to let the Senate choose three candidates from a list of five, who would then be made Senators. The Senate then voted, and when the three selected did not include P. Vedia, she and Pater Patriae Fl. Vedius both resigned citizenship on {{Mar 15}} {{2002}}.<br />
<br />
====[[Roman Days|Roman Days MMDCCLV]]====<br />
[[Image:RD2002_fivesenators.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Octavius (left) and the other Senators at Roman Days]]<br />
In June of the year of his Consulship, Octavius attended the annual Roman Days event in Maryland, there meeting several Nova Roma citizens for the first time.<br />
<br />
====Second Censorial Powers Controversy====<br />
Later that same month, a conflict arose between the two Consuls, again on the issue of the Censores power. Consul L. Cornelius had privately shown Octavius a proposed lex that would substantially modify the Censores' power to create Senators, in some cases, making adlection automatic, even against the wishes of the Senators. Octavius opposed this - thinking it was retaliation for the Censores' actions in the events three months prior - and privately insisted that the proposal be modified, or it would be vetoed. When Consul Cornelius finally posted a call for votes, however, the text included several of the features that the two had agreed would be removed, and Octavius vetoed it within hours.<br />
<br />
This ended a truce that had existed between the two Consuls, and for much of the remainder of their term, they quarrelled publicly and privately.<br />
<br />
====Gens Reform====<br />
<br />
===First Censorship [[MMDCCLVI]]-[[MMDCCLVII]]===<br />
At the end of his Consulship, Octavius was elected Censor. He had worked closely with the Censores ever since {{2000}}, when he took over the web site and built the Censores' tools, and had been himself performing some of the Censores' functions ever since - assignment of voter codes, tribes, and centuries. Now, as Censor, Octavius continued to work on the tools, while his colleague [[Caius Flavius Diocletianus (Nova Roma)|Caius Flavius Diocletianus]] handled the regular duties of the office.<br />
<br />
But during this time, his enthusiasm for Nova Roma was waning. Octavius was thoroughly and repeatedly criticised on the main list by allies of his co-consul of the previous year, and he largely withdrew from public life. In early {{2004}}, Octavius and his second colleague [[Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus (Nova Roma)|Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus]] published a [[Nota (Nova Roma)|Nota]] against Senator [[Lucius Sicinius Drusus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Sicinius Drusus]], and the resulting villification of the Censores further increased Octavius's isolation. In May of that year, he looked on the main list after having avoided it for some time, and saw that one citizen was in the process of initiating a lawsuit against another for "slander". Utterly disgusted by this, he resigned as Censor and unsubscribed from every mailing list. <br />
<br />
===Absence and Return===<br />
For about a year after this event, Octavius was largely absent from Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
In the summer of {{2005}}, Octavius, though still unhappy with the direction of Nova Roma, met with some friends in Ohio to discuss revival of the Religio Romana, and how it might be accomplished if Nova Roma continued to be a place where fighting was the principal activity. This reawakened his hope for Nova Roma, and he began to think of contributing to society again. At a meeting with [[Caius Minucius Scaevola (Nova Roma)|Caius Minucius Scaevola]], then webmaster, in late {{2005}} he suggested increasing citizen participation in the web site by installing a '''Wiki'''. Though he was avoiding politics and the main list, Octavius had returned to Nova Roma, "behind the scenes", and was once again working to advance its mission.<br />
<br />
In the [[Election MMDCCLVIII|Election]] of {{2005}}, Octavius assisted Scaevola in configuring the voting tools, and supported consular candidate [[Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus]], later becoming Consul Modianus's Accensus.<br />
<br />
===Second Censorship [[MMDCCLIX]]-[[MMDCCLX]]===<br />
A vacancy opened in the Censorship with the resignation of newly-elected Censor [[Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix (Nova Roma)|Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix]] due to work-related issues. Octavius, by now active again, saw this as his opportunity to return to public life, and ran unopposed for the position. He took his oath of office {{May 15}} {{2006}}, four days before the anniversary of his resignation as Censor two years before; thus, if he completes his term, he will have served more than three years as Censor, a longer time than any other to hold that office.<br />
<br />
Within days of Octavius assuming office, an unpleasant discovery was made. Appius Claudius Priscus, who had been citizen for about six months, was discovered to have ties to the neo-Nazi movement. The Consuls and Censores monitored the activities of this person while attempting to find more information. When he boasted of having contacted the US Government in the name of Nova Roma - without authorisation - Octavius and Marinus issued a Nota against Priscus, on {{Jun 6}} {{2006}}.<br />
<br />
After the Priscus crisis had passed, Octavius turned his attention to the Album Civium pages and the Censors' tools, some of which had been essentially unchanged for five years. A new set of Album Civium pageswas released in October. Soon after, Octavius installed and announced an [[IRC (Nova Roma)|IRC Server]] for regularly scheduled chats.<br />
<br />
==MMDCCLXI==<br />
Disgusted by the actions of persons involved in a struggle to control the priestly colleges, and by the insistence by some that a complex law code with massive potential penalties was appropriate for a small organization, Octavius quit the Senate in the [[Purge of MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)|Purge of MMDCCLXI]], and largely ended his involvement with Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
==MMDCCLXIII==<br />
The resignation of Octavius left Nova Roma unable to hold proper and legal elections. Although the election software's configuration file format was documented in the files themselves, and Octavius had fully cooperated with the new CIO of {{2009}} in explaining how these worked and even offered to set up elections (at industry-standard consulting rates), disagreement in the upper echelons of Nova Roma resulted in no such work being commissioned. <br />
<br />
At the time the election software was created, at least four professional sysadmins had been active members: Octavius Gracchus, T. Octavius Pius, Q. Valerius Callidus, M. Minucius Scaevola. Each of these had managed elections without difficulty; and thus Octavius had never foreseen a need to make the software configurable by less qualified persons, as there had never been a shortage of competent volunteers. Unfortunately, between 2006 and 2009, '''all four''' of the capable volunteers left Nova Roma in disgust at the factionalism or the obsession with "law", leaving the software orphaned and poorly understood.<br />
<br />
In {{2010}}, the simultaneous resignation of both Praetores led to a power struggle between the two consuls. A Senate meeting was called, purportedly to discuss the "IT Crisis"; but in the final hours of that meeting a resolution to appoint a Dictator was introduced, over the objections of Consul Albucius, whose veto was ignored. Octavius had, meanwhile, returned to the main list in order to denounce recent actions of Piscinus; though not a citizen, he still held a strong opinion about that individual, and had heard "through the grapevine" about various actions that negatively impacted some of his few remaining friends within Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
For four months, Octavius - though a non-citizen - was a regular participant in the political debates on the main list, taking the side of Consul Albucius when the augures declared him "impious" and the Senate tried to install a dictator over his objections. Octavius proposed a resolution to the crisis: a peaceful partitioning of Nova Roma into two independent groups roughly corresponding to the two major factions; this proposal had some support by various members of both factions but was rejected by the leaders on both sides. The struggle continued, with magistrates and priests ignoring each others' vetoes and proclamations, until finally Piscinus (who had forgotten to pay his annual membership fee) quit the Senate and was removed as Pontifex Maximus. In celebration of this, Octavius applied to the Censores for reinstatement of citizenship.<br />
<br />
Such optimism was not to last, however. That same month, the Senate passed a Senatus Consultum Ultimum granting Consul Albucius sole authority to run the upcoming annual election. What this was expected to accomplish is unclear; the reason elections could not be held earlier was due to the lack of a competent sysadmin or programmer to configure the software, rather than the lack of a strong-willed consul to oversee things, and it remains to be seen whether the S.C.U. will magically bestow technical competence on its beneficiary. <br />
<br />
Now possessing supreme authority, Consul Albucius chose to appoint one of the candidates for consul, [[Aula Tullia Scholastica (Nova Roma)|Aula Tullia Scholastica]] as diribitor, and to ignore her refusal to take up a position she had not consented to. Though she immediately resigned, Albucius outright refused to accept her resignation, and kept her name off the approved list of candidates for consul. <br />
<br />
Octavius, appalled by Albucius's utter disregard for individual rights and his willingness to tamper with an election by not allowing all eligible candidates, protested most vehemently on the mailing lists. At the height of the debate, Albucius forcibly unsubscribed Octavius from the main list, effectively censoring opposition to his agenda of a sham election.<br />
<br />
Two hours after being banished, Octavius wrote to the censores to rescind his petition for reinstatement as a full citizen. The following morning, {{Dec 1}}, a lengthly valedictory statement from him appeared on the main list, forwarded by a friend who was brave enough to openly defy the consul. Octavius explained that his personal ethical principles, which highly value the rights of individuals, are fundamentally and irrevocably in conflict with the "letter of the law" attitude prevalent in Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
Marcus Octavius Gracchus has no intention to return to Nova Roma ever again. <br />
<br />
<!-- written by Octavius 02 Dec 2010 --><br />
<br />
==[[Cursus honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==<br />
<br />
* [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censor]]<br />
:{{2007}}<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
:{{2004}}<br />
:{{2003}}<br />
* [[Consul (Nova Roma)|Consul]]<br />
:{{2002}}<br />
* [[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]<br />
:from {{Nov 11}}{{2000}} to {{Feb 4}}{{2008}}<br />
* [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|Propraetor]] of [[Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Lacus Magni]]<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
* [[Aedilis Curulis (Nova Roma)|Aedilis Curulis]]<br />
:{{2000}}<br />
<br />
==Other Posts==<br />
<br />
* [[Magister Aranearius (Nova Roma)|Magister Aranearius]]<br />
:{{2004}}<br />
:{{2002}}<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
* [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|Accensus]]<br />
:{{2008}}<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
* [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|Scriba]]<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
:{{2005}}<br />
:{{2003}}<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
:{{2000}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Consulars (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Governors (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Magistrates (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Gens Octavia (Nova Roma)|M. Octavius Gracchus]]<br />
[[Category: Tribus Horatia (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Former Senators (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Marcus_Octavius_Gracchus_(Nova_Roma)Marcus Octavius Gracchus (Nova Roma)2009-07-02T13:57:32Z<p>Octavius: removed non-NR stuff</p>
<hr />
<div>{{BioHeader|name=Marcus Octavius Gracchus|id=22|option=senator}}<br />
<div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em">__TOC__</div><br />
<br />
'''Marcus Octavius Gracchus''' was a [[Consular (Nova Roma)|Consular]] of [[Nova Roma]]. For over eight years, he was known as '''Marcus Octavius Germanicus''', changing his cognomen {{Sep 26}} {{2006}} to the more appropriate '''Gracchus'''. <br />
<br />
M. Octavius was one of the [[Early Citizens (Nova Roma)|first persons to join]] Nova Roma after its founding in [[MMDCCLI]], making him one of the original [[Patrician (Nova Roma)|Patrician]] [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|Patresfamilias]].<br />
<br />
M. Octavius resigned his citizenship {{Jun 8}} {{2009}}. [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Nova-Roma/message/66424]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
===Early Involvement===<br />
Though he joined Nova Roma at its inception, Octavius was not immediately active, largely due to an [http://www.graveyards.com/ outside project]. In early {{2000}}, however, he began to participate in the mailing list, and thinking of ways to improve the web site. At about this time, Consul [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]] posted to the main list [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-04.html#M0013] a request for candidates to fill several vacancies: a new Censor was needed due to a resignation, as were two Curule Aediles as these positions had been vacant since the last year's general election.<br />
<br />
Octavius saw the Aedileship as an ideal position from which to implement his ideas for transforming the web site. He declared his candidacy for [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|Curule Aedile]] the same day, {{Apr 4}} [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-04.html#M0034], and soon after published a [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-04-07.html#M0012 detailed plan] of improvements. When the [http://www.novaroma.org/forum/mainlist/2000/2000-05-05.html#M0007 election results] were posted, Octavius had been elected Curule Aedile Maior, 26 tribes to 18.<br />
<br />
He immediately began working closely with both Censores. Until this point, the citizen records had been kept in the form of a Microsoft Access file, supplemented with paper printouts of incoming requests for citizenship; these would be mailed between the two Censores each month as they rotated active duty. Octavius imported this data into a PostgreSQL database and built a web-based tool to edit it. Upon receiving the Censores' and Consules' approval, he transferred the novaroma.org domain and web site to his own server, where it remains to this day.<br />
<br />
===Senator===<br />
<br />
Only six months after becoming active as Aedile, Octavius was nominated to the Senate by unanimous vote of the Senate, and adlected by the two Censores. He turned his attention first to the upcoming elections, rewriting the voting software, and pledging to run for no office except Magister Araneum (where there was no opposition) to avoid the appearance of impropriety. In December, he was also approved by the Senate as Propraetor [[Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Provincia Lacus Magni]], a position that had been vacant since the resignation of [[Gaius Drusus Domitianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Drusus Domitianus]] eighteen months before.<br />
<br />
During the year {{2001}}, Octavius maintained a highly visible presence on the main list and in the debate over the so-called "Gender edict", maintaining that the decision had been reasonable and that it was time to move on, and clashing often with [[Marcus Apollonius Formosanus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Apollonius Formosanus]]. At this time he continued to make improvements to the web site, and in particular, the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|Album Civium]].<br />
<br />
At the end of {{2001}}, Octavius announced his intention to stand for Consul. The only other candidate was [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Nova Roma)|Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix]], who was then finishing a two-year term as Censor. The election was very close, with Octavius receiving only one more [[century]] than Cornelius; he learned of this result while staying at the house of [[Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus (Nova Roma)|Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus]].<br />
<br />
===Consulship MMDCCLV===<br />
In the final week of {{2001}}, both outgoing consuls presented proposals to the Senate with insufficient time remaining in the year to conclude debate and voting. Consul [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] nominated three candidates for the Senate to vote on in order to make a recommendation to the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censores]]. Consul [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]] proposed a law that would allow for the removal of inactive Senators, as two Senators had not been heard from in over a year. As Senior Consul, Octavius presided over the Senate in January, and thus inherited both proposals. <br />
<br />
In addition to handling these issues, Octavius also in his first month proposed the title "Pater Patriae" for each of the two founders, who had also just finished their second consulships, and this was overwhelmingly approved by the Senate.<br />
<br />
====First Censorial Powers Controversy====<br />
Former Consul Vedius's nomination of three proposed Senators did not, at first, attract much debate, as it was a relatively routine matter - save that one of the candidates was his wife, [[Priscilla Vedia Serena (Nova Roma)|Priscilla Vedia Serena]]. All three were presented to the Senate for a simple majority vote, and all three received the Senate's approval; the Senate thus made the official recommendation to the Censores that the three candidates should become Senators.<br />
<br />
Former Consul Cassius's plan for the removal of Senators was hotly contested. Both Censores were in favour, as this would give them a guideline for a process only vaguely described in the [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]]. Other Senators were divided on the matter. Some claimed that it was ahistorical to remove Senators for absence; others maintained that the patterns of membership in an online society are sufficiently different from those of Roma Antiqua as to require different regulations, and that absences of a year or more were sufficient grounds to assume a person had lost interest alltogether.<br />
<br />
Simultaneously with this argument, the issue of the three proposed Senators arose again. The Censores disagreed with the recommendation of the Senate and did not wish to adlect all three candidates. The Senate divided on similar lines as they had on the above issue - with one faction claiming that the Censores '''must''' admit anyone approved by the Senate; the other saying that the decision was entirely that of the Censores. <br />
<br />
Octavius pushed hard for the Senator removal procedure, and eventually obtained Senate and Comitia approval for the [[Lex Octavia de senatoribus (Nova Roma)|Lex Octavia de Senatoribus]], which granted the Censores the power to remove those Senators who had failed to vote in two thirds of a year's Senate sessions. On the issue of the new Senators, however, he was less successful. With Censores [[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus]] and [[Caius Flavius Diocletianus (Nova Roma)|Caius Flavius Diocletianus]] unwilling to accept Priscilla Vedia Serena, Octavius asked them instead to let the Senate choose three candidates from a list of five, who would then be made Senators. The Senate then voted, and when the three selected did not include P. Vedia, she and Pater Patriae Fl. Vedius both resigned citizenship on {{Mar 15}} {{2002}}.<br />
<br />
====[[Roman Days|Roman Days MMDCCLV]]====<br />
[[Image:RD2002_fivesenators.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Octavius (left) and the other Senators at Roman Days]]<br />
In June of the year of his Consulship, Octavius attended the annual Roman Days event in Maryland, there meeting several Nova Roma citizens for the first time.<br />
<br />
====Second Censorial Powers Controversy====<br />
Later that same month, a conflict arose between the two Consuls, again on the issue of the Censores power. Consul L. Cornelius had privately shown Octavius a proposed lex that would substantially modify the Censores' power to create Senators, in some cases, making adlection automatic, even against the wishes of the Senators. Octavius opposed this - thinking it was retaliation for the Censores' actions in the events three months prior - and privately insisted that the proposal be modified, or it would be vetoed. When Consul Cornelius finally posted a call for votes, however, the text included several of the features that the two had agreed would be removed, and Octavius vetoed it within hours.<br />
<br />
This ended a truce that had existed between the two Consuls, and for much of the remainder of their term, they quarrelled publicly and privately.<br />
<br />
====Gens Reform====<br />
<br />
===First Censorship [[MMDCCLVI]]-[[MMDCCLVII]]===<br />
At the end of his Consulship, Octavius was elected Censor. He had worked closely with the Censores ever since {{2000}}, when he took over the web site and built the Censores' tools, and had been himself performing some of the Censores' functions ever since - assignment of voter codes, tribes, and centuries. Now, as Censor, Octavius continued to work on the tools, while his colleague [[Caius Flavius Diocletianus (Nova Roma)|Caius Flavius Diocletianus]] handled the regular duties of the office.<br />
<br />
But during this time, his enthusiasm for Nova Roma was waning. Octavius was thoroughly and repeatedly criticised on the main list by allies of his co-consul of the previous year, and he largely withdrew from public life. In early {{2004}}, Octavius and his second colleague [[Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus (Nova Roma)|Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus]] published a [[Nota (Nova Roma)|Nota]] against Senator [[Lucius Sicinius Drusus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Sicinius Drusus]], and the resulting villification of the Censores further increased Octavius's isolation. In May of that year, he looked on the main list after having avoided it for some time, and saw that one citizen was in the process of initiating a lawsuit against another for "slander". Utterly disgusted by this, he resigned as Censor and unsubscribed from every mailing list. <br />
<br />
===Absence and Return===<br />
For about a year after this event, Octavius was largely absent from Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
In the summer of {{2005}}, Octavius, though still unhappy with the direction of Nova Roma, met with some friends in Ohio to discuss revival of the Religio Romana, and how it might be accomplished if Nova Roma continued to be a place where fighting was the principal activity. This reawakened his hope for Nova Roma, and he began to think of contributing to society again. At a meeting with [[Caius Minucius Scaevola (Nova Roma)|Caius Minucius Scaevola]], then webmaster, in late {{2005}} he suggested increasing citizen participation in the web site by installing a '''Wiki'''. Though he was avoiding politics and the main list, Octavius had returned to Nova Roma, "behind the scenes", and was once again working to advance its mission.<br />
<br />
In the [[Election MMDCCLVIII|Election]] of {{2005}}, Octavius assisted Scaevola in configuring the voting tools, and supported consular candidate [[Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus]], later becoming Consul Modianus's Accensus.<br />
<br />
===Second Censorship [[MMDCCLIX]]-[[MMDCCLX]]===<br />
A vacancy opened in the Censorship with the resignation of newly-elected Censor [[Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix (Nova Roma)|Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix]] due to work-related issues. Octavius, by now active again, saw this as his opportunity to return to public life, and ran unopposed for the position. He took his oath of office {{May 15}} {{2006}}, four days before the anniversary of his resignation as Censor two years before; thus, if he completes his term, he will have served more than three years as Censor, a longer time than any other to hold that office.<br />
<br />
Within days of Octavius assuming office, an unpleasant discovery was made. Appius Claudius Priscus, who had been citizen for about six months, was discovered to have ties to the neo-Nazi movement. The Consuls and Censores monitored the activities of this person while attempting to find more information. When he boasted of having contacted the US Government in the name of Nova Roma - without authorisation - Octavius and Marinus issued a Nota against Priscus, on {{Jun 6}} {{2006}}.<br />
<br />
After the Priscus crisis had passed, Octavius turned his attention to the Album Civium pages and the Censors' tools, some of which had been essentially unchanged for five years. A new set of Album Civium pageswas released in October. Soon after, Octavius installed and announced an [[IRC (Nova Roma)|IRC Server]] for regularly scheduled chats.<br />
<br />
==MMDCCLXI===<br />
Disgusted by the actions of persons involved in a struggle to control the priestly colleges, and by the insistence by some that a complex law code with massive potential penalties was appropriate for a small organization, Octavius quit the Senate in the [[Purge of MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)|Purge of MMDCCLXI]], and largely ended his involvement with Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
==[[Cursus honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==<br />
<br />
* [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censor]]<br />
:{{2007}}<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
:{{2004}}<br />
:{{2003}}<br />
* [[Consul (Nova Roma)|Consul]]<br />
:{{2002}}<br />
* [[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]<br />
:from {{Nov 11}}{{2000}} to {{Feb 4}}{{2008}}<br />
* [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|Propraetor]] of [[Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Lacus Magni]]<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
* [[Aedilis Curulis (Nova Roma)|Aedilis Curulis]]<br />
:{{2000}}<br />
<br />
==Other Posts==<br />
<br />
* [[Magister Aranearius (Nova Roma)|Magister Aranearius]]<br />
:{{2004}}<br />
:{{2002}}<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
* [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|Accensus]]<br />
:{{2008}}<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
* [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|Scriba]]<br />
:{{2006}}<br />
:{{2005}}<br />
:{{2003}}<br />
:{{2001}}<br />
:{{2000}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Consulars (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Governors (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Magistrates (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Gens Octavia (Nova Roma)|M. Octavius Gracchus]]<br />
[[Category: Tribus Horatia (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]<br />
[[Category: Former Senators (Nova Roma)|Octavius Gracchus, M.]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Fasti_censorii_(Nova_Roma)Fasti censorii (Nova Roma)2009-05-24T12:03:54Z<p>Octavius: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{LanguageBar | Fasti Censorii (Nova Roma)}}<br />
<br />
The Fasti Censorii list the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censores]] of Nova Roma since its foundation.<br />
<br />
<br />
<onlyinclude>{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2" | {{2009}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Tiberius Galerius Paulinus | id=3443 | text=Censor}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Gaius Popillius Laenas | id=1781 | text=Censor, resigned {{Apr 19}} }}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2" | {{2008}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Caeso Fabius Buteo Modianus | id=4006 | text=Censor}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Tiberius Galerius Paulinus | id=3443 | text=Censor}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2" | {{2007}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Marcus Octavius Germanicus | id=22 | text=Censor}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus | id=4006 | text=Censor}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2"| {{2006}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Gnaeus Equitius Marinus | id=2356 | text=Censor}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Marcus Octavius Germanicus | id=22 | text=Censor Suffectus}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix | id=1222 | text=Censor (resigned)}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2" | {{2005}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus | id=1065 | text=Censor}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Gnaeus Equitius Marinus | id=2356 | text=Censor}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2"| {{2004}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix | id=8 | text=Censor Suffectus}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus | id=1065 | text=Censor}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Marcus Octavius Germanicus | id=22 | text=Censor (resigned 21 May)}}<br />
|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2" | {{2003}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Caius Flavius Diocletianus | id=317 | text=Censor}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Marcus Octavius Germanicus | id=22 | text=Censor}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2" | {{2002}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur | id=9 | text=Censor}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Caius Flavius Diocletianus | id=317 | text=Censor}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2" | {{2001}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix | id=8 | text=Censor }}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur | id=9 | text=Censor}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2" | {{2000}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix | id=8 | text=Censor }}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Gaius Marius Merullus | id=19 | text=Censor}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2"| {{1999}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Decius Iunius Palladius Invictus| id=17 | text=Censor }}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Flavius Vedius Germanicus | id=27 | text=Censor Suffectus}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| <br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Marcus Cassius Iulianus | id=27 | text=Censor, resigned 05 July}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| class="bigtext" colspan="2"| {{1998}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Marcus Cassius Iulianus | id=5 | text=Censor}}<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Decius Iunius Palladius Invictus| id=17 | text=Censor Suffectus}}<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|<br />
| {{SmallCitizenBox | n=Flavius Vedius Germanicus | id=27 | text=Censor, resigned 07 Sept }}<br />
|}</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:Content templates]]<br />
[[Category:Magistracies (Nova Roma)]]<br />
[[Category:Nova Roma History]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/MMDCCLIXMMDCCLIX2006-03-04T18:16:12Z<p>Octavius: added events</p>
<hr />
<div>{{year intro |<br />
aucyear=MMDCCLIX | <br />
aucbefore=MMDCCLVIII |<br />
aucafter=MMDCCLX |<br />
ceyear=2006<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{year magistracy NR |<br />
magistracy=Censors |<br />
senior=Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |<br />
junior=(vacant)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{year magistracy NR |<br />
magistracy=Consuls |<br />
senior=Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus |<br />
junior=Pompeia Minucia-Tiberia Strabo<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{year magistracy NR |<br />
magistracy=Praetors |<br />
senior=Titus Octavius Pius Ahenobarbus |<br />
junior=Tiberius Galerius Paulinus<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{year magistracy NR |<br />
magistracy=Curule Aediles |<br />
senior=Titus Iulius Sabinus |<br />
junior=Gaius Equitius Cato<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{year magistracy NR |<br />
magistracy=Plebeian Aediles |<br />
senior=Julilla Sempronia Magna |<br />
junior=Marca Hortensia Maior<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{year magistracy NR |<br />
magistracy=Custodes |<br />
senior=Emilia Curia Finnica |<br />
junior=Titus Licinius Crassus<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{year magistracy NR |<br />
magistracy=Rogatores |<br />
senior=Aula Tullia Scholastica |<br />
junior=Marcus Iulius Severus<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Events of MMDCCLIX===<br />
<br />
* Februarius: An edict by Consul Modianus prompted a [[Augur Debate of MMDCCLIX (Nova Roma)|debate]] on the Constitution, the appointment of Augurs, and "ex post facto" laws. The edict was ultimately withdrawn.<br />
<br />
* Martius: [[Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix (Nova Roma)|Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix]] resigned as Censor and Senator <br />
<br />
[[Category: Nova Roma History]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/WikiMagisterWikiMagister2006-03-04T16:56:07Z<p>Octavius: WikiMagister moved to Nova Roma:WikiMagisters</p>
<hr />
<div>#redirect [[Nova Roma:WikiMagisters]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/NovaRoma:WikiMagistersNovaRoma:WikiMagisters2006-03-04T16:56:07Z<p>Octavius: WikiMagister moved to Nova Roma:WikiMagisters</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''WikiMagisters''' are the operators of this Wiki. <br />
<br />
While any registered user can edit most articles, the WikiMagisters have a few extraordinary powers. They can delete articles, block malicious users, and protect pages from editing by non-Magisters. A few of them are also "Bureaucrats", who have the ability to modify user accounts.<br />
<br />
To make a general request of the WikiMagisters, place it on the page [[Nova Roma:Admin Requests]]. Examples of this would be page protection or unprotection, settling a dispute, or blocking a vandal.<br />
<br />
To leave a message for a particular WikiMagister, use the '''Talk''' links below.<br />
<br />
===Magisters===<br />
<br />
# {{Magister | un=Tituspius | dn=Titus Octavius Pius Ahenobarbus}}<br />
# {{Magister | un=Marcus Lucretius Agricola | dn=Marcus Lucretius Agricola}}<br />
<br />
===Magister-Bureaucrats===<br />
<br />
# {{Magister | un=Quintus Valerius Callidus | dn=Quintus Valerius Callidus}}<br />
# {{Magister | un=Marcus Octavius Germanicus | dn=Marcus Octavius Germanicus}}</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:ChangeNameTemplate:ChangeName2006-03-04T16:37:19Z<p>Octavius: styles</p>
<hr />
<div><div align="center" style="background-color: #ffffd0; border: 3px solid #800000; padding: 6px; width: 80%"><br />
<h4>Please Change Your Username</h4><br />
<br />
<p align="left">Usernames for the Wiki should be your full Roman name, such as "Marcus Iunius Brutus", <br />
with proper capitalization and spaces. (One-word names are reserved for administrative accounts). We <br />
must require this because there is substantial duplication of the parts of names among citizens of our<br />
Republic, and we must prevent ambiguity.</p><br />
<br />
<p align="left">Please contact a [[WikiMagister]] and we'll change it. You <br />
can do this by editing [[Nova Roma:Admin Requests]], and leaving a message with your old name and new name.</p><br />
<br />
<h4>Thanks!</h4><br />
<br />
</div></div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:ChangeNameTemplate:ChangeName2006-03-04T16:36:22Z<p>Octavius: template to place on page of user with ambiguous name</p>
<hr />
<div><div align="center" style="background-color: #ffffd0; border: 3px solid #800000;"><br />
<h4>Please Change Your Username</h4><br />
<br />
<p align="left">Usernames for the Wiki should be your full Roman name, such as "Marcus Iunius Brutus", <br />
with proper capitalization and spaces. (One-word names are reserved for administrative accounts). We <br />
must require this because there is substantial duplication of the parts of names among citizens of our<br />
Republic, and we must prevent ambiguity.</p><br />
<br />
<p align="left">Please contact a [[WikiMagister]] and we'll change it. You <br />
can do this by editing [[Nova Roma:Admin Requests]], and leaving a message with your old name and new name.</p><br />
<br />
<h4>Thanks!</h4><br />
<br />
</div></div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/NovaRoma:Admin_RequestsNovaRoma:Admin Requests2006-03-04T16:29:20Z<p>Octavius: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is an area where you leave requests for the [[WikiMagister|WikiMagisters]]. We'll watch this space regularly, and remove the requests once they are responded to.<br />
<br />
'''Please make your requests in the following format:'''<br />
<br />
<pre><nowiki><br />
== My Title ==<br />
<br />
[[Example]] - place the article name in doubled square brackets. <br />
[[User:Example]] - if the request is for some change to your account, link to yourself as [[User:Your User Name]].<br />
Descriptive text: follow it with some text explaining what you want us to do.<br />
Signature: end your request with four tildes, like this: ~~~~<br />
(this will be replaced with your signature - username and date stamp).<br />
<br />
</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
Place new requests under this line. Don't remove anyone else's - just put yours after theirs.<br />
----</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/NovaRoma:WikiMagistersNovaRoma:WikiMagisters2006-03-04T16:28:54Z<p>Octavius: list of magistrates and admin links</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''WikiMagisters''' are the operators of this Wiki. <br />
<br />
While any registered user can edit most articles, the WikiMagisters have a few extraordinary powers. They can delete articles, block malicious users, and protect pages from editing by non-Magisters. A few of them are also "Bureaucrats", who have the ability to modify user accounts.<br />
<br />
To make a general request of the WikiMagisters, place it on the page [[Nova Roma:Admin Requests]]. Examples of this would be page protection or unprotection, settling a dispute, or blocking a vandal.<br />
<br />
To leave a message for a particular WikiMagister, use the '''Talk''' links below.<br />
<br />
===Magisters===<br />
<br />
# {{Magister | un=Tituspius | dn=Titus Octavius Pius Ahenobarbus}}<br />
# {{Magister | un=Marcus Lucretius Agricola | dn=Marcus Lucretius Agricola}}<br />
<br />
===Magister-Bureaucrats===<br />
<br />
# {{Magister | un=Quintus Valerius Callidus | dn=Quintus Valerius Callidus}}<br />
# {{Magister | un=Marcus Octavius Germanicus | dn=Marcus Octavius Germanicus}}</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:MagisterTemplate:Magister2006-03-04T16:28:22Z<p>Octavius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[User:{{{un}}}|{{{dn}}}]] - ([[User_talk:{{{un}}}|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/{{{un}}}|contribs]])</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:MagisterTemplate:Magister2006-03-04T16:27:49Z<p>Octavius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[User:{{{un}}}|{{{dn}}}]] - <br />
( [[User_talk:{{{un}}}|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/{{{un}}}|contribs]] )</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:MagisterTemplate:Magister2006-03-04T16:27:38Z<p>Octavius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[User:{{{un}}}|{{{dn}}}]] - <br />
( [[User_talk:{{{un}}}|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/{{un}}|contribs]] )</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Talk:Books_by_Nova_Roma_citizensTalk:Books by Nova Roma citizens2006-03-03T19:25:27Z<p>Octavius: /* Template starts below the line */ preformat</p>
<hr />
<div>This is a template for adding your book. Don't be afraid. It's easier than it looks.<br />
<br />
'''First, read the instructions to the end. '''<br />
<br />
The bit below the line is a template. You will '''copy''' it from here, then go back to the article (click the "article" tab) and edit the article (click the "edit" tab) so you can '''paste''' it at the end of the list, '''exactly as you see it here'''.<br />
<br />
After you paste it in, you will make these changes and then preview the page. If it looks good, save it and you are done.<br />
<br />
#Where you see NNNNNNNNNN replace that with your ISBN digits. ''No dashes or spaces, please''. (2 places)<br />
#Where you see FORMAT replace that with the book format: "paperback" or "hardcover".<br />
#Replace TITLE, AUTHOR(S) and YYYY with the book title, the author or authors' names and the four digit year of publication.<br />
#Where you see PRAENOMEN, NOMEN or COGNOMEN replace those with your names. Use the same pattern to add any agnomena you might have.<br />
<br />
Don't change anything else, work carefully and verything will be fine.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Template starts below the line==<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
<nowiki><br />
{{CitizenBookInfo | isbn=NNNNNNNNNN<br />
| title=TITLE<br />
| romanname=PRAENOMEN NOMEN COGNOMEN<br />
| pubdate=YYYY<br />
| format=FORMAT<br />
| authors=AUTHOR(S)<br />
| description=<br />
}}<br />
</nowiki><br />
</pre></div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Talk:Books_by_Nova_Roma_citizensTalk:Books by Nova Roma citizens2006-03-03T19:24:17Z<p>Octavius: put in template</p>
<hr />
<div>This is a template for adding your book. Don't be afraid. It's easier than it looks.<br />
<br />
'''First, read the instructions to the end. '''<br />
<br />
The bit below the line is a template. You will '''copy''' it from here, then go back to the article (click the "article" tab) and edit the article (click the "edit" tab) so you can '''paste''' it at the end of the list, '''exactly as you see it here'''.<br />
<br />
After you paste it in, you will make these changes and then preview the page. If it looks good, save it and you are done.<br />
<br />
#Where you see NNNNNNNNNN replace that with your ISBN digits. ''No dashes or spaces, please''. (2 places)<br />
#Where you see FORMAT replace that with the book format: "paperback" or "hardcover".<br />
#Replace TITLE, AUTHOR(S) and YYYY with the book title, the author or authors' names and the four digit year of publication.<br />
#Where you see PRAENOMEN, NOMEN or COGNOMEN replace those with your names. Use the same pattern to add any agnomena you might have.<br />
<br />
Don't change anything else, work carefully and verything will be fine.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Template starts below the line==<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki><br />
<br />
{{CitizenBookInfo | isbn=NNNNNNNNNN<br />
| title=TITLE<br />
| romanname=PRAENOMEN NOMEN COGNOMEN<br />
| pubdate=YYYY<br />
| format=FORMAT<br />
| authors=AUTHOR(S)<br />
| description=<br />
}}<br />
</nowiki></div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Books_by_Nova_Roma_citizensBooks by Nova Roma citizens2006-03-03T19:22:39Z<p>Octavius: /* Books by Nova Roma Citizens */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is for use by Nova Roma ''citizens'' only. Books by citizens on Roman ''or non-Roman'' topics are welcome.<br />
<br />
Click on the "discussion" tab (above) to read about how to add your book to this page. Click on the "article" tab to return here.<br />
<br />
Be sure to include your ISBN, using the '''exact format shown here'''. This will allow the wiki software to generate a link for your book ''automatically''.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Books by Nova Roma Citizens==<br />
<br />
{{CitizenBookInfo | isbn=0806522291<br />
| title=Celtic Wicca : Ancient Wisdom for the 21st Century<br />
| romanname=Patricia Cassia<br />
| pubdate=2001<br />
| format=paperback<br />
| authors=Jane Raeburn<br />
| description=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{CitizenBookInfo | isbn=0964242648<br />
| title=Graveyards of Chicago<br />
| romanname=Marcus Octavius Germanicus<br />
| pubdate=1999<br />
| format=paperback<br />
| authors=Matt Hucke &amp; Ursula Bielski<br />
| description=Chicago cemeteries, history, monuments.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Roman Gods''' // <br />
Publius Livius Triarius (penname: Diccon Frankborn) ''A Pagan Guide to the Greek and Roman Gods.''<br />
Pamphlet (59 pages.) Operation Crifanac Publications. dicconf@radix.net</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:CitizenBookInfoTemplate:CitizenBookInfo2006-03-03T19:21:01Z<p>Octavius: typo</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="float:left"><br />
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/{{{isbn}}}.01._SCMZZZZZZZ_PB_SS150_.jpg<br />
</div><br />
<br />
'''{{{title}}}''' ({{{authors}}} / {{{format}}} / Published {{{pubdate}}} / ISBN {{{isbn}}}). By [[{{{romanname}}} (Nova Roma)|{{{romanname}}}]]. <br><br />
{{{description}}}<br />
<br style="clear:both;"/></div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:CitizenBookInfoTemplate:CitizenBookInfo2006-03-03T19:19:22Z<p>Octavius: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="float:left"><br />
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/{{{isbn}}}.01._SCMZZZZZZZ_PB_SS150_.jpg<br />
</div><br />
<br />
'''{{{title}}}''' ({{{authors}}} / {{{format}}} / Published {{{pubdate}}} / ISBN {{{isbn}}}). By [{{{romanname}}} (Nova Roma)|{{{romanname}}}]]. <br><br />
{{{description}}}<br />
<br style="clear:both;"/></div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Books_by_Nova_Roma_citizensBooks by Nova Roma citizens2006-03-03T17:50:08Z<p>Octavius: using bookimage template</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is for use by Nova Roma ''citizens'' only. Books by citizens on Roman ''or non-Roman'' topics are welcome.<br />
<br />
Click on the "discussion" tab (above) to read about how to add your book to this page. Click on the "article" tab to return here.<br />
<br />
Be sure to include your ISBN, using the '''exact format shown here'''. This will allow the wiki software to generate a link for your book ''automatically''.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Books by Nova Roma Citizens==<br />
<br />
<div style="float:left"><br />
{{bookimage|isbn=0806522291}}<br />
</div><br />
'''Celtic Wicca : Ancient Wisdom for the 21st Century''' (Jane Raeburn / Paperback / Published 2001 / ISBN 0806522291). By Senator [[Patricia_Cassia_(Nova_Roma)|Patricia Cassia]].<br />
<br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
<div style="float:left"><br />
{{bookimage|isbn=0964242648}}<br />
</div><br />
'''Graveyards of Chicago''' (Matt Hucke & Ursula Bielski / Paperback / Published 1999 / ISBN 0964242648). By Senator [[Marcus_Octavius_Germanicus_(Nova_Roma)|M. Octavius Germanicus]].<br />
<br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
'''Roman Gods''' // <br />
Publius Livius Triarius (penname: Diccon Frankborn) ''A Pagan Guide to the Greek and Roman Gods.''<br />
Pamphlet (59 pages.) Operation Crifanac Publications. dicconf@radix.net</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:BookimageTemplate:Bookimage2006-03-03T17:48:34Z<p>Octavius: </p>
<hr />
<div>http://images.amazon.com/images/P/{{{isbn}}}.01._SCMZZZZZZZ_PB_SS150_.jpg</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Books_by_Nova_Roma_citizensBooks by Nova Roma citizens2006-03-03T17:42:17Z<p>Octavius: added PLT</p>
<hr />
<div>This page is for use by Nova Roma ''citizens'' only. Books by citizens on Roman ''or non-Roman'' topics are welcome.<br />
<br />
Click on the "discussion" tab (above) to read about how to add your book to this page. Click on the "article" tab to return here.<br />
<br />
Be sure to include your ISBN, using the '''exact format shown here'''. This will allow the wiki software to generate a link for your book ''automatically''.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Books by Nova Roma Citizens==<br />
<br />
<div style="float:left"><br />
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0806522291.01._SCMZZZZZZZ_PB_SS150_.jpg <br />
</div><br />
'''Celtic Wicca : Ancient Wisdom for the 21st Century''' (Jane Raeburn / Paperback / Published 2001 / ISBN 0806522291). By Senator [[Patricia_Cassia_(Nova_Roma)|Patricia Cassia]].<br />
<br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
<div style="float:left"><br />
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0964242648.01._SCMZZZZZZZ_PB_SS150_.jpg <br />
</div><br />
'''Graveyards of Chicago''' (Matt Hucke & Ursula Bielski / Paperback / Published 1999 / ISBN 0964242648). By Senator [[Marcus_Octavius_Germanicus_(Nova_Roma)|M. Octavius Germanicus]].<br />
<br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
'''Roman Gods''' // <br />
Publius Livius Triarius (penname: Diccon Frankborn) ''A Pagan Guide to the Greek and Roman Gods.''<br />
Pamphlet (59 pages.) Operation Crifanac Publications. dicconf@radix.net</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/NovaRoma:Community_portalNovaRoma:Community portal2006-02-28T05:06:16Z<p>Octavius: /* Welcome */ invite to mailing list</p>
<hr />
<div>==Welcome==<br />
<br />
Welcome to the Nova Roma Wiki - a free online encyclopedia of Roman and Nova Roman topics that you (a citizen) can edit.<br />
<br />
This section of the site contains guidelines for editing content.<br />
<br />
There's not much here yet; here's the first article:<br />
<br />
[[NovaRoma:Article_Names]]<br />
<br />
'''IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO PARTICIPATE''' please join the mailing list NRWiki @ yahoogroups.com, and discuss what you'd like to work on; this way we can avoid duplication of effort. Some parts of the main page - particularly the Album Civium, Album Gentium, Album Senatorium, and related pages will *not* be wikified.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
{| border="3" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="80%" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="border-bottom: 0; font: normal 14pt 600; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | RES PVBLICA<br />
! style="border-bottom: 0; font: normal 14pt 600; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | PANTHEON<br />
! style="border-bottom: 0; font: normal 14pt 600; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | CIVES<br />
|-<br />
! style="border-top: 0; font: italic 8pt 200; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | The Republic<br />
! style="border-top: 0; font: italic 8pt 200; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | Religio Romana<br />
! style="border-top: 0; font: italic 8pt 200; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | Citizens<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Collis Capitolinus : ''Government''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Religio Romana : ''Classical Roman Religion''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Apply for Citizenship : ''Become a Citizen (Member)''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; [[:Category:Tabularium (Nova Roma)|Tabularium]] : Laws and Edicts<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Priests and Priesthoods : ''Of the Religio''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Album Gentium : ''Families and Citizens''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Magistratus : Elected &amp; Appointed Officials<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Rites and Rituals : ''Honoring the Gods of Rome''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Pinacotheca : ''Photo Gallery''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Cohortes Magistratum : ''Magistrates' Offices''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Calendar : ''Of Observances and Festivals''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Campus Martius : ''Historical Reenactments''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Album Senatorum : ''The Senate''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Comitia Curiata : ''Comitia Curiata''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Sodalitates : ''Special Interest Groups''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Provinciae : ''Provinces''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Provinciae Aranearia : ''Provicial Websites''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="border-bottom: 0; font: normal 14pt 600; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | VIA ROMANA<br />
! style="border-bottom: 0; font: normal 14pt 600; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | FORVM<br />
! style="border-bottom: 0; font: normal 14pt 600; background: #800000; color: #fff; text-align: center" width="33%" | ET CETERA<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Via Romana : ''The Roman Way''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Forum Romanum : ''Mailing Lists, BBS, Chat''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; FAQ : ''Frequently Asked Questions''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Roman Virtues : ''The Nova Roman Ideal''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Interactive Calendar : ''Of Nova Roma Events''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; For New Citizens : ''"Now what do I do?"''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Lingua Latina : ''The Language of Rome''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Macellum : ''Nova Roma Merchandise''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Historia : ''The Annals of Nova Roma''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Camenaeum : ''Literature and Art''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Academia Thules : ''Online University''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Ager Publicus : ''Land owned by Nova Roma''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Roman Names : ''How to choose a name''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Interview the expert : ''About Ancient Rome''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | <br />
; Roman News &amp; Archeology : ''by Sextus Apollonius Scipio''<br />
| style="font: italic 8pt 200; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|}</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T22:14:45Z<p>Octavius: /* VI. Public Religious Institutions */</p>
<hr />
<div>After the [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]], an entirely new [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|constitution]] was enacted, written by [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] and ratified by the new [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. This document, amended several times, remains in use today; see [[Constitution (current)]] for the current version.<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
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== Preamble ==<br />
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We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[Pagan|pagan]] [[Roman Civilization|Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
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As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
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== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
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* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all [[Lex (Nova Roma)|leges (laws)]] passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[Edictum (Nova Roma)|edicta (edicts)]] and [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a [[Dictator|dictator]] appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
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* '''2. Legal precedence.''' This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
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* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as [[Corporation (Nova Roma)|"the corporation")]]. The conduct and procedures of the [[Board of Directors (Nova Roma)|Board of Directors]] and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
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* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
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* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
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== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. [[Citizenship (Nova Roma)|Citizenship]]'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|pater or mater-familias]] of a Nova Roma [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
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* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, [[rituals]], and beliefs, [[pagan]] or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the [[Religio Romana]], such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as [[Dual Citizenship (Nova Roma)|dual citizens]] of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in [[Elections (Nova Roma)|elections]] as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all [[Public Forums (Nova Roma)|public forums]] and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
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* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the [[Orders (Nova Roma)|three orders]] are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius ([[Patrician Order (Nova Roma)|patrician order]]). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester ([[Equestrian Order (Nova Roma)|equestrian order]]). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius ([[Plebeian Order (Nova Roma)|plebeian order]]). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
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* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same [[nomen]] (surname) unless they are differentiated by an [[agnomen]]. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|paterfamilias]] (fem. [[Materfamilias (Nova Roma)|materfamilias]]) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
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* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
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== III. Comitia ==<br />
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* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty [[Lictor Curiata|lictores curiatae]] (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with [[Imperium]] (which is necessary to employ [[coercitio]] (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by [[Lictor|lictors]] as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, [[Adoption|adoptions]], and the recording of [[Will|wills]].<br />
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* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent [[Removal of Citizenship (Nova Roma)|removal of citizenship]].<br />
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* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact [[Plebiscite (Nova Roma)|plebiscites]] with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
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[[Magistrate (Nova Roma)|Magistrates]] are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: [[Ordinarii (Nova Roma)|ordinarii]] (those who are ordinarily elected) and [[Extraordinarii|extraordinarii]] (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
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* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censors]] shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|album civium]] (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the [[Album Gentium (Nova Roma)|album gentium]] (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the [[Album Senatorium (Nova Roma)|album senatorium]] (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the [[Album equestris (Nova Roma)|album equestris]] (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of [[Nota (Nova Roma)|nota]];<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]] (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two [[Consul (Nova Roma)|consuls]] shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve [[Lictor|lictors]];<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce [[intercessio]] (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]] (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two [[Praetor (Nova Roma)|praetors]] shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|curule aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]];<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two [[Plebeian Aedile (Nova Roma)|plebeian aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|quaestors]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the [[Aerarium (Nova Roma)|aerarium (treasury)]], but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Two [[Tribune (Nova Roma)|tribunes of the plebs]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce [[intercessio]] against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the [[Vigintisexviri (Nova Roma)|Twenty-Six]] shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the [[Apparitor (Nova Roma)|apparitores]] shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the [[Lictor (Nova Roma)|lictores]], [[Lictor Curiata (Nova Roma)|lictores curiati]], [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]], and [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]].<br />
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* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a [[Dictator (Nova Roma)|dictator]] to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither [[intercessio]] or [[provocato]]. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an [[Interrex (Nova Roma)|Interrex]] to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
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== V. The Senate ==<br />
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The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. The [[Album Senatorium (Nova Roma)|album Senatorium]] (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censors]] according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
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* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the [[Aerarium (Nova Roma)|aerarium (treasury)]] and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a [[Budget (Nova Roma)|budget]] for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|quaestors]] for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose [[Membership Fee (Nova Roma)|taxes, fees,]] or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create [[Provincia (Nova Roma)|provincia (provinces)]] for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. [[Governor (Nova Roma)|Governors]] shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint [[Legatus (Nova Roma)|legati (legates)]] to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae (clerks)]] to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called [[Proconsul (Nova Roma)|proconsuls]];<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|propraetors]].<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the [[Senatus Consultum Ultimum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consultum ultimum]] (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the [[Dictator (Nova Roma)|dictator]]) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing [[Senate Procedures (Nova Roma)|its own internal procedures]] (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
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== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
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* '''1. The [[Religio Romana]],''' the worship of the [[Gods of Rome|Gods and Goddesses of Rome]], shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The [[Priesthoods (Nova Roma)|priesthoods]]''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]]''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], fourteen [[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|Pontifices]], twelve [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamines]], six [[Vestal (Nova Roma)|Sacerdotes Vestales]], and the [[Rex Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|Rex]] and [[Regina Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|Regina Sacrorum]]. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the [[Roman Calendar|calendar]], and determine when the festivals and [[Dies Fastus|dies fasti]] and [[Dies Nefastus|dies nefasti]] shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue [[Decreta (Nova Roma)|decreta (decrees)]] on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The [[Collegium Augurum (Nova Roma)|collegium augurum]]''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the [[Ars Augurium|ars augurium]] and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define [[Templum|templum (sacred space)]] and celebrate [[Auguria|auguria (the rites of augury)]];<br />
**** 2. To declare [[nuntiatio]] (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T21:58:04Z<p>Octavius: /* V. The Senate */</p>
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<div>After the [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]], an entirely new [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|constitution]] was enacted, written by [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] and ratified by the new [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. This document, amended several times, remains in use today; see [[Constitution (current)]] for the current version.<br />
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== Preamble ==<br />
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We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[Pagan|pagan]] [[Roman Civilization|Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
<br />
As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
<br />
== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all [[Lex (Nova Roma)|leges (laws)]] passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[Edictum (Nova Roma)|edicta (edicts)]] and [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a [[Dictator|dictator]] appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''2. Legal precedence.''' This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
<br />
* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as [[Corporation (Nova Roma)|"the corporation")]]. The conduct and procedures of the [[Board of Directors (Nova Roma)|Board of Directors]] and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
<br />
== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. [[Citizenship (Nova Roma)|Citizenship]]'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|pater or mater-familias]] of a Nova Roma [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, [[rituals]], and beliefs, [[pagan]] or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the [[Religio Romana]], such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as [[Dual Citizenship (Nova Roma)|dual citizens]] of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in [[Elections (Nova Roma)|elections]] as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all [[Public Forums (Nova Roma)|public forums]] and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
<br />
* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the [[Orders (Nova Roma)|three orders]] are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius ([[Patrician Order (Nova Roma)|patrician order]]). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester ([[Equestrian Order (Nova Roma)|equestrian order]]). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius ([[Plebeian Order (Nova Roma)|plebeian order]]). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
<br />
* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same [[nomen]] (surname) unless they are differentiated by an [[agnomen]]. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|paterfamilias]] (fem. [[Materfamilias (Nova Roma)|materfamilias]]) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
<br />
* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
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== III. Comitia ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty [[Lictor Curiata|lictores curiatae]] (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with [[Imperium]] (which is necessary to employ [[coercitio]] (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by [[Lictor|lictors]] as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, [[Adoption|adoptions]], and the recording of [[Will|wills]].<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent [[Removal of Citizenship (Nova Roma)|removal of citizenship]].<br />
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* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact [[Plebiscite (Nova Roma)|plebiscites]] with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
<br />
[[Magistrate (Nova Roma)|Magistrates]] are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: [[Ordinarii (Nova Roma)|ordinarii]] (those who are ordinarily elected) and [[Extraordinarii|extraordinarii]] (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
<br />
* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censors]] shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|album civium]] (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the [[Album Gentium (Nova Roma)|album gentium]] (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the [[Album Senatorium (Nova Roma)|album senatorium]] (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the [[Album equestris (Nova Roma)|album equestris]] (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of [[Nota (Nova Roma)|nota]];<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]] (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two [[Consul (Nova Roma)|consuls]] shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve [[Lictor|lictors]];<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce [[intercessio]] (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]] (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two [[Praetor (Nova Roma)|praetors]] shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|curule aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]];<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two [[Plebeian Aedile (Nova Roma)|plebeian aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|quaestors]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the [[Aerarium (Nova Roma)|aerarium (treasury)]], but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Two [[Tribune (Nova Roma)|tribunes of the plebs]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce [[intercessio]] against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the [[Vigintisexviri (Nova Roma)|Twenty-Six]] shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the [[Apparitor (Nova Roma)|apparitores]] shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the [[Lictor (Nova Roma)|lictores]], [[Lictor Curiata (Nova Roma)|lictores curiati]], [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]], and [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]].<br />
<br />
* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a [[Dictator (Nova Roma)|dictator]] to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither [[intercessio]] or [[provocato]]. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an [[Interrex (Nova Roma)|Interrex]] to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
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== V. The Senate ==<br />
<br />
The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. The [[Album Senatorium (Nova Roma)|album Senatorium]] (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censors]] according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
<br />
* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the [[Aerarium (Nova Roma)|aerarium (treasury)]] and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a [[Budget (Nova Roma)|budget]] for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|quaestors]] for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose [[Membership Fee (Nova Roma)|taxes, fees,]] or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create [[Provincia (Nova Roma)|provincia (provinces)]] for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. [[Governor (Nova Roma)|Governors]] shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint [[Legatus (Nova Roma)|legati (legates)]] to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae (clerks)]] to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called [[Proconsul (Nova Roma)|proconsuls]];<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|propraetors]].<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the [[Senatus Consultum Ultimum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consultum ultimum]] (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the [[Dictator (Nova Roma)|dictator]]) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing [[Senate Procedures (Nova Roma)|its own internal procedures]] (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
<br />
== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. The Religio Romana,''' the worship of the Gods and Goddesses of Rome, shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The priesthoods''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The collegium pontificum''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the Pontifex Maximus, fourteen Pontifices, twelve flamines, six Sacerdotes Vestales, and the Rex and Regina Sacrorum. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the calendar, and determine when the festivals and dies fasti and dies nefasti shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The collegium augurum''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the ars augurium and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define templum (sacred space) and celebrate auguria (the rites of augury);<br />
**** 2. To declare nuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T21:40:10Z<p>Octavius: /* IV. Magistrates */ links</p>
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<div>After the [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]], an entirely new [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|constitution]] was enacted, written by [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] and ratified by the new [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. This document, amended several times, remains in use today; see [[Constitution (current)]] for the current version.<br />
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== Preamble ==<br />
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We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[Pagan|pagan]] [[Roman Civilization|Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
<br />
As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
<br />
== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all [[Lex (Nova Roma)|leges (laws)]] passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[Edictum (Nova Roma)|edicta (edicts)]] and [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a [[Dictator|dictator]] appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''2. Legal precedence.''' This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
<br />
* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as [[Corporation (Nova Roma)|"the corporation")]]. The conduct and procedures of the [[Board of Directors (Nova Roma)|Board of Directors]] and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
<br />
== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. [[Citizenship (Nova Roma)|Citizenship]]'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|pater or mater-familias]] of a Nova Roma [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, [[rituals]], and beliefs, [[pagan]] or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the [[Religio Romana]], such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as [[Dual Citizenship (Nova Roma)|dual citizens]] of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in [[Elections (Nova Roma)|elections]] as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all [[Public Forums (Nova Roma)|public forums]] and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
<br />
* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the [[Orders (Nova Roma)|three orders]] are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius ([[Patrician Order (Nova Roma)|patrician order]]). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester ([[Equestrian Order (Nova Roma)|equestrian order]]). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius ([[Plebeian Order (Nova Roma)|plebeian order]]). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
<br />
* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same [[nomen]] (surname) unless they are differentiated by an [[agnomen]]. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|paterfamilias]] (fem. [[Materfamilias (Nova Roma)|materfamilias]]) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
<br />
* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
== III. Comitia ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty [[Lictor Curiata|lictores curiatae]] (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with [[Imperium]] (which is necessary to employ [[coercitio]] (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by [[Lictor|lictors]] as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, [[Adoption|adoptions]], and the recording of [[Will|wills]].<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent [[Removal of Citizenship (Nova Roma)|removal of citizenship]].<br />
<br />
* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact [[Plebiscite (Nova Roma)|plebiscites]] with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
<br />
[[Magistrate (Nova Roma)|Magistrates]] are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: [[Ordinarii (Nova Roma)|ordinarii]] (those who are ordinarily elected) and [[Extraordinarii|extraordinarii]] (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
<br />
* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censors]] shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|album civium]] (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the [[Album Gentium (Nova Roma)|album gentium]] (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the [[Album Senatorium (Nova Roma)|album senatorium]] (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the [[Album equestris (Nova Roma)|album equestris]] (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of [[Nota (Nova Roma)|nota]];<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]] (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two [[Consul (Nova Roma)|consuls]] shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve [[Lictor|lictors]];<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce [[intercessio]] (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]] (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two [[Praetor (Nova Roma)|praetors]] shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|curule aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]];<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two [[Plebeian Aedile (Nova Roma)|plebeian aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|quaestors]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the [[Aerarium (Nova Roma)|aerarium (treasury)]], but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Two [[Tribune (Nova Roma)|tribunes of the plebs]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce [[intercessio]] against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the [[Vigintisexviri (Nova Roma)|Twenty-Six]] shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the [[Apparitor (Nova Roma)|apparitores]] shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the [[Lictor (Nova Roma)|lictores]], [[Lictor Curiata (Nova Roma)|lictores curiati]], [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]], and [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]].<br />
<br />
* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a [[Dictator (Nova Roma)|dictator]] to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither [[intercessio]] or [[provocato]]. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an [[Interrex (Nova Roma)|Interrex]] to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
<br />
== V. The Senate ==<br />
<br />
The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its Senate. The album Senatorium (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the censors according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
<br />
* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue Senatus consulta (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the aerarium (treasury) and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a budget for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the quaestors for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose taxes, fees, or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create provincia (provinces) for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. Governors shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint legati (legates) to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called proconsuls;<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called propraetors.<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the Senatus consultum ultimum (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the dictator) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing its own internal procedures (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
<br />
== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. The Religio Romana,''' the worship of the Gods and Goddesses of Rome, shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The priesthoods''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The collegium pontificum''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the Pontifex Maximus, fourteen Pontifices, twelve flamines, six Sacerdotes Vestales, and the Rex and Regina Sacrorum. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the calendar, and determine when the festivals and dies fasti and dies nefasti shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The collegium augurum''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the ars augurium and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define templum (sacred space) and celebrate auguria (the rites of augury);<br />
**** 2. To declare nuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T21:37:51Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<div>After the [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]], an entirely new [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|constitution]] was enacted, written by [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] and ratified by the new [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. This document, amended several times, remains in use today; see [[Constitution (current)]] for the current version.<br />
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== Preamble ==<br />
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We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[Pagan|pagan]] [[Roman Civilization|Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
<br />
As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
<br />
== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all [[Lex (Nova Roma)|leges (laws)]] passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[Edictum (Nova Roma)|edicta (edicts)]] and [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a [[Dictator|dictator]] appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''2. Legal precedence.''' This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
<br />
* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as [[Corporation (Nova Roma)|"the corporation")]]. The conduct and procedures of the [[Board of Directors (Nova Roma)|Board of Directors]] and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
<br />
== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. [[Citizenship (Nova Roma)|Citizenship]]'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|pater or mater-familias]] of a Nova Roma [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, [[rituals]], and beliefs, [[pagan]] or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the [[Religio Romana]], such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as [[Dual Citizenship (Nova Roma)|dual citizens]] of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in [[Elections (Nova Roma)|elections]] as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all [[Public Forums (Nova Roma)|public forums]] and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
<br />
* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the [[Orders (Nova Roma)|three orders]] are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius ([[Patrician Order (Nova Roma)|patrician order]]). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester ([[Equestrian Order (Nova Roma)|equestrian order]]). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius ([[Plebeian Order (Nova Roma)|plebeian order]]). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
<br />
* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same [[nomen]] (surname) unless they are differentiated by an [[agnomen]]. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|paterfamilias]] (fem. [[Materfamilias (Nova Roma)|materfamilias]]) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
<br />
* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
== III. Comitia ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty [[Lictor Curiata|lictores curiatae]] (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with [[Imperium]] (which is necessary to employ [[coercitio]] (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by [[Lictor|lictors]] as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, [[Adoption|adoptions]], and the recording of [[Will|wills]].<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent [[Removal of Citizenship (Nova Roma)|removal of citizenship]].<br />
<br />
* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact [[Plebiscite (Nova Roma)|plebiscites]] with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
<br />
[[Magistrate (Nova Roma)|Magistrates]] are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: [[Ordinarii (Nova Roma)|ordinarii]] (those who are ordinarily elected) and [[Extraordinarii|extraordinarii]] (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
<br />
* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censors]] shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|album civium]] (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the [[Album Gentium (Nova Roma)|album gentium]] (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the [[Album Senatorium (Nova Roma)|album senatorium]] (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the [[Album equestris (Nova Roma)|album equestris]] (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of [[Nota (Nova Roma)|nota]];<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]] (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two [[Consul (Nova Roma)|consuls]] shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve [[Lictor|lictors]];<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce [[intercessio]] (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]] (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two [[Praetor (Nova Roma)|praetors]] shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|curule aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold [[Imperium]];<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two [[Plebeian Aedile (Nova Roma)|plebeian aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|quaestors]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the [[Aerarium (Nova Roma)|aerarium (treasury)]], but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis ([[Tribune (Nova Roma)|Tribune of the Plebs]]).''' Two tribunes of the plebs shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce [[intercessio]] against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the [[Vigintisexviri (Nova Roma)|Twenty-Six]] shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the [[Apparitor (Nova Roma)|apparitores]] shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the [[Lictor (Nova Roma)|lictores]], [[Lictor Curiata (Nova Roma)|lictores curiati]], [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]], and [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]].<br />
<br />
* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a dictator to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither intercessio or provocato. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an Interrex to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
<br />
== V. The Senate ==<br />
<br />
The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its Senate. The album Senatorium (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the censors according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
<br />
* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue Senatus consulta (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the aerarium (treasury) and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a budget for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the quaestors for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose taxes, fees, or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create provincia (provinces) for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. Governors shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint legati (legates) to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called proconsuls;<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called propraetors.<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the Senatus consultum ultimum (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the dictator) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing its own internal procedures (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
<br />
== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. The Religio Romana,''' the worship of the Gods and Goddesses of Rome, shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The priesthoods''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The collegium pontificum''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the Pontifex Maximus, fourteen Pontifices, twelve flamines, six Sacerdotes Vestales, and the Rex and Regina Sacrorum. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the calendar, and determine when the festivals and dies fasti and dies nefasti shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The collegium augurum''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the ars augurium and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define templum (sacred space) and celebrate auguria (the rites of augury);<br />
**** 2. To declare nuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T21:02:41Z<p>Octavius: added more internal links</p>
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<div>After the [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]], an entirely new [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|constitution]] was enacted, written by [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] and ratified by the new [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. This document, amended several times, remains in use today; see [[Constitution (current)]] for the current version.<br />
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== Preamble ==<br />
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We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[Pagan|pagan]] [[Roman Civilization|Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
<br />
As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
<br />
== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all [[Lex (Nova Roma)|leges (laws)]] passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[Edictum (Nova Roma)|edicta (edicts)]] and [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a [[Dictator|dictator]] appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''2. Legal precedence.''' This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
<br />
* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as [[Corporation (Nova Roma)|"the corporation")]]. The conduct and procedures of the [[Board of Directors (Nova Roma)|Board of Directors]] and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
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* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
<br />
== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. [[Citizenship (Nova Roma)|Citizenship]]'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|pater or mater-familias]] of a Nova Roma [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, [[rituals]], and beliefs, [[pagan]] or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the [[Religio Romana]], such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as [[Dual Citizenship (Nova Roma)|dual citizens]] of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in [[Elections (Nova Roma)|elections]] as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all [[Public Forums (Nova Roma)|public forums]] and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
<br />
* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the [[Orders (Nova Roma)|three orders]] are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius ([[Patrician Order (Nova Roma)|patrician order]]). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester ([[Equestrian Order (Nova Roma)|equestrian order]]). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius ([[Plebeian Order (Nova Roma)|plebeian order]]). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
<br />
* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same [[nomen]] (surname) unless they are differentiated by an [[agnomen]]. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a [[Paterfamilias (Nova Roma)|paterfamilias]] (fem. [[Materfamilias (Nova Roma)|materfamilias]]) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
<br />
* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]], into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
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== III. Comitia ==<br />
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* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty lictores curiatae (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with Imperium (which is necessary to employ coercitio (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by lictors as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, adoptions, and the recording of wills.<br />
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* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective centuries. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact plebiscites with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
<br />
Magistrates are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: ordinarii (those who are ordinarily elected) and extraordinarii (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
<br />
* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two censors shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the album civium (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the album gentium (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the album senatorium (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the album equestris (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of nota;<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two consuls shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint accensi (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two praetors shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two curule aediles shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one-year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two plebeian aediles shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of quaestors shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the aerarium (treasury), but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Two tribunes of the plebs shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce intercessio against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the Twenty-Six shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the apparitores shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the lictores, lictores curiati, scribae, and accensi.<br />
<br />
* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a dictator to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither intercessio or provocato. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an Interrex to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
<br />
== V. The Senate ==<br />
<br />
The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its Senate. The album Senatorium (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the censors according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
<br />
* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue Senatus consulta (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the aerarium (treasury) and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a budget for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the quaestors for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose taxes, fees, or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create provincia (provinces) for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. Governors shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint legati (legates) to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called proconsuls;<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called propraetors.<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the Senatus consultum ultimum (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the dictator) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing its own internal procedures (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
<br />
== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. The Religio Romana,''' the worship of the Gods and Goddesses of Rome, shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The priesthoods''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The collegium pontificum''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the Pontifex Maximus, fourteen Pontifices, twelve flamines, six Sacerdotes Vestales, and the Rex and Regina Sacrorum. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the calendar, and determine when the festivals and dies fasti and dies nefasti shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The collegium augurum''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the ars augurium and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define templum (sacred space) and celebrate auguria (the rites of augury);<br />
**** 2. To declare nuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Dictatorship_of_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T20:48:56Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<div>In July [[MMDCCLII]] (1999), after a conflict between factions of magistrates that has come to be known as the [[Civil War of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|"Civil War"]], founder [[Flavus Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] was appointed [[Dictator]] by the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. <br />
<br />
Vedius Germanicus expelled consul [[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus]], declaring his election invalid, made several edicts and senatorial appointments, and wrote a new [[Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|constitution]] before laying down his office.<br />
<br />
[[Category: Nova Roma History]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Dictatorship_of_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T20:48:32Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<div><br />
In July [[MMDCCLII]] (1999), after a conflict between factions of magistrates that has come to be known as the [[Civil War of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|"Civil War"]], founder [[Flavus Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] was appointed [[Dictator]] by the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. <br />
<br />
Vedius Germanicus expelled consul [[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus]], declaring his election invalid, made several edicts and senatorial appointments, and wrote a new [[Constitution II - MMDCCLII|constitution]] before laying down his office.<br />
<br />
[[Category: Nova Roma History]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma))Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma))2006-02-11T20:30:44Z<p>Octavius: Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)) moved to Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma): parenectomy</p>
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<div>#redirect [[Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T20:30:44Z<p>Octavius: Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)) moved to Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)</p>
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<div>After the [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]], an entirely new Constitution was enacted, written by [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] and ratified by the new [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. This document, amended several times, remains in use today.<br />
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== Preamble ==<br />
<br />
We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[pagan]] [[Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
<br />
As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
<br />
== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all leges (laws) passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[edicta]] (edicts) and [[Senatus Consultum|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a dictator appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''2'''. Legal precedence. This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
<br />
* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as "the corporation"). The conduct and procedures of the Board of Directors and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
<br />
== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. Citizenship'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the pater or mater-familias of a Nova Roma gens for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, rituals, and beliefs, pagan or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the Religio Romana, such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as dual citizens of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in elections as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all public forums and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
<br />
* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the three orders are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius (patrician order). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester (equestrian order). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius (plebeian order). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
<br />
* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each gens shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same nomen (surname) unless they are differentiated by an agnomen. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a paterfamilias (fem. materfamilias) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
<br />
* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five tribes, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three centuries, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
== III. Comitia ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty lictores curiatae (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with Imperium (which is necessary to employ coercitio (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by lictors as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, adoptions, and the recording of wills.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective centuries. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact plebiscites with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
<br />
Magistrates are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: ordinarii (those who are ordinarily elected) and extraordinarii (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
<br />
* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two censors shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the album civium (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the album gentium (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the album senatorium (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the album equestris (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of nota;<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two consuls shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint accensi (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two praetors shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two curule aediles shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one-year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two plebeian aediles shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of quaestors shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the aerarium (treasury), but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Two tribunes of the plebs shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce intercessio against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the Twenty-Six shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the apparitores shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the lictores, lictores curiati, scribae, and accensi.<br />
<br />
* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a dictator to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither intercessio or provocato. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an Interrex to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
<br />
== V. The Senate ==<br />
<br />
The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its Senate. The album Senatorium (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the censors according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
<br />
* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue Senatus consulta (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the aerarium (treasury) and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a budget for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the quaestors for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose taxes, fees, or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create provincia (provinces) for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. Governors shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint legati (legates) to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called proconsuls;<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called propraetors.<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the Senatus consultum ultimum (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the dictator) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing its own internal procedures (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
<br />
== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. The Religio Romana,''' the worship of the Gods and Goddesses of Rome, shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The priesthoods''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The collegium pontificum''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the Pontifex Maximus, fourteen Pontifices, twelve flamines, six Sacerdotes Vestales, and the Rex and Regina Sacrorum. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the calendar, and determine when the festivals and dies fasti and dies nefasti shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The collegium augurum''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the ars augurium and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define templum (sacred space) and celebrate auguria (the rites of augury);<br />
**** 2. To declare nuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Main_PageMain Page2006-02-11T20:26:53Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<div>This is the {{wpedia | what=Wiki}} of [http://www.novaroma.org/ Nova Roma], serving as a member-edited repository of knowledge of the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and of [[Nova Roma]].<br />
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The wiki is maintained by [[User:Marcus Octavius Germanicus]].</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/NovaRoma:Site_supportNovaRoma:Site support2006-02-11T19:51:20Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<div>Donate to Nova Roma at [http://www.novaroma.org/ www.novaroma.org]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Constitution_NRTemplate:Constitution NR2006-02-11T19:49:35Z<p>Octavius: classname</p>
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[[Category: Constitution (Nova Roma)]]<br />
[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma)]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Constitution_NRTemplate:Constitution NR2006-02-11T19:47:56Z<p>Octavius: parenectomy</p>
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[[Category: Constitution (Nova Roma)]]<br />
[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma)]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Constitution_NRTemplate:Constitution NR2006-02-11T19:47:45Z<p>Octavius: parenectomy</p>
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[[Category: Constitution (Nova Roma)]]<br />
[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma)]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T19:46:30Z<p>Octavius: format table for TOC+summary box</p>
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<div>After the [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]], an entirely new Constitution was enacted, written by [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] and ratified by the new [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. This document, amended several times, remains in use today.<br />
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== Preamble ==<br />
<br />
We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[pagan]] [[Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
<br />
As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
<br />
== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all leges (laws) passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[edicta]] (edicts) and [[Senatus Consultum|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a dictator appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''2'''. Legal precedence. This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
<br />
* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as "the corporation"). The conduct and procedures of the Board of Directors and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
<br />
== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. Citizenship'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the pater or mater-familias of a Nova Roma gens for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, rituals, and beliefs, pagan or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the Religio Romana, such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as dual citizens of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in elections as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all public forums and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
<br />
* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the three orders are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius (patrician order). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester (equestrian order). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius (plebeian order). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
<br />
* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each gens shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same nomen (surname) unless they are differentiated by an agnomen. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a paterfamilias (fem. materfamilias) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
<br />
* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five tribes, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three centuries, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
== III. Comitia ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty lictores curiatae (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with Imperium (which is necessary to employ coercitio (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by lictors as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, adoptions, and the recording of wills.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective centuries. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact plebiscites with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
<br />
Magistrates are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: ordinarii (those who are ordinarily elected) and extraordinarii (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
<br />
* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two censors shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the album civium (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the album gentium (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the album senatorium (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the album equestris (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of nota;<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two consuls shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint accensi (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two praetors shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two curule aediles shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one-year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two plebeian aediles shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of quaestors shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the aerarium (treasury), but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Two tribunes of the plebs shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce intercessio against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the Twenty-Six shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the apparitores shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the lictores, lictores curiati, scribae, and accensi.<br />
<br />
* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a dictator to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither intercessio or provocato. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an Interrex to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
<br />
== V. The Senate ==<br />
<br />
The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its Senate. The album Senatorium (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the censors according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
<br />
* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue Senatus consulta (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the aerarium (treasury) and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a budget for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the quaestors for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose taxes, fees, or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create provincia (provinces) for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. Governors shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint legati (legates) to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called proconsuls;<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called propraetors.<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the Senatus consultum ultimum (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the dictator) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing its own internal procedures (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
<br />
== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. The Religio Romana,''' the worship of the Gods and Goddesses of Rome, shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The priesthoods''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The collegium pontificum''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the Pontifex Maximus, fourteen Pontifices, twelve flamines, six Sacerdotes Vestales, and the Rex and Regina Sacrorum. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the calendar, and determine when the festivals and dies fasti and dies nefasti shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The collegium augurum''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the ars augurium and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define templum (sacred space) and celebrate auguria (the rites of augury);<br />
**** 2. To declare nuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T18:49:10Z<p>Octavius: added info template</p>
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<div>After the [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]], an entirely new Constitution was enacted, written by [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] and ratified by the new [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. This document, amended several times, remains in use today.<br />
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{{Constitution NR | <br />
start_date=[[MMDCCLII]] |<br />
via=[[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)|Dictatorship of MMDCCLII]] |<br />
prev=Constitution I - MMDCCLII |<br />
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== Preamble ==<br />
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We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[pagan]] [[Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
<br />
As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
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== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
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* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all leges (laws) passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[edicta]] (edicts) and [[Senatus Consultum|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a dictator appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
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* '''2'''. Legal precedence. This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
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* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as "the corporation"). The conduct and procedures of the Board of Directors and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
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* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
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* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
<br />
== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. Citizenship'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the pater or mater-familias of a Nova Roma gens for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, rituals, and beliefs, pagan or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the Religio Romana, such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as dual citizens of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in elections as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all public forums and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
<br />
* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the three orders are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius (patrician order). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester (equestrian order). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius (plebeian order). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
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* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each gens shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same nomen (surname) unless they are differentiated by an agnomen. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a paterfamilias (fem. materfamilias) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
<br />
* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five tribes, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three centuries, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
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== III. Comitia ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty lictores curiatae (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with Imperium (which is necessary to employ coercitio (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by lictors as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, adoptions, and the recording of wills.<br />
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* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective centuries. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact plebiscites with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
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== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
<br />
Magistrates are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: ordinarii (those who are ordinarily elected) and extraordinarii (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
<br />
* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two censors shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the album civium (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the album gentium (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the album senatorium (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the album equestris (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of nota;<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two consuls shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint accensi (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two praetors shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two curule aediles shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one-year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two plebeian aediles shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of quaestors shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the aerarium (treasury), but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Two tribunes of the plebs shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce intercessio against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the Twenty-Six shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the apparitores shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the lictores, lictores curiati, scribae, and accensi.<br />
<br />
* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a dictator to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither intercessio or provocato. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an Interrex to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
<br />
== V. The Senate ==<br />
<br />
The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its Senate. The album Senatorium (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the censors according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
<br />
* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue Senatus consulta (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the aerarium (treasury) and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a budget for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the quaestors for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose taxes, fees, or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create provincia (provinces) for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. Governors shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint legati (legates) to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called proconsuls;<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called propraetors.<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the Senatus consultum ultimum (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the dictator) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing its own internal procedures (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
<br />
== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. The Religio Romana,''' the worship of the Gods and Goddesses of Rome, shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The priesthoods''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The collegium pontificum''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the Pontifex Maximus, fourteen Pontifices, twelve flamines, six Sacerdotes Vestales, and the Rex and Regina Sacrorum. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the calendar, and determine when the festivals and dies fasti and dies nefasti shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The collegium augurum''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the ars augurium and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define templum (sacred space) and celebrate auguria (the rites of augury);<br />
**** 2. To declare nuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Constitution_NRTemplate:Constitution NR2006-02-11T18:48:17Z<p>Octavius: pagename</p>
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[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma))]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Constitution_NRTemplate:Constitution NR2006-02-11T18:36:48Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma))]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Constitution_NRTemplate:Constitution NR2006-02-11T18:33:24Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma))]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Constitution_II_-_MMDCCLII_(Nova_Roma)Constitution II - MMDCCLII (Nova Roma)2006-02-11T18:32:40Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<div>''introductory paragraph''<br />
<br />
{{Constitution NR | enacted=[[MMDCCLII]] | }}<br />
<br />
== Preamble ==<br />
<br />
We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[pagan]] [[Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.<br />
<br />
As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.<br />
<br />
== I. Constitutional Basis ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all leges (laws) passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[edicta]] (edicts) and [[Senatus Consultum|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:<br />
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a dictator appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;<br />
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''2'''. Legal precedence. This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.<br />
<br />
* '''3'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of New Hampshire, USA (hereafter referred to as "the corporation"). The conduct and procedures of the Board of Directors and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:<br />
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;<br />
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;<br />
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
* '''4'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.<br />
<br />
* '''5'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.<br />
<br />
== II. Citizens and Gentes ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. Citizenship'''<br />
** 1. Any person who is [[sui juris]] by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may apply for citizenship.<br />
** 2. A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the pater or mater-familias of a Nova Roma gens for admission to that gens. Should the paterfamilias assent, that person shall be considered a member of the gens and may participate in the religious and social life of Nova Roma. Such gens members who are not full citizens are the sole responsibility of the paterfamilias, and need not be registered with the censors.<br />
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.<br />
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The following rights of the citizens shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:<br />
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, rituals, and beliefs, pagan or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the Religio Romana, such as the case of magistrates and Senators;<br />
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as dual citizens of Nova Roma;<br />
** 3. The right to vote in elections as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;<br />
** 4. The right to participate in all public forums and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;<br />
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;<br />
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;<br />
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,<br />
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the ordo equester (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.<br />
<br />
* '''3. The Orders'''. Even though members of the three orders are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:<br />
** 1. Ordo patricius (patrician order). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.<br />
** 2. Ordo equester (equestrian order). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. For purposes of participating in the comitia, holding office, etc. members of the equestrian order shall be considered to be of the patrician or plebeian order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.<br />
** 3. Ordo plebeius (plebeian order). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.<br />
<br />
* '''4. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each gens shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.<br />
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.<br />
** 2. No two gentes may have the same nomen (surname) unless they are differentiated by an agnomen. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.<br />
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a paterfamilias (fem. materfamilias) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.<br />
<br />
* '''5. Tribes and Centuries'''<br />
**1. There shall exist thirty-five tribes, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.<br />
**2. There shall exist one hundred and ninety-three centuries, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.<br />
<br />
== III. Comitia ==<br />
<br />
* '''1'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty lictores curiatae (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:<br />
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with Imperium (which is necessary to employ coercitio (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by lictors as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;<br />
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, adoptions, and the recording of wills.<br />
<br />
* '''2.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective centuries. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
* '''3.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact plebiscites with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
* '''4.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:<br />
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;<br />
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;<br />
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.<br />
<br />
== IV. Magistrates ==<br />
<br />
Magistrates are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: ordinarii (those who are ordinarily elected) and extraordinarii (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.<br />
<br />
* '''1. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.<br />
** '''1. Censor'''. Two censors shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To maintain the album civium (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 3. To maintain the album gentium (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;<br />
*** 4. To maintain the album senatorium (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;<br />
*** 5. To maintain the album equestris (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;<br />
*** 6. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of nota;<br />
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;<br />
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.<br />
*** 7. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''2. Consul.''' Two consuls shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint accensi (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two praetors shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;<br />
*** 4. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two curule aediles shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one-year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold Imperium;<br />
*** 2. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 4. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** ''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).'' Two plebeian aediles shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 2. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;<br />
*** 3. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.<br />
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of quaestors shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the aerarium (treasury), but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.<br />
** '''7.. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Two tribunes of the plebs shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To collegially pronounce intercessio against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, and laws passed by the comitia when they feel that the spirit and letter of this Constitution are being violated thereby;<br />
*** 2. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates;<br />
*** 3. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the content and progress thereof;<br />
*** 4. To call the Senate and the comitia plebis tributa to order.<br />
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the Twenty-Six shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.<br />
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the apparitores shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the lictores, lictores curiati, scribae, and accensi.<br />
<br />
* '''2. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:<br />
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a dictator to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither intercessio or provocato. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.<br />
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an Interrex to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.<br />
<br />
== V. The Senate ==<br />
<br />
The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its Senate. The album Senatorium (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the censors according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
<br />
* '''1.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue Senatus consulta (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment. <br />
* '''2.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the aerarium (treasury) and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state. <br />
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a budget for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the quaestors for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.<br />
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose taxes, fees, or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.<br />
* '''3.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, create provincia (provinces) for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor. Such governors may have quaestors assigned to them to handle the disbursement of any funds that might come from the central government, as well as to manage any local funds.<br />
** 1. Governors shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:<br />
*** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia;<br />
*** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provincia (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);<br />
*** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provincia;<br />
*** 4. To appoint legati (legates) to administer sub-divisions of their province with all of the authority of the governor and to remove the same as they see fit;<br />
*** 5. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as the governor shall see fit.<br />
** 2. The titles for provincial governors are as follow:<br />
*** 1. Those currently serving as consuls or praetors shall go by their normal title;<br />
*** 2. Consuls serving as governors whose term in office as consul has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, shall be called proconsuls;<br />
*** 3. Praetors serving as governors whose term in office as praetor has expired, yet who are continuing in their role as governor, as well as those citizens whom the Senate shall appoint who are not currently serving as consul or praetor shall be called propraetors.<br />
** '''4.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.<br />
** '''5.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the Senatus consultum ultimum (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the dictator) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.<br />
** '''6.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing its own internal procedures (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).<br />
<br />
== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. The Religio Romana,''' the worship of the Gods and Goddesses of Rome, shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.<br />
* '''2. The priesthoods''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:<br />
** '''1. The collegium pontificum''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the Pontifex Maximus, fourteen Pontifices, twelve flamines, six Sacerdotes Vestales, and the Rex and Regina Sacrorum. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
*** 1. To control the calendar, and determine when the festivals and dies fasti and dies nefasti shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;<br />
*** 2. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;<br />
*** 3. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
** '''2. The collegium augurum''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.<br />
*** 1. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);<br />
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the ars augurium and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).<br />
*** 2. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:<br />
**** 1. To define templum (sacred space) and celebrate auguria (the rites of augury);<br />
**** 2. To declare nuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).<br />
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Constitution_NRTemplate:Constitution NR2006-02-11T18:30:41Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<td class="colhead" colspan=2 align="center">Constitution of Nova Roma</td><br />
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<td><b>Enacted:</b></td><br />
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<td><b>via amendment(s):</b></td><br />
<td>{{{amendments}}}</td><br />
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<td><b>Preceded By:</b></td><br />
<td>[[{{{prev}}} (Nova Roma)|{{{prev}}}]]</td><br />
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<td><b>Followed By:</b></td><br />
<td>[[{{{next}}} (Nova Roma)|{{{next}}}]]</td><br />
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[[Category: Constitution (Nova Roma)]]<br />
[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma))]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Constitution_NRTemplate:Constitution NR2006-02-11T18:30:06Z<p>Octavius: new</p>
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<div><table border=1 cellspacing=0 bgcolor="#d0d0d0"><br />
<tr><br />
<td class="colhead" colspan=2 align="center">Constitution of Nova Roma</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><b>Enacted:</b></td><br />
<td>{{{enacted}}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
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<td><b>via amendment(s):</b></td><br />
<td>{{{amendments}}}</td><br />
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<td><b>Preceded By:</b></td><br />
<td>[[{{{prev}}} (Nova Roma)|{{{prev}}}]]</td><br />
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<tr><br />
<td><b>Followed By:</b></td><br />
<td>[[{{{next}}} (Nova Roma)|{{{next}}}]]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table></div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/MMDCCLIIMMDCCLII2006-02-11T17:23:54Z<p>Octavius: +events</p>
<hr />
<div>{{year intro |<br />
aucyear=MMDCCLII | <br />
aucbefore=MMDCCLI |<br />
aucafter=MMDCCLIII |<br />
ceyear=1999<br />
}} It was a particularly eventful year in the history of [[Nova Roma]], including a so-called [[Civil War (Nova Roma)]], removal of a [[Consul (Nova Roma)|Consul]], appointment of a [[Dictatorship of MMDCCLII|Dictator]], and a completely new [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]].<br />
<br />
{{year consuls NR |<br />
senior=Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus |<br />
junior=Decius Iunius Palladius<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{year consuls NR |<br />
junior=Lucius Cornelius Sulla |<br />
senior=Decius Iunius Palladius<br />
}}<br />
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[[Category: Nova Roma History]]</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Year_consuls_NRTemplate:Year consuls NR2006-02-11T17:23:45Z<p>Octavius: </p>
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<div>{| border=1 cellspacing=0 bgcolor="#d0d0d0"<br />
| width="150" | '''Consuls of [[Nova Roma]]:''' <br />
| width="180" | [[{{{senior}}} (Nova Roma) | {{{senior}}}]]<br />
| width="180" | [[{{{junior}}} (Nova Roma) | {{{junior}}}]]<br />
|}</div>Octaviushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Template:Year_consuls_NRTemplate:Year consuls NR2006-02-11T17:23:17Z<p>Octavius: fixed width</p>
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<div>{| border=1 cellspacing=0 bgcolor="#d0d0d0"<br />
| width="150" | '''Consuls of [[Nova Roma]]:''' <br />
| width="150" | [[{{{senior}}} (Nova Roma) | {{{senior}}}]]<br />
| width="150" | [[{{{junior}}} (Nova Roma) | {{{junior}}}]]<br />
|}</div>Octavius