http://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&feed=atom&deletedOnly=&limit=50&target=Lucius+Vitellius+Triarius&topOnly=NovaRoma - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T18:09:30ZFrom NovaRomaMediaWiki 1.17.0http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Nova_Roma)Lucius Vitellius Triarius (Nova Roma)2015-03-28T01:21:51Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>{{BioHeader|name=Lucius Vitellius Triarius|id=8446}}<br />
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'''Click Here for: [[Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Nova_Roma)|Bio Page]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius|User Page]]''' | '''[[User_talk:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius|User Talk]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop|Workshop]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop2|Workshop2]]''' | '''[[User_talk:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop|Workshop3]]''' <br />
{{Template:Key Path Task Force}}<br />
{{Cultus Task Force|Member}}<br />
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'''<big>Paterfamilias of the Vitellii Triarii</big>'''<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_%28Populus%29 Domus, IX Via Ostiensis, Mons Aventinus, Roma] | [mailto:lvtriarius@yahoo.com E-mail]''' <br />
*'''Election Statement: [[Election MMDCCLXVI (Nova Roma)/Lucius Vitellius Triarius|MMDCCLXVI (2013)]]'''<br />
*'''Election Statement: [[Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Election_MMDCCLX)|MMDCCLX (2007)]]''' <br />
*'''Patron gods of the familia [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Category:Gens_Vitellia_(Nova_Roma) Vitellii Triarii]: [[Ianus]], [[Iuppiter|Iuppiter Optimus Maximus]], [[Mars|Pater Mars]], [[Apollo]], and the [[Dii Familiares]]''' <br />
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'''Lucius Vitellius Triarius''' was born and lives in Provincia America Transappalachiana (ATA). He currently lives in Volunum (Knoxville, Tennessee, USA). He is the paterfamilias of the domus and ''familia Vitellia Triaria'', composed of his wife, Tiberia Octavia, and their children, Tiberius, Quintus and Tiberia. He joined Nova Roma on '''{{Jan 25}}''' '''{{2005}}''' (25 January 2005 CE), and became an ''assiduus'' member of Gens Vitellia. He is a member of the Plebeian order. He is a Homo novis ("new man") and the first of the familia Vitellii Triarii to serve in the Cursus honorum, and that being in the Queasturae, assigned to the Office of Aedilis Curulus, P. Memmius Albucius in '''{{2008}} (2008).<br />
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He has had a lifelong interest in Ancient Rome, its accomplishments and failures, and how they have shaped the world that we live in today. He is convinced that the foundations and decisions the ancient Romans laid and made for us will continue to provide age-old answers to the new-age problems we will encounter in the future.<br />
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He resigned his positions as Senator and Pontifex to pursue his business ventures in the real world and was kindly thrown off the Album Civium completely. Thanks guys for the Tarpien Rock treatment.<br />
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''Favorite Quote:''<br />
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'''"Quam bene vivas refert, non quam diu."''' (The important thing isn't how long you live, but how well you live) ~ L. Annaeus Seneca<br />
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==[[Cursus honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus honorum'']]==<br />
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[[<br />
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Image:MarsetIOM_Tabula_LVT.jpg|frame|right|Dedicatio Marti et Iovi patri]]<br />
[[Image:lvt-bust.png|frame|right|Bust of Triarius "cruely copied" by Septimus Severus]]<br />
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*'''[[Aedilis curulis (Nova Roma)|Aedilis curulis]]'''<br />
:''Elected by the Comitia Populi Tributa on {{Dec 6}} (Dec 6)''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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*'''[[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|Quaestor]]'''<br />
:''to Curule Aedile [[Publius Memmius Albucius (Nova Roma)|Publius Memmius Albucius]]''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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==Other posts==<br />
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*'''[[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|Pontifex]]'''<br />
:''Appointed to the Collegium Pontificum on {{Jan 25}} (Jan 25)''<br />
:''Inaugurated on TBD''<br />
:{{2014}} - ''2014''<br />
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*'''[[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]'''<br />
:''Sublected to the Senate on {{Oct 24}} (Oct 24)''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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* [[Boule (Sodalitas Graeciae)|''Αρχων'']] <br />
:''Arkhon, Boule of Sodalitas Graeciae''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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*'''[[Factio Veneta (Nova Roma)|Dominus factionis]]'''<br />
:''Factio Veneta, the Blues''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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*'''[[Scriba (Nova Roma)|Scriba]]''' <br />
:''to Dominus praefectus, [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gn. Iulius Caesar]], Go Roman Program of Sodalitas Egressus''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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==Provincial posts==<br />
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*'''[[Governor (Nova Roma)|Legatus pro praetor]]'''<br />
:''for [[Provincia_America Transappalachiana_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America transappalachiana (ATA)]]''<br />
:Appointed by the Senate on {{Dec 13}} (Dec 13)<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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*'''[[Governor (Nova Roma)|Legatus pro praetor]]'''<br />
:''for [[Provincia_Confinium_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia Confinium austrorientalis (CAe)]]''<br />
:Appointed by the Senate on {{Oct 24}} (Oct 24)<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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* [[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legate]] of [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|Propraetor]] <br />
:''for [[Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America austrorientalis (AAe)]]''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
:{{2009}} - ''2009''<br />
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*'''[[Curator Aranearius (Nova Roma)|Curator aranearius]]''' <br />
:''for [[Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America austrorientalis (AAe)]]''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
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==Res gestae==<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com Dominus praefectus & Founder]'''<br />
:''Mons Aventinus Online Community''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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*'''[http://romanspace.ning.com Dominus praefectus & Founder]'''<br />
:''RomanSpace Social Network''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com/wikia/Roman_Times_Quarterly Form Editor]'''<br />
:''Roman Times Quarterly''<br />
:{{2009}} - ''2009''<br />
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[[Category:Factio Veneta|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Magistrates (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Gens Vitellia (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Tribus Maecia (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Provincia America Austrorientalis (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Provincia America Austrorientalis - Citizens (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Provincia_(Nova_Roma)Provincia (Nova Roma)2014-12-11T06:56:53Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>{{LanguageBar | Provincia (Nova Roma)}}<br />
{{NR Territorial organization articles}}<br />
Nova Roma has a worldwide, international central administration and a territorial organization, consisting of provincial, regional and urban subdivisions. The '''''provincia''''' is the highest level of the territorial organization.<br />
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The [[Nova Roman Republic]] is divided into a number of '''''provinciae'''''. A '''''provincia''''' can comprise a single country or several, or on the other end of the spectrum, can be made up of sub-national units from a single country.Unlike provinces of Canada or American states, Nova Roman '''''provinciae''''' are creations of the senate, the 'national' governing body. The senate, under the ''[[Lex Vedia Provincialis (Nova Roma)|lex Vedia provincialis]]'', can create a new ''provincia'' or combine existing ones by ''senatus consultum''. The same ''lex'' outlines the powers and duties of the [[Governor (Nova Roma)|provincial governors]]. The senate also has the power to appoint and replace governors who appoint the provincial administration and may sub-divide their ''provincia'' into [[regio (Nova Roma)|'''''regiones''''']] for administrative purposes as they deem it necessary. <br />
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==Governance==<br />
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The structure of the provincial government varies greatly depending upon the existing conditions of the ''provincia''. Several provinces cross national and linguistic boundaries and thus officials may be appointed to reflect this. Other provinces are geographically large or have isolated populations. There are no real laws concerning organization of provincial government other than the ''[[Lex Vedia Provincialis (Nova Roma)|lex Vedia provincialis]]''. This creates a flexible framework for the varying realities of the ''provinciae''.<br />
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The [[Governor (Nova Roma)|governor]] of the province can be variously termed, '''''consul''''', '''''proconsul''''', '''''praetor''''', '''''propraetor''''', or '''''legatus pro praetore'''''; the title depends on previous offices held by the governor. The "governor" of Italia Nova Romana is called '''''praefectus Italiae'''''. All provincial governors are subordinate to the [[senate (Nova Roma)|senate]] and to the [[Magistracies (Nova Roma)|central magistrates]].<br />
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Both the administrative office of the governor and the headquarter of the provincial administration are called the [[praetorium (Nova Roma)|''praetorium'']]. The governor's staff personnel, the [[cohors praetoria (Nova Roma)|''cohors praetoria'']], consist of various officials executing the orders of the governor and may include [[legatus (Nova Roma)|legates]], [[praefectus (Nova Roma)|prefects]] and [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribes]], more rarely a provincial [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|''quaestor'']] or [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|''proquaestor'']], a [[Procurator (Nova Roma)|''procurator'']], sometimes a [[curator aranearius (Nova Roma)|''curator aranearius'']] and a provincial [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|''sacerdos'']].<br />
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In some provinces, the governor shares his power with a provincial council, the [[consilium provinciae (Nova Roma)|''consilium provinciae'']], sometimes mistakenly called ''curia'', but in most of the provinces it is just an advisory body to assist the governor, and there are also provinces where there is no ''consilium provinciae'' at all.<br />
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It is a very important point to note, however, that provincial administrations are not territorial "self-governments"; Nova Roman ''provinciae'' are not independent or autonomous, nor free from the strict control of the central administration, but, on the contrary, they are tools of the central government to take directives and execute orders and instructions given from the senate and the consuls. The provinces of Nova Roma, just like those in the ancient republic, are a means for unity and effective administrative action, and not a provision for federalism or territorial autonomy.<br />
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==Current Provinces of Nova Roma==<br />
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Abrv<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Alasca et Havaia (Nova Roma)|Alasca et Havaia]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AEH<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Alaska''' and '''Hawaii''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Marcus Pompeius Caninus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Pompeius Caninus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Cismississippiana (Nova Roma)|America Cismississippiana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ACM<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of U.S.A. States of '''Illinois''' and '''Indiana'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Deserta (Nova Roma)|America Deserta]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AMD<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Arizona''', '''Nevada''' and '''Utah'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Gallica (Nova Roma)|America Gallica]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AGL<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Arkansas''' and '''Louisiana''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 5<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Hispanica (Nova Roma)|America Hispanica]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AHS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''New Mexico''' and '''Colorado'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Mississippiensis (Nova Roma)|America Mississippiensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AMS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Mississippi''' and '''Alabama'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Missuriensis (Nova Roma)|America Missuriensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AMO<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Iowa''' and '''Missouri'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 8<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Montana (Nova Roma)|America Montana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AMW<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Montana''' and '''Wyoming'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 9<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Nebrascensis (Nova Roma)|America Nebrascensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ANE<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Nebraska''' and '''Kansas'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 10<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Noveboracensis (Nova Roma)|America Noveboracensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ANB<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''New York''' and '''New Jersey'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 11<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Oregonensis (Nova Roma)|America Oregonensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AOR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Idaho''', '''Oregon''' and '''Washington'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 12<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Texia (Nova Roma)|America Texia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ATX<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Texas''' and '''Oklahoma'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 13<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Transappalachiana (Nova Roma)|America Transappalachiana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ATA<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Tennessee''' and Kentucky'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 14<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Argentina (Nova Roma)|Argentina]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ARG<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Argentine''' Republic, Rep. of '''Paraguay''', Oriental Rep. of '''Uruguay'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)|Vibia Aemilia Regilla]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 15<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Australia (Nova Roma)|Australia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AUS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Commonwealth of '''Australia''' and '''New Zealand'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 16<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Brasilia (Nova Roma)|Brasilia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | BRA<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Fed. Rep. of '''Brazil'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)|Vibia Aemilia Regilla]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 17<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Britannia (Nova Roma)|Britannia]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | BRT<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | United Kingdom of '''Great Britain''' and '''Ireland'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Marcius Crispus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Marcius Crispus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 18<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California Angelensis (Nova Roma)|California Angelensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CAA<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of California, south of Paso Robles and Delano<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 19<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California Franciscensis (Nova Roma)|California Franciscensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CAF<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of California, north of Paso Robles and Delano<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 20<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Canada Citerior (Nova Roma)|Canada Citerior]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CCI<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://ca.groups.yahoo.com/group/nova_roma_canada_citerior/ Prov. of '''Ontario''', '''Québec''', '''Labrador-Terre Neuve''', '''New Brunswick''', '''New Scotland''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Iulius Caesar]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 21<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Canada Ulterior (Nova Roma)|Canada Ulterior]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CUL<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NOVAROMACANADAULTERIOR/ Prov. of '''Alberta''', '''Saskatchewan''', '''Manitoba''', '''British Columbia''', and '''Yukon''', '''Northwest''' and '''Nunavut''' Territories]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Iulius Caesar]] <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 22<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Carolina (Nova Roma)|Carolina]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CAR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''North Carolina''' and '''South Carolina'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 23<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Columbia (Nova Roma)|Columbia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | COL<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of '''Maryland''' and the '''District of Columbia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 24<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Dacia (Nova Roma)|Dacia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | DAC<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Romania''' and Rep. of '''Moldavia''' to river Dniestr<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Iulius Sabinus (Nova Roma)|Titus Iulius Sabinus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 25<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Dacota (Nova Roma)|Dacota]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | DNS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''North Dakota''' and '''South Dakota'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 26<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Gallia (Nova Roma)|Gallia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | GAL<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Kingdom of Netherlands, Grand-Duché of Luxembourg, Kgd of Belgium, Rép. Française, Principality of Monaco, French-speaking Swiss territories, without the German-speaking territories of Belgium, except French overseas territories <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|Gaius Petronius Dexter]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 27<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Georgia Florida (Nova Roma)|Georgia Florida]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | GAF<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Florida''' and '''Georgia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Lucius Ulpius Atellus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Ulpius Atellus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 28<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Germania (Nova Roma)|Germania]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | GER<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Germany''', of '''Austria''' and Principality of '''Liechtenstein''', the German-speaking territories of '''Switzerland and Belgium'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|Gaius Petronius Dexter]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 29<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Guria (Nova Roma)|Guria]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | GUR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | ''North Korea''' and '''South Korea'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 30<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Hispania (Nova Roma)|Hispania]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | HIS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Portugal''' and Kingdom of '''Spain'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Aemilius Crassus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Aemilius Crassus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 31<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Italia Nova Romana|Italia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ITA<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Italy''', '''Vatican''', '''San Marino''', '''Malta''' and the '''Italian-speaking Swiss''' territories<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 32<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Lacus Magni]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | LMG<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Wisconsin''' and '''Michigan'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Decius Laterensis (Nova Roma)|Gaius Decius Laterensis]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 33<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Mediatlantica (Nova Roma)|Mediatlantica]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | MED<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Pennsylvania''' and '''Delaware'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 34<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Minnesota (Nova Roma)|Minnesota]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | MIN<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. state of '''Minnesota'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 35<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nipponia (Nova Roma)|Nipponia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | NIP<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Asia Citerior (Nova Roma)|'''Japan''']]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 36<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nova Britannia Citerior (Nova Roma)|Nova Britannia Citerior]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | NBC<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Maine''', '''New Hampshire''', '''Vermont'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 37<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nova Britannia Ulterior (Nova Roma)|Nova Britannia Ulterior]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | NBU<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Massachusetts''', '''Rhode Island''', and '''Connecticut'''. <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Aulus Iulius Paterculus (Nova Roma)|Aulus Iulius Paterculus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 38<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Mexico (Nova Roma)|Nova Hispania]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | NHS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''United Mexican States''', '''Belize''', '''Republics of Guatemala''', '''Honduras''', '''El Salvador''', '''Nicaragua''', '''Costa Rica''', and '''Panama'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 39<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Ohio (Nova Roma)|Ohio]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | OHO<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of '''Ohio'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Decius Laterensis (Nova Roma)|Gaius Decius Laterensis]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 40<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Pannonia (Nova Roma)|Pannonia]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | PAN<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://www.nrpannonia.iweb.hu Reps. of '''Slovenia''', '''Hungary''', '''Slovakia''' and '''Czech Rep.''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 41<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Sarmatia (Nova Roma)|Sarmatia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | SAR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Ukraine''', '''Russian Federation''', '''Rep. of Belarus''', and the '''Transnistria (East Bank of river Dniestr)'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Flavius Severus (Nova Roma)|Titus Flavius Severus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 42<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Thule (Nova Roma)|Thule]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | THU<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Iceland''', Kingdoms of '''Norway''', '''Sweden''', and '''Denmark''', Rep. of '''Finland'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |'''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 43<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Venedia (Nova Roma)|Venedia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | VEN<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Poland''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Sextus Lucilius Tutor (Nova Roma)|Sextus Lucilius Tutor]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 44<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Virginia (Nova Roma)|Virginia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | VIR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Virginia''' and '''West Virginia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<small><u>Note</u> :<br />
* When, in addition to its wiki page, a province has an official '''web site''' or '''discussion list''', a link is included in the column "countries".<br />
* Except for Italia, all provinces are called "provinciae" (provinces). Italia is called "praefectura".<br />
* Governors are called "''legatus pro praetore''", "''praetor''" or "''consul''", "''propraetor''" or "''proconsul''", except the governor of Italia who is always called "''praefectus''".<br />
* The new maps below update the provincial organization of Nova Roma on Kal. Nov. 2766 auc (Nov. 1, 2013 cc). <br />
* Regions in light grey are territories not yet organized in provinces (no citizen or less than five citizens).<br />
</small><br />
<br />
<br />
==Current Provinces by Geographic Region==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Africa===<br />
<br />
[[<br />
<br />
Image:africawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | No current provinces established<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Asia & Far East===<br />
<br />
[[Image:asiawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Australia (Nova Roma)|Australia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Commonwealth of '''Australia''' and '''New Zealand'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Guria (Nova Roma)|Guria]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | ''North Korea''' and '''South Korea'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nipponia (Nova Roma)|Nipponia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Asia Citerior (Nova Roma)|'''Japan''']]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Sarmatia (Nova Roma)|Sarmatia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Ukraine''', '''Russian Federation''', '''Rep. of Belarus''', and the '''Transnistria (East Bank of river Dniestr)'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Flavius Severus (Nova Roma)|Titus Flavius Severus]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Canada===<br />
<br />
[[Image:canadawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Canada Citerior (Nova Roma)|Canada Citerior]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://ca.groups.yahoo.com/group/nova_roma_canada_citerior/ Prov. of '''Ontario''', '''Québec''', '''Labrador-Terre Neuve''', '''New Brunswick''', '''New Scotland''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Iulius Caesar]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Canada Ulterior (Nova Roma)|Canada Ulterior]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NOVAROMACANADAULTERIOR/ Prov. of '''Alberta''', '''Saskatchewan''', '''Manitoba''', '''British Columbia''', and '''Yukon''', '''Northwest''' and '''Nunavut''' Territories]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Iulius Caesar]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Europe===<br />
<br />
[[Image:europewikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Britannia (Nova Roma)|Britannia]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | United Kingdom of '''Great Britain''' and '''Ireland'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Marcius Crispus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Marcius Crispus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Dacia (Nova Roma)|Dacia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Romania''' and Rep. of '''Moldavia''' to river Dniestr<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Iulius Sabinus (Nova Roma)|Titus Iulius Sabinus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Gallia (Nova Roma)|Gallia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Kingdom of Netherlands, Grand-Duché of Luxembourg, Kgd of Belgium, Rép. Française, Principality of Monaco, French-speaking Swiss territories, without the German-speaking territories of Belgium, except French overseas territories <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|Gaius Petronius Dexter]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Germania (Nova Roma)|Germania]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Germany''', of '''Austria''' and Principality of '''Liechtenstein''', the German-speaking territories of '''Switzerland and Belgium'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|Gaius Petronius Dexter]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 5<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Hispania (Nova Roma)|Hispania]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Portugal''' and Kingdom of '''Spain'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Aemilius Crassus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Aemilius Crassus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Italia Nova Romana|Italia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Italy''', '''Vatican''', '''San Marino''', '''Malta''' and the '''Italian-speaking Swiss''' territories<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Pannonia (Nova Roma)|Pannonia]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://www.nrpannonia.iweb.hu Reps. of '''Slovenia''', '''Hungary''', '''Slovakia''' and '''Czech Rep.''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 8<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Sarmatia (Nova Roma)|Sarmatia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Ukraine''', '''Russian Federation''', '''Rep. of Belarus''', and the '''Transnistria (East Bank of river Dniestr)'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Flavius Severus (Nova Roma)|Titus Flavius Severus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 9<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Thule (Nova Roma)|Thule]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Iceland''', Kingdoms of '''Norway''', '''Sweden''', and '''Denmark''', Rep. of '''Finland'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |'''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 10<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Venedia (Nova Roma)|Venedia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Poland''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Sextus Lucilius Tutor (Nova Roma)|Sextus Lucilius Tutor]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Mexico and Central America===<br />
<br />
[[Image:centralamericawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Mexico (Nova Roma)|Nova Hispania]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''United Mexican States''', '''Belize''', '''Republics of Guatemala''', '''Honduras''', '''El Salvador''', '''Nicaragua''', '''Costa Rica''', and '''Panama'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===South America===<br />
<br />
[[Image:sawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Argentina (Nova Roma)|Argentina]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Argentine''' Republic, Rep. of '''Paraguay''', Oriental Rep. of '''Uruguay'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)|Vibia Aemilia Regilla]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Brasilia (Nova Roma)|Brasilia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Fed. Rep. of '''Brazil'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)|Vibia Aemilia Regilla]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===United States===<br />
<br />
[[Image:uswikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Alasca et Havaia (Nova Roma)|Alasca et Havaia]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Alaska''' and '''Hawaii''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Marcus Pompeius Caninus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Pompeius Caninus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Cismississippiana (Nova Roma)|America Cismississippiana]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of U.S.A. States of '''Illinois''' and '''Indiana'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Deserta (Nova Roma)|America Deserta]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Arizona''', '''Nevada''' and '''Utah'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |[[Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Gallica (Nova Roma)|America Gallica]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Arkansas''' and '''Louisiana''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 5<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Hispanica (Nova Roma)|America Hispanica]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''New Mexico''' and '''Colorado'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Mississippiensis (Nova Roma)|America Mississippiensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Mississippi''' and '''Alabama'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Missuriensis (Nova Roma)|America Missuriensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Iowa''' and '''Missouri'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 8<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Montana (Nova Roma)|America Montana]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Montana''' and '''Wyoming'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 9<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Nebrascensis (Nova Roma)|America Nebrascensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Nebraska''' and '''Kansas'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 10<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Noveboracensis (Nova Roma)|America Noveboracensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''New York''' and '''New Jersey'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 11<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Oregonensis (Nova Roma)|America Oregonensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Idaho''', '''Oregon''' and '''Washington'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 12<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Texia (Nova Roma)|America Texia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Texas''' and '''Oklahoma'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 13<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Transappalachiana (Nova Roma)|America Transappalachiana]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Tennessee''' and Kentucky'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 14<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California Angelensis (Nova Roma)|California Angelensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of California, south of Paso Robles and Delano<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 15<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California Franciscensis (Nova Roma)|California Franciscensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of California, north of Paso Robles and Delano<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 16<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Carolina (Nova Roma)|Carolina]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''North Carolina''' and '''South Carolina'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 17<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Columbia (Nova Roma)|Columbia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of '''Maryland''' and the '''District of Columbia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 18<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Dacota (Nova Roma)|Dacota]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''North Dakota''' and '''South Dakota'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 19<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Georgia Florida (Nova Roma)|Georgia Florida]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Florida''' and '''Georgia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Lucius Ulpius Atellus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Ulpius Atellus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 20<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Lacus Magni]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Wisconsin''' and '''Michigan'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Decius Laterensis (Nova Roma)|Gaius Decius Laterensis]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 21<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Mediatlantica (Nova Roma)|Mediatlantica]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Pennsylvania''' and '''Delaware'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 22<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Minnesota (Nova Roma)|Minnesota]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. state of '''Minnesota'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 23<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nova Britannia Citerior (Nova Roma)|Nova Britannia Citerior]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Maine''', '''New Hampshire''', '''Vermont'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 24<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nova Britannia Ulterior (Nova Roma)|Nova Britannia Ulterior]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Massachusetts''', '''Rhode Island''', and '''Connecticut'''. <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Aulus Iulius Paterculus (Nova Roma)|Aulus Iulius Paterculus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 25<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Ohio (Nova Roma)|Ohio]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of '''Ohio'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Decius Laterensis (Nova Roma)|Gaius Decius Laterensis]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 26<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Virginia (Nova Roma)|Virginia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Virginia''' and '''West Virginia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|}<br />
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[[Image:templeprov.jpg|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Previous Provinces of Nova Roma==<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Status<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|America austroccidentalis]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Arizona''', '''Colorado''', '''New Mexico''', '''Oklahoma''', '''Texas''', and '''Utah''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Austrorientalis (Nova Roma)|America austrorientalis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/austrorientalis U.S.A. states of '''Arkansas''', '''Louisiana''', '''Mississipi''', '''Alabama''', '''Tennessee''', '''Georgia''','''North and Sth Carolina''' and '''Florida''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Boreoccidentalis (Nova Roma)|America boreoccidentalis]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Idaho''', '''Oregon''', '''Washington''' and '''Alaska'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California (Nova Roma)|California]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NRProvinciaCalifornia U.S.A. states of '''California''', '''Nevada''', and '''Hawaii''' ]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 5<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[:Category:Provincia Hibernia (Nova Roma)|Hibernia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Island of '''Ireland''' (Rep. of Ireland and U.K. Northern Ireland)<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[ARCHIVE Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|ARCHIVAL PAGE FOR Lacus Magni]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Wisconsin''', '''Illinois''', '''Michigan''', '''Indiana''', '''Ohio''', '''Kentucky''', and '''West Virginia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Reformed<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[ARCHIVE Provincia Mediatlantica (Nova Roma)|ARCHIVAL PAGE FOR Mediatlantica]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''New York''', '''New Jersey''', '''Pennsylvania''', '''Delaware''', '''Maryland''', '''Virginia''', and the '''District of Columbia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Reformed<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Provinciae (Nova Roma)| Provincia]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Nova_Roma)Lucius Vitellius Triarius (Nova Roma)2014-12-11T06:35:13Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>{{BioHeader|name=Lucius Vitellius Triarius|id=8446}}<br />
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'''Click Here for: [[Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Nova_Roma)|Bio Page]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius|User Page]]''' | '''[[User_talk:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius|User Talk]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop|Workshop]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop2|Workshop2]]''' | '''[[User_talk:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop|Workshop3]]''' <br />
{{Template:Key Path Task Force}}<br />
{{Cultus Task Force|Member}}<br />
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'''<big>Paterfamilias of the Vitellii Triarii</big>'''<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_%28Populus%29 Domus, IX Via Ostiensis, Mons Aventinus, Roma] | [mailto:lvtriarius@yahoo.com E-mail]''' <br />
*'''Election Statement: [[Election MMDCCLXVI (Nova Roma)/Lucius Vitellius Triarius|MMDCCLXVI (2013)]]'''<br />
*'''Election Statement: [[Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Election_MMDCCLX)|MMDCCLX (2007)]]''' <br />
*'''Patron gods of the familia [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Category:Gens_Vitellia_(Nova_Roma) Vitellii Triarii]: [[Ianus]], [[Iuppiter|Iuppiter Optimus Maximus]], [[Mars|Pater Mars]], [[Apollo]], and the [[Dii Familiares]]''' <br />
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'''Lucius Vitellius Triarius''' was born and lives in Provincia America Transappalachiana (ATA). He currently lives in Volunum (Knoxville, Tennessee, USA). He is the paterfamilias of the domus and ''familia Vitellia Triaria'', composed of his wife, Tiberia Octavia, and their children, Tiberius, Quintus and Tiberia. He joined Nova Roma on '''{{Jan 25}}''' '''{{2005}}''' (25 January 2005 CE), and became an ''assiduus'' member of Gens Vitellia. He is a member of the Plebeian order. He is a Homo novis ("new man") and the first of the familia Vitellii Triarii to serve in the Cursus honorum, and that being in the Queasturae, assigned to the Office of Aedilis Curulus, P. Memmius Albucius in '''{{2008}} (2008).<br />
<br />
He has had a lifelong interest in Ancient Rome, its accomplishments and failures, and how they have shaped the world that we live in today. He is convinced that the foundations and decisions the ancient Romans laid and made for us will continue to provide age-old answers to the new-age problems we will encounter in the future.<br />
<br />
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''Favorite Quote:''<br />
<br />
'''"Quam bene vivas refert, non quam diu."''' (The important thing isn't how long you live, but how well you live) ~ L. Annaeus Seneca<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[[Cursus honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus honorum'']]==<br />
<br />
[[Image:MarsetIOM_Tabula_LVT.jpg|frame|right|Dedicatio Marti et Iovi patri]]<br />
[[Image:lvt-bust.png|frame|right|Bust of Triarius "cruely copied" by Septimus Severus]]<br />
<br />
*'''[[Aedilis curulis (Nova Roma)|Aedilis curulis]]'''<br />
:''Elected by the Comitia Populi Tributa on {{Dec 6}} (Dec 6)''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|Quaestor]]'''<br />
:''to Curule Aedile [[Publius Memmius Albucius (Nova Roma)|Publius Memmius Albucius]]''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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==Other posts==<br />
<br />
*'''[[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|Pontifex]]'''<br />
:''Appointed to the Collegium Pontificum on {{Jan 25}} (Jan 25)''<br />
:''Inaugurated on TBD''<br />
:{{2014}} - ''2014''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]'''<br />
:''Sublected to the Senate on {{Oct 24}} (Oct 24)''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
* [[Boule (Sodalitas Graeciae)|''Αρχων'']] <br />
:''Arkhon, Boule of Sodalitas Graeciae''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Factio Veneta (Nova Roma)|Dominus factionis]]'''<br />
:''Factio Veneta, the Blues''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Scriba (Nova Roma)|Scriba]]''' <br />
:''to Dominus praefectus, [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gn. Iulius Caesar]], Go Roman Program of Sodalitas Egressus''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
<br />
==Provincial posts==<br />
<br />
*'''[[Governor (Nova Roma)|Legatus pro praetor]]'''<br />
:''for [[Provincia_America Transappalachiana_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America transappalachiana (ATA)]]''<br />
:Appointed by the Senate on {{Dec 13}} (Dec 13)<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Governor (Nova Roma)|Legatus pro praetor]]'''<br />
:''for [[Provincia_Confinium_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia Confinium austrorientalis (CAe)]]''<br />
:Appointed by the Senate on {{Oct 24}} (Oct 24)<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
* [[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legate]] of [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|Propraetor]] <br />
:''for [[Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America austrorientalis (AAe)]]''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
:{{2009}} - ''2009''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Curator Aranearius (Nova Roma)|Curator aranearius]]''' <br />
:''for [[Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America austrorientalis (AAe)]]''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
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==Res gestae==<br />
<br />
*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com Dominus praefectus & Founder]'''<br />
:''Mons Aventinus Online Community''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
<br />
*'''[http://romanspace.ning.com Dominus praefectus & Founder]'''<br />
:''RomanSpace Social Network''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
<br />
*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com/wikia/Roman_Times_Quarterly Form Editor]'''<br />
:''Roman Times Quarterly''<br />
:{{2009}} - ''2009''<br />
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[[Category:Factio Veneta|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Magistrates (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Gens Vitellia (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Tribus Maecia (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Provincia America Austrorientalis (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Provincia America Austrorientalis - Citizens (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Nova_Roma)Lucius Vitellius Triarius (Nova Roma)2014-12-11T06:34:06Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: update</p>
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<div>{{BioHeader|name=Lucius Vitellius Triarius|id=8446}}<br />
<br />
'''Click Here for: [[Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Nova_Roma)|Bio Page]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius|User Page]]''' | '''[[User_talk:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius|User Talk]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop|Workshop]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop2|Workshop2]]''' | '''[[User_talk:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop|Workshop3]]''' <br />
{{Template:Key Path Task Force}}<br />
{{Cultus Task Force|Member}}<br />
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'''<big>Paterfamilias of the Vitellii Triarii</big>'''<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_%28Populus%29 Domus, IX Via Ostiensis, Mons Aventinus, Roma] | [mailto:lvtriarius@yahoo.com E-mail]''' <br />
*'''Election Statement: [[Election MMDCCLXVI (Nova Roma)/Lucius Vitellius Triarius|MMDCCLXVI (2013)]]'''<br />
*'''Election Statement: [[Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Election_MMDCCLX)|MMDCCLX (2007)]]''' <br />
*'''Patron gods of the familia [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Category:Gens_Vitellia_(Nova_Roma) Vitellii Triarii]: [[Ianus]], [[Iuppiter|Iuppiter Optimus Maximus]], [[Mars|Pater Mars]], [[Apollo]], and the [[Dii Familiares]]''' <br />
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'''Lucius Vitellius Triarius''' was born and lives in Provincia America Transappalachiana (ATA). He currently lives in Volunum (Knoxville, Tennessee, USA). He is the paterfamilias of the domus and ''familia Vitellia Triaria'', composed of his wife, Tiberia Octavia, and their children, Tiberius, Quintus and Tiberia. He joined Nova Roma on '''{{Jan 25}}''' '''{{2005}}''' (25 January 2005 CE), and became an ''assiduus'' member of Gens Vitellia. He is a member of the Plebeian order. He is a Homo novis ("new man") and the first of the familia Vitellii Triarii to serve in the Cursus honorum, and that being in the Queasturae, assigned to the Office of Aedilis Curulus, P. Memmius Albucius in '''{{2008}} (2008).<br />
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He has had a lifelong interest in Ancient Rome, its accomplishments and failures, and how they have shaped the world that we live in today. He is convinced that the foundations and decisions the ancient Romans laid and made for us will continue to provide age-old answers to the new-age problems we will encounter in the future.<br />
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''Favorite Quote:''<br />
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'''"Quam bene vivas refert, non quam diu."''' (The important thing isn't how long you live, but how well you live) ~ L. Annaeus Seneca<br />
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==[[Cursus honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus honorum'']]==<br />
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[[<br />
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Image:MarsetIOM_Tabula_LVT.jpg|frame|right|Dedicatio Marti et Iovi patri]]<br />
[[Image:lvt-bust.png|frame|right|Bust of Triarius "cruely copied" by Septimus Severus]]<br />
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*'''[[Aedilis curulis (Nova Roma)|Aedilis curulis]]'''<br />
:''Elected by the Comitia Populi Tributa on {{Dec 6}} (Dec 6)''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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*'''[[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|Quaestor]]'''<br />
:''to Curule Aedile [[Publius Memmius Albucius (Nova Roma)|Publius Memmius Albucius]]''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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==Other posts==<br />
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*'''[[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|Pontifex]]'''<br />
:''Appointed to the Collegium Pontificum on {{Jan 25}} (Jan 25)''<br />
:''Inaugurated on TBD''<br />
:{{2014}} - ''2014''<br />
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*'''[[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]'''<br />
:''Sublected to the Senate on {{Oct 24}} (Oct 24)''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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* [[Boule (Sodalitas Graeciae)|''Αρχων'']] <br />
:''Arkhon, Boule of Sodalitas Graeciae''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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*'''[[Factio Veneta (Nova Roma)|Dominus factionis]]'''<br />
:''Factio Veneta, the Blues''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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*'''[[Scriba (Nova Roma)|Scriba]]''' <br />
:''to Dominus praefectus, [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gn. Iulius Caesar]], Go Roman Program of Sodalitas Egressus''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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==Provincial posts==<br />
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*'''[[Governor (Nova Roma)|Legatus pro praetor]]'''<br />
:''for [[Provincia_America Transappalachiana_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America transappalachiana (ATA)]]''<br />
:Appointed by the Senate on {{Dec 13}} (Dec 13)<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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*'''[[Governor (Nova Roma)|Legatus pro praetor]]'''<br />
:''for [[Provincia_Confinium_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia Confinium austrorientalis (CAe)]]''<br />
:Appointed by the Senate on {{Oct 24}} (Oct 24)<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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* [[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legate]] of [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|Propraetor]] <br />
:''for [[Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America austrorientalis (AAe)]]''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
:{{2009}} - ''2009''<br />
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*'''[[Curator Aranearius (Nova Roma)|Curator aranearius]]''' <br />
:''for [[Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America austrorientalis (AAe)]]''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
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==Res gestae==<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com Dominus praefectus & Founder]'''<br />
:''Mons Aventinus Online Community''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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*'''[http://romanspace.ning.com Dominus praefectus & Founder]'''<br />
:''RomanSpace Social Network''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com/wikia/Roman_Times_Quarterly Form Editor]'''<br />
:''Roman Times Quarterly''<br />
:{{2009}} - ''2009''<br />
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[[Category:Factio Veneta|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Magistrates (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Gens Vitellia (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Tribus Maecia (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Provincia America Austrorientalis (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Provincia America Austrorientalis - Citizens (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Tgp-urn.pngFile:Tgp-urn.png2014-11-10T05:34:37Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Tgp-urn.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Macellum_(Nova_Roma)Macellum (Nova Roma)2014-10-16T16:45:01Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>{{LanguageBar|Macellum (Nova Roma)}} __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__<br />
{{CuruleAediles}}<br />
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{{CaveatEmptor}}<br />
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[[Image:macellum-hdr2.png|center]]<br />
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==About the ''macellum''==<br />
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The '''Macellum''' (as it is '''mistakenly''' called) is one of the commercial venues watched upon by the curule aediles of Nova Roma, according its Constitution <br>(<i>Constitution, IV, A, 4, e</i>). The more correct Latin expression for a marketplace is '''''mercatus'''''.<br />
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In the internet, Nova Roma has thus put in place this venue, inside its web pages and more precisely these curule aedilician pages, called '''Macellum''' (in Latin : "food market", particularly for meat, fish fruits, vegetables and delicatessen'). At the difference or "live" venues, the '''Macellum''' is permanent and online. <br />
<p>It allows the [[Ordo Equester (Nova Roma)|'''Equites''']], <i>duly registered and up to date of their financial contribution to Nova Roma treasury</i>, to have their activity or/and products promoted.</p><br />
<p> The '''Macellum''' also welcomes, but in a more limited space, commercial informations on the products salt by <b>non-profit making corporations</b> whose chair or representative is a Novaroman citizen. But in this case, the information will just concern one product and will be under the condition that the organization keeps on being a non-profit one, and has not become a trader itself.</p><br />
<p><i>Any citizen who wishes to sell goods or services and to make advertising on them, is welcome to [[petition the Censors (ordo equester)| petition the Censors]] for entry into the Equestrian Order. Equites (i.e. members of Ordo Equester) are expected to contribute a portion of the income they derive from such endeavors to Nova Roma Treasury.</i> </p><br />
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==Nova Roma Amazon affiliate==<br />
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Nova Roma now has Amazon shops! When you buy through these shops, including "similar items" and items from your "wish list", part of your purchase prices goes to support Nova Roma:<br />
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*[[Amazon affiliate]]<br />
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==Products to buy==<br />
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*[[Coin (Nova Roma)]] - Learn more about the mintage of Roman Coinage at the [[Aedes_Iuno_Monetae_(Nova_Roma)|Temple of Iuno Moneta]]<br />
*[[Flag (Nova Roma)]]<br />
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==Shops and vendors==<br />
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Currently our Macellum is '''CLOSED'''. For more information, [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com contact Nova Roma].<br />
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{{:Macellum Shops}}<br />
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[[Category:Curule Aediles]]<br />
[[Category:Macellum (Nova Roma)]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/List_of_current_senatorsList of current senators2014-10-16T16:38:24Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: corrected my province name</p>
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<div>{{Censores}}<br />
<onlyinclude>{| cellpadding="5"<br />
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!''Censorii''<br />
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| 1. [[Decius Iunius Palladius Invictus (Nova Roma)|De. Iunius Palladius Invictus]] <br />
|Princeps Sen.(on leave)<br />
|Nova Britannia Citerior<br />
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| 2. [[Marcus_Cassius_Julianus_(Nova_Roma)|M. Cassius Julianus]] <br />
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|Nova Britannia Citerior<br />
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| 3. [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Nova Roma)|L. Cornelius Sulla Felix]] <br />
|Acting Princeps Sen., Censor<br />
|America Austroccidentalis<br />
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| 4. [[Lucius_Equitius_Cincinnatus_Augur_(Nova_Roma)|L. Equitius Cincinnatus Augur]] <br />
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|Mediatlantica<br />
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| 5. [[Tiberius Galerius Paulinus (Nova Roma)|Ti. Galerius Paulinus]] <br />
|Tribune<br />
|Mediatlantica<br />
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| 6. [[Titus Iulius Sabinus (Nova Roma)|T. Iulius Sabinus]] <br />
|<br />
|Dacia<br />
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!''Consulares''<br />
|-<br />
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| 7. [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Q. Fabius Maximus]]<br />
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|California<br />
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| 8. [[Marcus Minucius Audens (Nova Roma)|M. Minucius Audens]]<br />
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|Nova Britannia Ulterior<br />
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| 9. [[Publius Ullerius Stephanus Venator (Nova Roma)|P. Ullerius Stephanus Venator]]<br />
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|Lacus Magni<br />
|-<br />
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| 10. [[Pompeia Minucia Strabo (Nova Roma)|Po. Minucia Strabo]]<br />
|<br />
|Canada Citerior<br />
|-<br />
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| 11. [[Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus (Nova Roma)|C. Tullius Valerianus Germanicus]] <br />
|<br />
|America Austroccidentalis<br />
|-<br />
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| 12. [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Cn. Iulius Caesar]] <br />
|Censor<br />
|Canada Ulterior<br />
|-<br />
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!''Praetorii''<br />
|-<br />
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| 13. [[Statia Cornelia Valeriana Iuliana Aeternia (Nova Roma)|Sta. Cornelia Valeriana Iuliana Aeternia]] <br />
|Consul<br />
|America Austroccidentalis<br />
|-<br />
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| 14. [[Marcus Cornelius Gualterus Graecus (Nova Roma)|M. Cornelius Gualterus Graecus]] <br />
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|Lacus Magni<br />
|-<br />
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| 15. [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|C. Petronius Dexter]] <br />
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|Gallia<br />
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!''Aedilicii''<br />
|-<br />
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| 16. [[Publius Annaeus Constantinus Placidus (Nova Roma)|P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus]]<br />
|Praetor<br />
|Italia<br />
|-<br />
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!''Tribunicii''<br />
|-<br />
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| 17. [[Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa (Nova Roma)|C. Vipsanius Agrippa]] <br />
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|Canada Ulterior<br />
|-<br />
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| 18. [[Quintus Suetonius Paulinus (Nova Roma)|Q. Suetonius Paulinus]] <br />
|<br />
|Canada Ulterior<br />
|-<br />
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| 19. [[Marcus Pompeius Caninus (Nova Roma)|M. Pompeius Caninus]]<br />
|Praetor<br />
|America Boreoccidentalis<br />
|-<br />
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!''Quaestorii''<br />
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| nemo <br />
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!''Privati''<br />
|-<br />
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| 20. [[Lucius Vitellius Triarius (Nova Roma)|L. Vitellius Triarius]]<br />
|Curule Aedile<br />
|America Transappalachiana<br />
|-<br />
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| 21. [[Gaius Marcius Crispus (Nova Roma)|C. Marcius Crispus]]<br />
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|Britannia<br />
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[[Category: Content templates]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Provincia_(Nova_Roma)Provincia (Nova Roma)2014-10-16T05:15:44Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: added provincial abbreviations</p>
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<div>{{LanguageBar | Provincia (Nova Roma)}}<br />
{{NR Territorial organization articles}}<br />
Nova Roma has a worldwide, international central administration and a territorial organization, consisting of provincial, regional and urban subdivisions. The '''''provincia''''' is the highest level of the territorial organization.<br />
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The [[Nova Roman Republic]] is divided into a number of '''''provinciae'''''. A '''''provincia''''' can comprise a single country or several, or on the other end of the spectrum, can be made up of sub-national units from a single country.Unlike provinces of Canada or American states, Nova Roman '''''provinciae''''' are creations of the senate, the 'national' governing body. The senate, under the ''[[Lex Vedia Provincialis (Nova Roma)|lex Vedia provincialis]]'', can create a new ''provincia'' or combine existing ones by ''senatus consultum''. The same ''lex'' outlines the powers and duties of the [[Governor (Nova Roma)|provincial governors]]. The senate also has the power to appoint and replace governors who appoint the provincial administration and may sub-divide their ''provincia'' into [[regio (Nova Roma)|'''''regiones''''']] for administrative purposes as they deem it necessary. <br />
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==Governance==<br />
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The structure of the provincial government varies greatly depending upon the existing conditions of the ''provincia''. Several provinces cross national and linguistic boundaries and thus officials may be appointed to reflect this. Other provinces are geographically large or have isolated populations. There are no real laws concerning organization of provincial government other than the ''[[Lex Vedia Provincialis (Nova Roma)|lex Vedia provincialis]]''. This creates a flexible framework for the varying realities of the ''provinciae''.<br />
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The [[Governor (Nova Roma)|governor]] of the province can be variously termed, '''''consul''''', '''''proconsul''''', '''''praetor''''', '''''propraetor''''', or '''''legatus pro praetore'''''; the title depends on previous offices held by the governor. The "governor" of Italia Nova Romana is called '''''praefectus Italiae'''''. All provincial governors are subordinate to the [[senate (Nova Roma)|senate]] and to the [[Magistracies (Nova Roma)|central magistrates]].<br />
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Both the administrative office of the governor and the headquarter of the provincial administration are called the [[praetorium (Nova Roma)|''praetorium'']]. The governor's staff personnel, the [[cohors praetoria (Nova Roma)|''cohors praetoria'']], consist of various officials executing the orders of the governor and may include [[legatus (Nova Roma)|legates]], [[praefectus (Nova Roma)|prefects]] and [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribes]], more rarely a provincial [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|''quaestor'']] or [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|''proquaestor'']], a [[Procurator (Nova Roma)|''procurator'']], sometimes a [[curator aranearius (Nova Roma)|''curator aranearius'']] and a provincial [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|''sacerdos'']].<br />
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In some provinces, the governor shares his power with a provincial council, the [[consilium provinciae (Nova Roma)|''consilium provinciae'']], sometimes mistakenly called ''curia'', but in most of the provinces it is just an advisory body to assist the governor, and there are also provinces where there is no ''consilium provinciae'' at all.<br />
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It is a very important point to note, however, that provincial administrations are not territorial "self-governments"; Nova Roman ''provinciae'' are not independent or autonomous, nor free from the strict control of the central administration, but, on the contrary, they are tools of the central government to take directives and execute orders and instructions given from the senate and the consuls. The provinces of Nova Roma, just like those in the ancient republic, are a means for unity and effective administrative action, and not a provision for federalism or territorial autonomy.<br />
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==Current Provinces of Nova Roma==<br />
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Abrv<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Alasca et Havaia (Nova Roma)|Alasca et Havaia]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AEH<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Alaska''' and '''Hawaii''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Marcus Pompeius Caninus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Pompeius Caninus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Cismississippiana (Nova Roma)|America Cismississippiana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ACM<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of U.S.A. States of '''Illinois''' and '''Indiana'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Deserta (Nova Roma)|America Deserta]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AMD<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Arizona''', '''Nevada''' and '''Utah'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Gallica (Nova Roma)|America Gallica]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AGL<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Arkansas''' and '''Louisiana''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 5<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Hispanica (Nova Roma)|America Hispanica]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AHS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''New Mexico''' and '''Colorado'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Mississippiensis (Nova Roma)|America Mississippiensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AMS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Mississippi''' and '''Alabama'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Missuriensis (Nova Roma)|America Missuriensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AMO<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Iowa''' and '''Missouri'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 8<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Montana (Nova Roma)|America Montana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AMW<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Montana''' and '''Wyoming'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 9<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Nebrascensis (Nova Roma)|America Nebrascensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ANE<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Nebraska''' and '''Kansas'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 10<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Noveboracensis (Nova Roma)|America Noveboracensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ANB<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''New York''' and '''New Jersey'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 11<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Oregonensis (Nova Roma)|America Oregonensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AOR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Idaho''', '''Oregon''' and '''Washington'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 12<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Texia (Nova Roma)|America Texia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ATX<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Texas''' and '''Oklahoma'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 13<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Transappalachiana (Nova Roma)|America Transappalachiana]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ATA<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Tennessee''' and Kentucky'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Lucius Vitellius Triarius (Nova Roma)|Lucius Vitellius Triarius]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 14<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Argentina (Nova Roma)|Argentina]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ARG<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Argentine''' Republic, Rep. of '''Paraguay''', Oriental Rep. of '''Uruguay'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)|Vibia Aemilia Regilla]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 15<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Australia (Nova Roma)|Australia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | AUS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Commonwealth of '''Australia''' and '''New Zealand'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 16<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Brasilia (Nova Roma)|Brasilia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | BRA<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Fed. Rep. of '''Brazil'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)|Vibia Aemilia Regilla]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 17<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Britannia (Nova Roma)|Britannia]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | BRT<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | United Kingdom of '''Great Britain''' and '''Ireland'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Marcius Crispus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Marcius Crispus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 18<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California Angelensis (Nova Roma)|California Angelensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CAA<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of California, south of Paso Robles and Delano<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 19<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California Franciscensis (Nova Roma)|California Franciscensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CAF<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of California, north of Paso Robles and Delano<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 20<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Canada Citerior (Nova Roma)|Canada Citerior]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CCI<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://ca.groups.yahoo.com/group/nova_roma_canada_citerior/ Prov. of '''Ontario''', '''Québec''', '''Labrador-Terre Neuve''', '''New Brunswick''', '''New Scotland''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Iulius Caesar]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 21<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Canada Ulterior (Nova Roma)|Canada Ulterior]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CUL<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NOVAROMACANADAULTERIOR/ Prov. of '''Alberta''', '''Saskatchewan''', '''Manitoba''', '''British Columbia''', and '''Yukon''', '''Northwest''' and '''Nunavut''' Territories]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Iulius Caesar]] <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 22<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Carolina (Nova Roma)|Carolina]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | CAR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''North Carolina''' and '''South Carolina'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 23<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Columbia (Nova Roma)|Columbia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | COL<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of '''Maryland''' and the '''District of Columbia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 24<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Dacia (Nova Roma)|Dacia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | DAC<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Romania''' and Rep. of '''Moldavia''' to river Dniestr<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Iulius Sabinus (Nova Roma)|Titus Iulius Sabinus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 25<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Dacota (Nova Roma)|Dacota]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | DNS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''North Dakota''' and '''South Dakota'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 26<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Gallia (Nova Roma)|Gallia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | GAL<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Kingdom of Netherlands, Grand-Duché of Luxembourg, Kgd of Belgium, Rép. Française, Principality of Monaco, French-speaking Swiss territories, without the German-speaking territories of Belgium, except French overseas territories <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|Gaius Petronius Dexter]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 27<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Georgia Florida (Nova Roma)|Georgia Florida]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | GAF<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Florida''' and '''Georgia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Lucius Ulpius Atellus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Ulpius Atellus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 28<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Germania (Nova Roma)|Germania]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | GER<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Germany''', of '''Austria''' and Principality of '''Liechtenstein''', the German-speaking territories of '''Switzerland and Belgium'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|Gaius Petronius Dexter]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 29<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Guria (Nova Roma)|Guria]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | GUR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | ''North Korea''' and '''South Korea'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 30<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Hispania (Nova Roma)|Hispania]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | HIS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Portugal''' and Kingdom of '''Spain'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Aemilius Crassus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Aemilius Crassus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 31<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Italia Nova Romana|Italia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | ITA<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Italy''', '''Vatican''', '''San Marino''', '''Malta''' and the '''Italian-speaking Swiss''' territories<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 32<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Lacus Magni]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | LMG<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Wisconsin''' and '''Michigan'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Decius Laterensis (Nova Roma)|Gaius Decius Laterensis]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 33<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Mediatlantica (Nova Roma)|Mediatlantica]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | MED<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Pennsylvania''' and '''Delaware'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 34<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Minnesota (Nova Roma)|Minnesota]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | MIN<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. state of '''Minnesota'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 35<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nipponia (Nova Roma)|Nipponia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | NIP<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Asia Citerior (Nova Roma)|Empire of '''Japan''']]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 36<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nova Britannia Citerior (Nova Roma)|Nova Britannia Citerior]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | NBC<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Maine''', '''New Hampshire''', '''Vermont'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 37<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nova Britannia Ulterior (Nova Roma)|Nova Britannia Ulterior]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | NBU<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Massachusetts''', '''Rhode Island''', and '''Connecticut'''. <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Aulus Iulius Paterculus (Nova Roma)|Aulus Iulius Paterculus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 38<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Mexico (Nova Roma)|Nova Hispania]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | NHS<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''United Mexican States''', '''Belize''', '''Republics of Guatemala''', '''Honduras''', '''El Salvador''', '''Nicaragua''', '''Costa Rica''', and '''Panama'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 39<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Ohio (Nova Roma)|Ohio]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | OHO<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of '''Ohio'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Decius Laterensis (Nova Roma)|Gaius Decius Laterensis]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 40<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Pannonia (Nova Roma)|Pannonia]] <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | PAN<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://www.nrpannonia.iweb.hu Reps. of '''Slovenia''', '''Hungary''', '''Slovakia''' and '''Czech Rep.''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 41<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Sarmatia (Nova Roma)|Sarmatia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | SAR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Ukraine''', '''Russian Federation''', '''Rep. of Belarus''', and the '''Transnistria (East Bank of river Dniestr)'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Flavius Severus (Nova Roma)|Titus Flavius Severus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 42<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Thule (Nova Roma)|Thule]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | THU<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Iceland''', Kingdoms of '''Norway''', '''Sweden''', and '''Denmark''', Rep. of '''Finland'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |'''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 43<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Venedia (Nova Roma)|Venedia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | VEN<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Poland''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Sextus Lucilius Tutor (Nova Roma)|Sextus Lucilius Tutor]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 44<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Virginia (Nova Roma)|Virginia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | VIR<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Virginia''' and '''West Virginia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<small><u>Note</u> :<br />
* When, in addition to its wiki page, a province has an official '''web site''' or '''discussion list''', a link is included in the column "countries".<br />
* Except for Italia, all provinces are called "provinciae" (provinces). Italia is called "praefectura".<br />
* Governors are called "''legatus pro praetore''", "''praetor''" or "''consul''", "''propraetor''" or "''proconsul''", except the governor of Italia who is always called "''praefectus''".<br />
* The new maps below update the provincial organization of Nova Roma on Kal. Nov. 2766 auc (Nov. 1, 2013 cc). <br />
* Regions in light grey are territories not yet organized in provinces (no citizen or less than five citizens).<br />
</small><br />
<br />
<br />
==Current Provinces by Geographic Region==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Africa===<br />
<br />
[[Image:africawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | No current provinces established<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Asia & Far East===<br />
<br />
[[Image:asiawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Australia (Nova Roma)|Australia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Commonwealth of '''Australia''' and '''New Zealand'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Guria (Nova Roma)|Guria]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | ''North Korea''' and '''South Korea'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nipponia (Nova Roma)|Nipponia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Asia Citerior (Nova Roma)|Empire of '''Japan''']]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Sarmatia (Nova Roma)|Sarmatia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Ukraine''', '''Russian Federation''', '''Rep. of Belarus''', and the '''Transnistria (East Bank of river Dniestr)'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Flavius Severus (Nova Roma)|Titus Flavius Severus]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Canada===<br />
<br />
[[Image:canadawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Canada Citerior (Nova Roma)|Canada Citerior]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://ca.groups.yahoo.com/group/nova_roma_canada_citerior/ Prov. of '''Ontario''', '''Québec''', '''Labrador-Terre Neuve''', '''New Brunswick''', '''New Scotland''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Iulius Caesar]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Canada Ulterior (Nova Roma)|Canada Ulterior]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NOVAROMACANADAULTERIOR/ Prov. of '''Alberta''', '''Saskatchewan''', '''Manitoba''', '''British Columbia''', and '''Yukon''', '''Northwest''' and '''Nunavut''' Territories]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Iulius Caesar]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Europe===<br />
<br />
[[Image:europewikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Britannia (Nova Roma)|Britannia]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | United Kingdom of '''Great Britain''' and '''Ireland'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Marcius Crispus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Marcius Crispus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Dacia (Nova Roma)|Dacia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Romania''' and Rep. of '''Moldavia''' to river Dniestr<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Iulius Sabinus (Nova Roma)|Titus Iulius Sabinus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Gallia (Nova Roma)|Gallia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Kingdom of Netherlands, Grand-Duché of Luxembourg, Kgd of Belgium, Rép. Française, Principality of Monaco, French-speaking Swiss territories, without the German-speaking territories of Belgium, except French overseas territories <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|Gaius Petronius Dexter]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Germania (Nova Roma)|Germania]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Germany''', of '''Austria''' and Principality of '''Liechtenstein''', the German-speaking territories of '''Switzerland and Belgium'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Petronius Dexter (Nova Roma)|Gaius Petronius Dexter]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 5<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Hispania (Nova Roma)|Hispania]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Portugal''' and Kingdom of '''Spain'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Aemilius Crassus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Aemilius Crassus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Italia Nova Romana|Italia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Italy''', '''Vatican''', '''San Marino''', '''Malta''' and the '''Italian-speaking Swiss''' territories<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Pannonia (Nova Roma)|Pannonia]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://www.nrpannonia.iweb.hu Reps. of '''Slovenia''', '''Hungary''', '''Slovakia''' and '''Czech Rep.''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 8<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Sarmatia (Nova Roma)|Sarmatia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Ukraine''', '''Russian Federation''', '''Rep. of Belarus''', and the '''Transnistria (East Bank of river Dniestr)'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Titus Flavius Severus (Nova Roma)|Titus Flavius Severus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 9<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Thule (Nova Roma)|Thule]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Iceland''', Kingdoms of '''Norway''', '''Sweden''', and '''Denmark''', Rep. of '''Finland'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |'''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 10<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Venedia (Nova Roma)|Venedia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Rep. of '''Poland''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Sextus Lucilius Tutor (Nova Roma)|Sextus Lucilius Tutor]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Mexico and Central America===<br />
<br />
[[Image:centralamericawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Mexico (Nova Roma)|Nova Hispania]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''United Mexican States''', '''Belize''', '''Republics of Guatemala''', '''Honduras''', '''El Salvador''', '''Nicaragua''', '''Costa Rica''', and '''Panama'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===South America===<br />
<br />
[[Image:sawikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Argentina (Nova Roma)|Argentina]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | '''Argentine''' Republic, Rep. of '''Paraguay''', Oriental Rep. of '''Uruguay'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)|Vibia Aemilia Regilla]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Brasilia (Nova Roma)|Brasilia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Fed. Rep. of '''Brazil'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)|Vibia Aemilia Regilla]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===United States===<br />
<br />
[[Image:uswikimap.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Current governor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Alasca et Havaia (Nova Roma)|Alasca et Havaia]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Alaska''' and '''Hawaii''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Marcus Pompeius Caninus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Pompeius Caninus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Cismississippiana (Nova Roma)|America Cismississippiana]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of U.S.A. States of '''Illinois''' and '''Indiana'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Deserta (Nova Roma)|America Deserta]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Arizona''', '''Nevada''' and '''Utah'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |[[Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Gallica (Nova Roma)|America Gallica]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Arkansas''' and '''Louisiana''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 5<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Hispanica (Nova Roma)|America Hispanica]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''New Mexico''' and '''Colorado'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Mississippiensis (Nova Roma)|America Mississippiensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Mississippi''' and '''Alabama'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Missuriensis (Nova Roma)|America Missuriensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Iowa''' and '''Missouri'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 8<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Montana (Nova Roma)|America Montana]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Montana''' and '''Wyoming'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 9<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Nebrascensis (Nova Roma)|America Nebrascensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Nebraska''' and '''Kansas'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 10<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Noveboracensis (Nova Roma)|America Noveboracensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''New York''' and '''New Jersey'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 11<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Oregonensis (Nova Roma)|America Oregonensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Idaho''', '''Oregon''' and '''Washington'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 12<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Texia (Nova Roma)|America Texia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Texas''' and '''Oklahoma'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 13<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Transappalachiana (Nova Roma)|America Transappalachiana]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Tennessee''' and Kentucky'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Lucius Vitellius Triarius (Nova Roma)|Lucius Vitellius Triarius]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 14<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California Angelensis (Nova Roma)|California Angelensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of California, south of Paso Robles and Delano<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 15<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California Franciscensis (Nova Roma)|California Franciscensis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of California, north of Paso Robles and Delano<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 16<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Carolina (Nova Roma)|Carolina]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''North Carolina''' and '''South Carolina'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 17<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Columbia (Nova Roma)|Columbia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of '''Maryland''' and the '''District of Columbia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 18<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Dacota (Nova Roma)|Dacota]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''North Dakota''' and '''South Dakota'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 19<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Georgia Florida (Nova Roma)|Georgia Florida]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Florida''' and '''Georgia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Lucius Ulpius Atellus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Ulpius Atellus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 20<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|Lacus Magni]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Wisconsin''' and '''Michigan'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Decius Laterensis (Nova Roma)|Gaius Decius Laterensis]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 21<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Mediatlantica (Nova Roma)|Mediatlantica]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Pennsylvania''' and '''Delaware'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 22<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Minnesota (Nova Roma)|Minnesota]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. state of '''Minnesota'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 23<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nova Britannia Citerior (Nova Roma)|Nova Britannia Citerior]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Maine''', '''New Hampshire''', '''Vermont'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 24<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Nova Britannia Ulterior (Nova Roma)|Nova Britannia Ulterior]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Massachusetts''', '''Rhode Island''', and '''Connecticut'''. <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Aulus Iulius Paterculus (Nova Roma)|Aulus Iulius Paterculus]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 25<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Ohio (Nova Roma)|Ohio]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. State of '''Ohio'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Gaius Decius Laterensis (Nova Roma)|Gaius Decius Laterensis]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 26<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia Virginia (Nova Roma)|Virginia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. States of '''Virginia''' and '''West Virginia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | '''VACANT'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:templeprov.jpg|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Previous Provinces of Nova Roma==<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | <br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Countries<br />
! style="background:#993333; text-align:center; color:#ffffff;" | Status<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|America austroccidentalis]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Arizona''', '''Colorado''', '''New Mexico''', '''Oklahoma''', '''Texas''', and '''Utah''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Austrorientalis (Nova Roma)|America austrorientalis]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/austrorientalis U.S.A. states of '''Arkansas''', '''Louisiana''', '''Mississipi''', '''Alabama''', '''Tennessee''', '''Georgia''','''North and Sth Carolina''' and '''Florida''']<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 3<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia America Boreoccidentalis (Nova Roma)|America boreoccidentalis]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Idaho''', '''Oregon''', '''Washington''' and '''Alaska'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 4<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[Provincia California (Nova Roma)|California]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NRProvinciaCalifornia U.S.A. states of '''California''', '''Nevada''', and '''Hawaii''' ]<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 5<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[:Category:Provincia Hibernia (Nova Roma)|Hibernia]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | Island of '''Ireland''' (Rep. of Ireland and U.K. Northern Ireland)<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Extinct<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[ARCHIVE Provincia Lacus Magni (Nova Roma)|ARCHIVAL PAGE FOR Lacus Magni]]<br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''Wisconsin''', '''Illinois''', '''Michigan''', '''Indiana''', '''Ohio''', '''Kentucky''', and '''West Virginia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Reformed<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | 7<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | [[ARCHIVE Provincia Mediatlantica (Nova Roma)|ARCHIVAL PAGE FOR Mediatlantica]] <br />
| style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;" | U.S.A. states of '''New York''', '''New Jersey''', '''Pennsylvania''', '''Delaware''', '''Maryland''', '''Virginia''', and the '''District of Columbia'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Reformed<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Provinciae (Nova Roma)| Provincia]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c.Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.2014-09-19T09:03:15Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Opening Ceremony==<br />
<br />
L. Vitellis Triarius omnibus salutem plurimam dicit.<br />
<br />
Si valetis, bene est, ego valeo.<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
<br />
Today is the traditional beginning of the oldest games of Rome, the Ludi Romani.<br />
<br />
They were held annually starting in 366 BC from September 12 to September 14, later extended to September 5 to September 19. In the last 1st century BC, an extra day was added in honor of the deified Julius Caesar on 4 September. The festival first introduced drama to Rome based on Greek drama.<br />
<br />
These games—the chief Roman festival—were in honour of Jupiter, and are said to have been established by Tarquinius Priscus on the occasion of his conquest of the Latin Apiolae, though Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Cicero refer the establishment to the victory over the Latins at Lake Regillus.<br />
<br />
At first they lasted only one day. A second day was added on the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and a third after the first secession of the plebs in 494 BC. From the year 191 to 171 they lasted ten days, and shortly before Caesar's death they apparently lasted fifteen days, September 5 to 19. After Caesar's death a day was added. This day must have been September 4, because Cicero says that there were 45 days from the Ludi Romani to the Ludi Victoriae Sullanae on October 26, so at the time the Verrines were composed September 19 must have been the last day of the Ludi Romani.<br />
<br />
In the calendars during the Augustan era, the days of the games were September 4 to September 19. There was the Epulum Jovis on the 13th, and the Equorum probatio (a cavalry revue) on the 14th. Circus games lasted from the 15th to the 19th. In the Calendar of Philocalus (354 AD) they run September 12 to 15. The celebration was originally organized by the consuls, later of the Curule aediles.<br />
<br />
In Nova Roma we have established them annually from September 5th through the 19th.<br />
<br />
As we begin our games, we will be focusing on the lesser dieties, as we focused on the major dieties in the Ludi Novi Romani in the Spring. We will also be focusing on Caesar Augustus, since these games fall withing the Ludi Augustales Bimillenarii. A special event will also be held in memory of our dearly departed citizen, Ti. Galerius Paulinus, who recently passed from us.<br />
<br />
Today is also the Nones of September. On the Nones in the Sacra privata, we celebrate the dieties of the household. In the Sacra publica no permanent patron deity is recognized on the Nones. This morning I performed a Nones Ritual for the Sacra publica, which can be found below.<br />
<br />
Today is also the 2160th Anniversary of the Dedication of the Temple of Iuppiter Stator in Rome. A rededication ceremony follows as well.<br />
<br />
With this announcement, I formally declare the games of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.U.c. open.<br />
<br />
'''LET THE GAMES BEGIN!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis et Pontifex<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Schedule of Events==<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#E6E6E6; text-align:center;" | '''Day/Date'''<br />
! style="background:#E6E6E6; text-align:center;" | '''Roman Day'''<br />
! style="background:#E6E6E6; text-align:center;" | '''Games Events'''<br />
! style="background:#E6E6E6; text-align:center;" | '''Cultural Events'''<br />
! style="background:#E6E6E6; text-align:center;" | '''Religio Events'''<br />
! style="background:#E6E6E6; text-align:center;" | '''Deity Day'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''FRI Sep 5''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''Non. Sep''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''Opening Ceremony''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''NONES/Temple of Iuppiter Stator Rededication'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Ianus]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''SAT Sep 6''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. VIII Id. Sep.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''/// DIES ATER ///''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''/// DIES ATER ///'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''/// DIES ATER ///'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''/// DIES ATER ///''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''SUN Sep 7''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. VII Id. Sep.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Augustus Conquest Contest|Augustus Conquest Contest]] begins''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Certamen Historicum|Certamen Day 1 Questions]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Lararium Photo Contest|Lararium Photo Contest]] begins'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Flora]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''MON Sep 8''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. VI Id. Sep.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./BVBBLENALIA|BVBBLENALIA on the Back Alley]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Musings at the Musarum|Musings at the Musarum Contests begin]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Saturnus]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''TUE Sep 9''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. V Id. Sep.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[http://novaroma.org/augustus/actium.html Online Naumachia Game]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Certamen Historicum|Certamen Day 2 Questions]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Fontanus]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''WED Sep 10''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. IV Id. Sep.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[http://novaroma.org/augustus/coingame.html Online Roman Coin Game]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Plautus Play Exhibition|Plautus Play Exhibition (English)]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Volturnus]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''THU Sep 11''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. III Id. Sep.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Munera Gladiatoria|Munera Gladiatoria QF]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Certamen Historicum|Certamen Day 3 Questions]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Pales]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''FRI Sep 12''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''prid. Id. Sep.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Munera Gladiatoria|Munera Gladiatoria SF & F]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Plautus Play Exhibition|Plautus Play Exhibition (Latin)]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Furrina]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''SAT Sep 13''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''Id. Sep.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Feriae Iovi|FERIAE IOVI BANQUET MENU CONTEST ENTRIES DUE NLT 1200 NOON Rome Time]]''''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Certamen Historicum|Certamen Day 4 Questions]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''IDUS Ritual & [[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Feriae Iovi|Feriae Iovi Ritual]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Iuppiter]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''SUN Sep 14''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. XVIII Kal. Oct.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''/// DIES ATER ///''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''/// DIES ATER ///'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''/// DIES ATER ///'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''/// DIES ATER ///''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''MON Sep 15''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. XVII Kal. Oct.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[http://novaroma.org/augustus/hippodrome-nr.html Online Chariot Racing Game]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Certamen Historicum|Certamen Day 5 Questions]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Carmenta]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''TUE Sep 16''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. XVI Kal. Oct.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses|Ludi circenses QF]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Pomona]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''WED Sep 17''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. XV Kal. Oct.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses|Ludi circenses SF & F]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Portunus]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''THU Sep 18''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. XIV Kal. Oct.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''''AUGUSTUS CONQUEST CONTEST ENTRIES DUE NLT 1200 NOON Rome Time'''''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''''ALL CULTURAL CONTEST ENTRIES DUE NLT 1200 NOON Rome Time'''''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''''ALL LARARIUM PHOTO CONTEST ENTRIES DUE NLT 1200 NOON Rome Time''''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Quirinus]]''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''FRI Sep 19''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''a.d. XIII Kal. Oct.''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''Closing Ceremony''<br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | '''' <br />
| style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt;" | ''[[Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities|Augustus]]''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Anniversary of the Temple of Iuppiter Stator==<br />
<br />
<br />
===History of the Second Temple to Iuppiter Stator (2nd Century B.C.E.)===<br />
<br />
Iuppiter Stator, aedes (templum, ἱερόν): a temple vowed, according to tradition (BC 1917, 79‑84), by Romulus at the critical moment in the battle between the Romans and the Sabines when the former had been driven across the forum valley to the porta Mugonia (Liv. I.12.3‑6; ps. Cic. orat. pr. quam in exilium iret 24; Ov. Fast. VI.794; Dionys. II.50; Flor. I.1.13; de vir. ill. 2.8). The epithet stator appears in Greek as ὀρθώσιος (Dionys.) and στήσιος (App. Plut.) This temple was never built, but in 294 B.C. the consul, M. Atilius Regulus, made a similar vow under similar circumstances in a battle with the Samnites, and erected the temple immediately afterwards (Liv. X.36.11, 37.15). Livy explains that no actual building had been put up by Romulus, but fanum tantum, id est locus templo effatus — an attempt to reconcile fact with what had evidently become the popular tradition (Cic. Cat. I.33; ps. Cic. loc. cit.). Its site is variously indicated — in Palatii radice, ps. Cic.; ante Palatini ora iugi, Ov.; ad veterem portam Palatii, Liv.; παρὰ ταῖς καλουμέναις Μουγωνίσι πύλαις, Dionys.; ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς ἰερᾶς ὁδοῦ πρὸς τὸ Παλάτιον ἀνιόντων, Plut. Cic. 16; cf. Ov. Trist. III.1.32; Liv. I.41.4; Plin. NH XXXIV.29; App. B. C. II.11), and Not. places it in Region IV. It is represented on the relief of the Haterii (Mon. d. Inst. V.7) as hexastyle, of the Corinthian order, and facing the clivus Palatinus. <br />
<br />
Cicero called the senate together in this temple (Cic. Cat. II.12; ps. Cic. loc. cit.; Plut. Cic. 16), which was probably not unusual; and in p304it was kept what was evidently a bit of liturgy composed by Livius Andronicus (Liv. XXVII.37.7). The day of dedication is given by Ovid (Fast. VI.793) as 27th January, but this may perhaps be that of a later restoration, and not of Regulus' temple (WR 122‑123). In fact, we learn from Fast. Ant. ap. NS 1921, 111, that either this temple or that in the porticus Metelli was dedicated on 5th September; and, as Hemer. Urb. (cited below) associates that temple with that of Juno Regina, the reference in Fast. Ant. may be taken to be to the temple now under discussion. Two inscriptions of the later empire (CIL VI.434, 435) probably belong to this temple, and it is mentioned in the fourth century (Not.). <br />
<br />
Just east of the arch of Titus, a site corresponding with the literary references, are ruins consisting of a large rectangular platform of concrete, on which are some enormous blocks of peperino and travertine (Hermes, 1885, 412). On this foundation the mediaeval turris Cartularia was built (for the explanation of this name, see Rend. dei Lincei 1912, 767‑772; AJA 1913, 569),1 which was not torn down until 1829. This foundation has generally been identified as that of the temple of Iuppiter Stator of the Flavian period (LR 200; HC 250‑252; CR 1905, 75; BC 1903, 18; 1914, 93; 1917, 79‑84; TF 89; DR 178‑182; RE Suppl. IV.480, 481). Some tufa walls, recently excavated close to the north-east side of the arch and beneath its foundations, may have belonged to the temple at an earlier date when its position was slightly different (YW 1908, 23; CR 1909, 61), but the supposition is very doubtful. Others have sought it on the area Palatina, but wrongly (HJ 22). <br />
<br />
For a republican inscription on some blocks of tufa there (not on our site), see CIL I21009 = VI.29842 (cf. 36615). It bears the names of two Greek artificers Philocrates and Diocles. See HJ 20‑23; Rosch. II.682‑684. <br />
<br />
'''Iuppiter Stator, aedes''' (templum, Pliny): a temple which, with that of Iuno Regina and the enclosing Porticus Metelli (q.v.), was built by Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus after his triumph in 146 B.C. (Vell. I.11.3). It is referred to as aedes Iovis Metellina (Fest. 363) and aedes Metelli (Plin. NH XXXVI.40; CIL VI.8708). It was inside the porticus Metelli (Vitr. III.2.5), close to the circus Flaminius (Macrob. III.4.2; Hemer. Urb., CIL I2 p252, 339), and its exact site is known, beneath the church of S. Maria in Campitelli. The temple of Juno was just west of this, on the opposite side of the Via della Tribuna di Campitelli. It is not stated in so many words by Velleius (loc. cit.) that Metellus built both temples, but this is the natural inference from the passage. He is also said to have been the first to build a temple in Rome entirely of marble, and this statement probably applies to both structures. In front of the temples Metellus placed Lysippus' equestrian statues of Alexander's generals, and in them were a number of famous works of art (Fest. 363; Plin. NH XXXVI. 24, 34, 40). <br />
<br />
According to Vitruvius (III.2.5) the temple of Jupiter was the work of Hermodorus of Salamis (RE VIII.861‑862), and was an example of a peripteros with six columns across the front and rear and eleven on the sides. The space between the columns was equal to that between the columns and the wall of the cella. As there were no inscriptions on the temples (Vell. loc. cit.) and evidently representations of a lizard and a frog among the decorations (σαύρα, βάτραχος), the legend arose that the architects were two Spartans, Saurus and Batrachus; and further that, as the decorations in the temple of Jupiter belonged to that of Juno, and vice versa, the statues of the deities had been set up in the wrong cellae by the mistake of the workmen (Plin. NH XXXVI.42‑43; RE III.145). The idea that an Ionic capital now in S. Lorenzo fuori le Muraº has anything to do with these temples has generally been abandoned (HJ 539, n87). <br />
<br />
After 14 B.C. Augustus either rebuilt the porticus Metelli, or replaced it by the Porticus Octaviae (q.v.), and presumably restored the enclosed temples at the same time. That of Jupiter is mentioned on an undated inscription of the empire (CIL VI.8708: aedituus de aede Iovis porticus Octaviae), and it is included under the rubric Aedes of Region IX in Not. (om. Cur.). The temples are also represented on a fragment (33) of the Marble Plan, that of Juno as hexastyle prostyle, and that of Jupiter as hexastyle and peripteral but with ten columns on a side instead of eleven, as Vitruvius says it had (see above). This discrepancy may perhaps be explained as due to some changes made by Augustus' restoration. Lugli (ZA 229) maintains that, like the porticus Octaviae, they were restored by Severus. <br />
<br />
The existing ruins of both temples are concealed for the most part by modern houses in the Via di S. Angelo in Pescheria, and consist chiefly of substructures and walls of travertine and of brickwork, with fragments of marble columns and entablature. Three fluted columns of white marble belonging to the temple of Juno, 12.50 metres in height and 1.25 in diameter, with Corinthian capitals and entablature, are visible in No. 11 of that street. Of the history of these temples after the fourth century, nothing is known (HJ 538‑540; Rosch. II.684‑686. Cf. also Bull. d. Inst. 1861, 241‑245; Ann. d. Inst. 1868, 108‑132).<br />
<br />
:''Reference: Platner, Samuel Ball. “Aedes Jovis Statoris.” A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, pp303‑305. London: Oxford University Press, 1929.'' <br />
<br />
<br />
===DIES NATALIS AND REDEDICATION RITUAL: 2nd TEMPLE OF IUPPITER STATOR===<br />
<br />
Performed on the Non. Sep. in Prov. America Transappalachiana<br />
St. Cornelia C. Aemilio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXVII a.u.c.<br />
<br />
For the 2160th Anniversary of the Original Dedication in Rome<br />
<br />
by L Vitellius Triarius<br />
Aedilis Curulis et Pontifex<br />
<br />
<br />
'''ABLUTIO'''<br />
<br />
''I washed both hands in clean water and in capite velato prayed:''<br />
<br />
May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
Purify my mind. <br />
Purify my body. <br />
Purify my heart. <br />
It is so. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''PRAEFATIO'''<br />
<br />
Be you well and blessed, O Father Iuppiter Stator, by offering you this incense, I pray good prayers so that you may be benevolent and propitious to me, my family, and my household.<br />
<br />
''I placed incense in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''PRECATIO'''<br />
<br />
O Father Iuppiter Stator, on this, <br />
the dies natalis of your temple <br />
erected in the Eternal City<br />
by Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus <br />
after his triumph in 146 B.C.E.,<br />
and restored by Caesar Augustus, <br />
I make this offering to you<br />
as a rededication of the same.<br />
O protector, the stayer, I pray and beseech thee <br />
that you may be gracious and favorable <br />
to me, my family, and my household, <br />
and the Citizens of Nova Roma, <br />
for which course I have ordained <br />
that the offering of this incense <br />
should be made in accordance <br />
with my own vows; <br />
that you may avert, ward off, and keep afar <br />
all disease visible and invisible, <br />
all barrenness, waste, misfortune, and ill weather; <br />
that you may cause the affairs and business of my household<br />
and all Nova Roman households <br />
to come to prosperity; <br />
that you may provide the Senate and Collegium Pontificum<br />
with wise advice and counsel in their daily business,<br />
and that you grant health and strength <br />
to me, my home and my household, <br />
and the citizens of Nova Roma <br />
and their homes and households.<br />
<br />
''I placed incense in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''REDDITIO'''<br />
<br />
O Father Iuppiter Stator, as by offering to you the incense virtuous prayers were well prayed. For the sake of this be honoured by this humble wine. <br />
<br />
''A libation of wine is poured on the altar.''<br />
<br />
It is so.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''PIACULUM '''<br />
<br />
O Father Iuppiter Stator, and all Gods Immortal by whatever name I may call you: if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, with the sacrificial incense I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
<br />
''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
It is done!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Nones Septembris Ritual==<br />
<br />
Performed on the Non. Sep. in Prov. America Transappalachiana<br />
St. Cornelia C. Aemilio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXVII a.u.c. <br />
<br />
On the occasion of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.<br />
<br />
by L Vitellius Triarius<br />
Aedilis Curulis et Pontifex<br />
<br />
<br />
'''ABLUTIO'''<br />
<br />
''I washed both hands in clean water and in capite velato prayed:''<br />
<br />
May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
Purify my mind. <br />
Purify my body. <br />
Purify my heart. <br />
It is so. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''PRAEFATIO'''<br />
<br />
Be you well and blessed, O Lars familiaris, Penates, <br />
Genii of the patres familias, <br />
and gods and goddesses of the Nova Roman households <br />
on these Nones and festival of the Ludi Romani! <br />
By offering you this incense, <br />
I pray good prayers <br />
so that you may be benevolent and propitious <br />
to me, my family, and my household.<br />
<br />
''I placed incense in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''PRECATIO'''<br />
<br />
O Lars familiaris, Penates, <br />
Genii of the patres familias, <br />
and gods and goddesses of the Nova Roman households, <br />
on these Nones, with this offering of wine and milk <br />
I pray, worship, ask and beseech you <br />
so that you may confirm, <br />
strengthen and help my family and household <br />
and save it from all discord; <br />
so that my family and household may always flourish and prosper, <br />
and so that you may be benevolent and propitious <br />
to me, my family, and my household.<br />
<br />
''I poured libations of wine and milk on the altar.''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''REDDITIO'''<br />
<br />
Be thou well, <br />
O Lars familiaris, Penates<br />
Genii of the patres familias<br />
and gods and goddesses <br />
of the Nova Roman households!<br />
As by offering to you the incense <br />
virtuous prayers were well prayed. <br />
For the sake of this be honoured <br />
by this humble offering of wine and milk, <br />
and be benevolent and propitious <br />
to me, my family, my household, <br />
and to the people of Nova Roma <br />
and their families and households. <br />
Grant us success in our <br />
games and festivities of this, <br />
the Ludi Romani.<br />
<br />
''I poured libations of wine and milk on the altar.''<br />
<br />
It is so.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''PIACULUM '''<br />
<br />
O Lars familiaris, Penates, <br />
Genii of the patres familias, <br />
gods and goddesses of the Nova Roman households, <br />
and all Gods Immortal <br />
by whatever name I may call you: <br />
if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, <br />
with the sacrificial incense <br />
I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
<br />
''I placed incense in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
It is done!<br />
<br />
<br />
==Prayer to Furrina==<br />
<br />
<br />
''prid. Id. Sep.''<br />
<br />
<br />
:'''Most Ancient One'''<br />
<br />
:'''Goddess of the Etruscans'''<br />
<br />
:'''Ruler of Janiculum Hill'''<br />
<br />
:'''Lady of the Sacred Grove'''<br />
<br />
:'''Guardian of the Forest'''<br />
<br />
:'''Goddess of Springs'''<br />
<br />
:'''Friend of the Nymphs'''<br />
<br />
:'''Mistress of the Flowing Fresh Waters'''<br />
<br />
:'''May You bless us with your beauty,'''<br />
<br />
:'''with your healing waters,'''<br />
<br />
:'''with your nourishing energy.'''<br />
<br />
:'''May good Fortune flow to us as Your''' <br />
<br />
:'''healing waters flow toward the sea.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
''As performed by''<br />
<br />
:MAN. TITINIVS SILVANVS<br />
<br />
:Flamen Furrinalis<br />
<br />
''The Flamen Furrinalis oversees the cult of Furrina, a Goddess of Springs who had a sacred grove associated with water (possibly connected with health and healing). The Flamen Furrinalis leads public rites on the days sacred to Furrina.''<br />
<br />
<br />
==CEREMONY TO THE DIVINE IUPPITER==<br />
<br />
<br />
SEP 13, 2014 (2767 AUC)<br />
<br />
<br />
For the Ludi Romani (Feriae Iovi / Idus Septembris) <br />
<br />
St. Cornelia C. Aemilio cos. <br />
<br />
Id. Sep.<br />
<br />
MMDCCLXVII a.u.c.<br />
<br />
<br />
Performed by: <br />
<br />
<br />
L. Vitellius Triarius, Pontifex<br />
<br />
Provincia America Transappalachiana<br />
<br />
Republic of Nova Roma<br />
<br />
<br />
Among the ancient Romans, Iuppiter was the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife). The Romans worshipped him especially as Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove. He had a temple on the Capitoline, together with Juno and Minerva, but he was the most prominent of this Capitoline triad. <br />
<br />
His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came here to give their thanks. Other titles of Iuppiter include: Caelestis (heavenly), Lucetius (of the light), Totans (thunderer), Fulgurator (of the lightning). As Iuppiter Victor he led the Roman army to victory. Iuppiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger. Iuppiter is completely identical with the Greek Zeus.<br />
<br />
September 13th is the Feriae Iovi, or Festival of Iuppiter. It is also the Idus of September, being sacred to Iuppiter. Therefore, on this Feriae Iovis and Idus, I arose early and performed the following public ceremony to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus in my home, and welcome and invite you to perform it in your own home, or at least the private ceremony which follows.<br />
<br />
<br />
===PUBLIC RITUS TO THE DIVINE IUPPITER===<br />
<br />
<br />
FERIAE IOVI / ID. SEP. 2767 AUC (2014 CE)<br />
<br />
<br />
''I washed both hands in clean water and, in capite velato, prayed:'' <br />
<br />
'''Haec aqua a corpore impuritates velut''' <br />
'''plumbo ad aurum mutando eluat.'''<br />
'''Purga mentem.''' <br />
'''Purga carnem.''' <br />
'''Purga animum.''' <br />
'''Ita est!''' <br />
<br />
May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold.<br />
Purify my mind. <br />
Purify my body. <br />
Purify my heart. <br />
It is so. <br />
<br />
'''Dive Iove!'''<br />
'''Dive Iove!'''<br />
'''Dive Iove!'''<br />
<br />
Divine Iuppiter!<br />
Divine Iuppiter!<br />
Divine Iuppiter!<br />
<br />
'''Dive Iove,'''<br />
'''te hoc ture commovendo''' <br />
'''bonas preces precor,''' <br />
'''uti sis volens propitius''' <br />
'''Novis Romanis, amicis meis,''' <br />
'''mihi, domo, familiae!''' <br />
<br />
''I offered incense''<br />
<br />
Divine Iuppiter,<br />
by offering you this incense <br />
I pray good prayers so <br />
that you be benevolent and propitious <br />
to the Nova Romans, to my friends, <br />
to me, to my household and to my family. <br />
<br />
'''Dive Iove,'''<br />
'''ut te ture commovendo''' <br />
'''bonas preces precatus sum,''' <br />
'''eiusdem rei ergo''' <br />
'''macte vino inferio esto!''' <br />
<br />
''I offered wine''<br />
<br />
Divine Iuppiter,<br />
as by offering incense <br />
I have prayed good prayers, <br />
for the very same reason <br />
be thou blessed by this wine. <br />
<br />
'''Iuppiter omnipotens, omnia potens, in hac festivitate tibi'''<br />
'''Ad quem respicit, et admirans ad senem septentriones mirum,''' <br />
'''notum est, qui semper virtutibus in mille,''' <br />
'''et ideo nemo umquam vidit Aristoteles aut innumerabiles.''' <br />
'''Fiat autem si quo dirigantur nomen dignatio vestra,''' <br />
'''Sancti libenter, nescio, quem tremit fortissimus''' <br />
'''ipsorum commodo vaga sidera cursus.''' <br />
'''Tu solus, sed tu ipse in pluribus,''' <br />
'''Tu in principio, et tu solus, et similiter inter vos,''' <br />
'''et orta inter sidera ipsa superstes.''' <br />
'''Finis enim non tibi, ad finem adducere labentibus semper.''' <br />
'''Celsum, videre ab aeterno in sæculum rotatis''' <br />
'''quaedam de natura et fatum vitarum accipitur in impeditis et reuoluta''' <br />
'''a multis retro saeculis, iterum reduci modo''' <br />
'''firmamento redditi,''' <br />
'''deducto partium mundi et certe amissa restituit,''' <br />
'''tura plus semel in Time fluunt.''' <br />
'''Si sensus ordinare licet cogitare''' <br />
'''conatum tuum et ad te capere turmis''' <br />
'''quibus de immensa magnitudine stellarum et coronásti''' <br />
'''similitudinem tuam amplector, aethera,''' <br />
'''forte apparet imago tua in praesenti est momentaneum mico''' <br />
'''cum membra fluentia fulminis ignes,''' <br />
'''qui es in Caelum,''' <br />
'''Tu inferno illuminati''' <br />
'''curvo in lucem dies.''' <br />
'''Tu genus omne deum In.''' <br />
'''Confirmatioque omnium causa vos estis.''' <br />
'''Natura tu es, Domine, Deus infinita.''' <br />
'''Ut patet in multis ita factum est hic, ut aliquando a Deo''' <br />
'''hic semel nascitur in mundo in domum Dei et hominum,''' <br />
'''Lucent, ex regia stellantis in agro flos iuventae faciebat.''' <br />
'''Tua me immittere spirate quaeso''' <br />
'''volenti concedimus nosse, in qua pater, modo mundum.''' <br />
'''Da, pater Iove, augustas ut possim noscere causas, quibus venire''' <br />
'''Aliquando simul omnia sub forma materiae rebus,''' <br />
'''et quod lux textura,''' <br />
'''sed videantur quae de congruentia,''' <br />
'''Olim in ea pertexuit,''' <br />
'''qui mundum ab anima: tu,''' <br />
'''id est, quid sit, et vivam,''' <br />
'''per quod vivit corpus, est vivos.'''<br />
<br />
''I offered wine and incense''<br />
<br />
Iuppiter Almighty, potent in all things, during this festival to you,<br />
to Whom the aged north star looks upon with admiring wonder, <br />
the One who is always known by a thousand virtues, <br />
no one shall ever be able to account their countless number or timelessness. <br />
Now be addressed, if by any name Your dignity may be addressed, <br />
Holy One, be delighted, Unknown One, for Whom mightiest Earth trembles <br />
and the wandering stars halt their rapid course. <br />
You alone, though within Yourself are You many, <br />
You are first, and You are last, and likewise are You in between, <br />
arising above and outliving the very stars. <br />
For without end Yourself, You bring ever-gliding time to an end. <br />
On high from eternity You look upon the whirling course <br />
of Nature's certain Fate and of lives taken into the intricate convolutions <br />
of time immemorial, only to be brought back once more <br />
and restored to their heavenly vault, <br />
the world no doubt restored of those parts drawn off and will have been lost, <br />
only once more for them to ebb back into the flow of unending time. <br />
If indeed it is allowed to thoughtlessly direct one's senses <br />
toward You and attempt to grasp Your holy splendor, <br />
whereby You surround the immense vastness of the stars and <br />
embrace the aether with Your likeness, <br />
perhaps Your image appears in the momentary flash <br />
of lightning with limbs of flowing flames, <br />
in that You are the Radiance, <br />
who enlightens all the world beneath You and <br />
presses onward the sunlight into our days. <br />
In You are the entire race of Gods. <br />
You are the invigorating cause of all things. <br />
You are all of Nature, the One God innumerable. <br />
You manifest in many way, born once here as a God, <br />
born once here as a world, this home of Gods and mankind, <br />
Lucent, majestic source of the starry field in youthful bloom. <br />
Instill me with Your favoring breath, I pray, <br />
grant to one willing to know, the manner in which You father the world. <br />
Grant, Father Iuppiter, that I may come to know the august causes by which <br />
You once wove all things together to form the physical world of matter, <br />
and what texture of light, <br />
congruent and dissimilar, <br />
You once wove into it, <br />
by which You animated the world with soul, <br />
and what it is that is lively, <br />
by which the quick body lives.<br />
<br />
'''Dive Iove,'''<br />
'''Omnes Di Immortales quocumque nomine:''' <br />
'''si quidquam vobis in hac caerimonia displiceat,''' <br />
'''hoc vino inferio''' <br />
'''veniam peto''' <br />
'''et vitium meum expio.'''<br />
<br />
''I offered wine''<br />
<br />
Divine Iuppiter,<br />
All Gods Immortal, by whichever name: <br />
if something in this ceremony was unpleasant to you, <br />
by this wine <br />
I do apologize <br />
and expiate my mistake. <br />
<br />
'''Illicet.'''<br />
<br />
It is done.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Ceremony adapted from an ancient prayer to Iuppiter (Tiberianus, Book IV)''<br />
<br />
<br />
===PRIVATE RITUS TO THE DIVINE IUPPITER===<br />
<br />
<br />
FERIAE IOVI / ID. SEP. 2767 AUC (2014 CE)<br />
<br />
O Father Iuppiter, <br />
I pray good prayers in order that, <br />
You may be strengthened by this offering <br />
of incense (wine/flowers/cakes/all)<br />
and be favorable <br />
to me and my family, <br />
to my family and our household. <br />
<br />
''Offering is made at the household altar.''<br />
<br />
Father Iuppiter, Supreme Ruler of the Universe,<br />
who does cherish and nurture the human race, <br />
through whom we live and draw the breath of being, <br />
in whom rest the hopes and lives of all humankind, <br />
I pray You grant that on this day,<br />
the Feriae Iovi and Idus of September, <br />
may prosper that which I have in hand. <br />
Father Iuppiter, as it is prescribed for you in the Sibylline Oracles – <br />
and for this reason may good fortune attend <br />
the Nova Roman people, the Quirites,<br />
me, my family, and my household;<br />
I beg you and pray that you may<br />
increase the power and majesty in good times and bad; <br />
and that you may grant eternal safety, victory and health; <br />
and that you may protect, keep safe and make greater the state<br />
of the Nova Roman people, the Quirites,<br />
me, my family, and my household;<br />
and that you may accept this sacrifice <br />
to be offered for you and that <br />
you may be favorable and propitious <br />
to the Nova Roman people, the Quirites, <br />
to me, to my family, to my household; <br />
<br />
Father Iuppiter, <br />
because it is proper for a cup of wine (incense/flowers/cakes/all) <br />
to be given to you in the house of my family <br />
for the sacred feast, for the sake of this thing <br />
may you be honored by this feast offering. <br />
For these reasons be honored with <br />
the sacrifice of this wine, <br />
become favourable and propitious <br />
to the Nova Roman people, the Quirites, <br />
to me, to my family, to my household. <br />
<br />
''Offering is made at the household altar.''<br />
<br />
Divine Iuppiter, <br />
and all Gods Immortal <br />
by whatever name I may call you: <br />
if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, <br />
with the sacrificial incense (wine/flowers/cakes/all)<br />
I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
<br />
''Offering is made at the household altar.''<br />
<br />
It is done.<br />
<br />
<br />
''Ceremony adapted from ancient Roman prayers (Cato De Agricultura, Corpus Inscriptiones Latinae VI 32 323, Acta Sacrorum Saecularium 105-7; and 93-99)''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Closing Ceremony==<br />
<br />
<br />
L. Vitellis Triarius omnibus salutem plurimam dicit. <br />
<br />
Si valetis, bene est, ego valeo. <br />
<br />
Salvete omnes! <br />
<br />
<br />
Today, we come to the end of a special series of events…the oldest in the history of the Roman people…the Ludi Romani. <br />
<br />
As we close, we must remember that in the 2380 years since the founding of these games, they are as important as ever.<br />
<br />
While we do not actually attend plays or race chariots or hear orations, nor visit the temples regularly, we do hold in our hearts and vow to continue the spirit of those that did, and who framed and laid the foundation of the Western World.<br />
<br />
This year, as we also celebrate the bimillenial event of the death of Caesar Augustus, we must not forget that, when the Respublica fell of its own failures and devices, he picked it up, shook off the dust, and reformed and expanded the Roman world. Many of the things we use on a daily basis are the results of Augustus’ leadership and efforts to reform his world for the betterment of all…then, as well as now.<br />
<br />
In our limited online world, it is my desire that the gods and goddesses of Rome and New Rome were pleased, as well as its citizens. I hope you have enjoyed these games, and if you did not participate, that’s okay. Next time Ludi are presented, I invite and encourage you to jump in and have some fun! <br />
<br />
We all are faced with busy schedules and 10,000 things to do each day. Many times over the years, I have read posts from new citizens asking, “I just became a new citizen, now what do I do?” That is an individual choice with multiple answers, but one is, why not participate in the games when they occur? Participating in the games allows you that much needed break from the routines of our modern world. Learn to entertain yourself and broaden your knowledge at the same time and put the modern world and its complications on hold for a short break. <br />
<br />
No matter when they occur, be they one day or two weeks, the Ludi are always presented for YOUR pleasure and entertainment. They are a public, and sometimes private, service and the Respublica’s gift to you. Some are more elaborate than others. Take advantage of ALL of them every opportunity that you can!<br />
<br />
Who knows, you might catch that disease called…novaromaitis, or New Roman Syndrome!<br />
<br />
Thus, we honor all those who have participated in these games and especially those who achieved the rank of Victor in them:<br />
<br />
<br />
''Munera Gladiatoria Victors''<br />
<br />
*'''G. Decius Laterensis, Semi-Finals'''<br />
*'''Sex. Laelia Macra, Semi-Finals'''<br />
*'''Sex. Laelia Macra, Finals'''<br />
<br />
<br />
''Ludi Circenses Victors''<br />
<br />
*'''M. Cornelius Rutilius, Quarter-Finals'''<br />
*'''Pub. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus, Quarter-Finals (x2)'''<br />
*'''M. Pompeius Caninus, Quarter-Finals'''<br />
*'''Q. Vitellius Triarius, Semi-Finals'''<br />
*'''G. Decius Laterensis, Semi-Finals'''<br />
*'''G. Decius Laterensis, Finals'''<br />
*'''Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Traditional Exhibition'''<br />
<br />
<br />
''Cultural Contest Victors''<br />
<br />
*'''Spurius Vibius Calvus, Latin Contest'''<br />
*'''Aulus Scribonius Nasica, Certamen Historicum''' <br />
<br />
<br />
''Religio Contest Victor''<br />
<br />
*'''L Aelia Corva, Best Lararium Photo'''<br />
<br />
<br />
As this is the last of the major games responible to the Aediles curules, it has been a pleasure serving you this year as Curule Aedile and presenting the designated games to you on behalf of the Consuls. I have had the opportunity to poke fun at some of my friends, and I hope they enjoyed it and did not take offense, for Humor is the one element of life that is required to <br />
maintain sanity. It is a shame we don’t use it more often. It is why Comedy was preferred over Tragedy amongst the ancient Romans…and it should be with us as well.<br />
<br />
There are several other minor festivals coming up this year, as well as the Ludi Plebeii in November, hosted by the Aediles Plebeii. Participate. It takes your mind off the stresses of our modern world. Jump in, be Roman, and have some fun!<br />
<br />
With this announcement, I formally declare the games of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.U.c. closed. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''THE GAMES ARE ENDED!''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete omnes,<br />
<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS <br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis, Senator et Pontifex</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Certamen_HistoricumLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Certamen Historicum2014-09-19T08:43:33Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This year's Certamen Historicum for the Ludi Romani will consist of 40 questions about Caesar Augustus and the Ludi Romani.<br />
<br />
GOOD LUCK!<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
Aedilis curulis <br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
<br />
<br />
A) '''You may email your answers at any time before Thursday, September 18 at 12:00 Noon Rome time with the Subject title: "Certamen Answers."'''<br />
<br />
B) '''Email your answers to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Day I Questions==<br />
<br />
1. When was Augustus born?<br />
<br />
'''23 September 63 BC'''<br />
<br />
2. Who were the three wives of Augustus?<br />
<br />
'''Clodia Pulchra, Scribonia, Livia Drusilla'''<br />
<br />
3. On what day did Augustus begin his reign?<br />
<br />
'''16 January 27 BC'''<br />
<br />
4. When did Augustus Die?<br />
<br />
'''19 August 14 AD'''<br />
<br />
5. Who were Augustus' children?<br />
<br />
'''Julia the Elder, Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, Agrippa Postumus, Tiberius Claudius Nero'''<br />
<br />
6. How many of Augustus' children were adopted?<br />
<br />
'''4'''<br />
<br />
7. Who was not adopted?<br />
<br />
'''Julia the Elder'''<br />
<br />
8. Where was Augustus born?<br />
<br />
'''In Rome at Ox Head on the Palatine Hill'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Day II Questions==<br />
<br />
9. What town was Augustus' paternal family from?<br />
<br />
'''Velletri'''<br />
<br />
10. Where was Augustus raised?<br />
<br />
'''Velletri'''<br />
<br />
11. Augustus' father was governor of which Roman province?<br />
<br />
'''Macedonia'''<br />
<br />
12. Augustus' great-grandfather was a military tribune where?<br />
<br />
'''Sicily'''<br />
<br />
13. How old was Augustus when his father died?<br />
<br />
'''4'''<br />
<br />
14. What was Augustus' mother's name?<br />
<br />
'''Atia Balba Caesonia'''<br />
<br />
15. What was Augustus' given name at birth?<br />
<br />
'''Gaius Octavius Thurinus'''<br />
<br />
16. What was the name of the former governor of Syria that his mother married?<br />
<br />
'''Lucius Marcius Philippus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Day III Questions==<br />
<br />
<br />
17. Who did Philippus claim decent from?<br />
<br />
'''Alexander the Great'''<br />
<br />
18. Who raised Augustus as a child?<br />
<br />
'''His Grandmother, Julia Caesaris'''<br />
<br />
19. When was Augustus elected to the Collegium Pontificum?<br />
<br />
'''47 BC'''<br />
<br />
20. Who formed the First Triumvirate?<br />
<br />
'''Gnaeus Pompey Magnus, Julius Caesar, and Marcus Licinius Crassus'''<br />
<br />
21. Who formed the Second Triumvirate?<br />
<br />
'''Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus''' <br />
<br />
22. After the Battle of Actium, who was elected Consul with Octavian?<br />
<br />
'''Marcus Agrippa'''<br />
<br />
23. In 27 BC, what two titles did the Senate give Octavian?<br />
<br />
'''Augustus and Princeps'''<br />
<br />
24. In 23 BC, who was Augustus' first choice for co-Consul that died before taking office?<br />
<br />
<br />
==Day IV Questions==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Aulus Terentius Varro Murena'''<br />
<br />
25. Who was appointed to replace Aulus Terentius?<br />
<br />
'''Calpurnius Piso'''<br />
<br />
26. What was "imperium proconsulare maius," and why was it important to Augustus?<br />
<br />
'''"power over all the proconsuls," which allowed his supreme influence to control the affairs of the provinces.'''<br />
<br />
27. Where did Augustus die?<br />
<br />
'''Nola, Italia'''<br />
<br />
28. What was Augustus' full name?<br />
<br />
'''Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus'''<br />
<br />
29. How old was Augustus when he died?<br />
<br />
'''75'''<br />
<br />
30. Where was Augustus buried?<br />
<br />
'''Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome'''<br />
<br />
31. When were the Ludi Romani first held?<br />
<br />
'''366 BC'''<br />
<br />
32. What did this festival first introduce in 364 BC to Rome?<br />
<br />
'''Greek Drama'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Day V Questions==<br />
<br />
<br />
33. Who are the Ludi Romani games primarily dedicated to?<br />
<br />
'''Iuppiter'''<br />
<br />
34. Who is said to have first established these games?<br />
<br />
'''Tarquinius Priscus'''<br />
<br />
35. Who originally organized the Ludi Romani?<br />
<br />
'''The Consuls'''<br />
<br />
36. Who later organized them?<br />
<br />
'''The Curule Aediles'''<br />
<br />
37. What was unique about the Ludi circenses at the Ludi Romani?<br />
<br />
'''Each chariot carried a driver and a warrior. The warrior jumped out of the chariot and ran the last lap on foot.'''<br />
<br />
38. Who produced the first play at the Ludi Romani in 240 BC?<br />
<br />
'''Livius Andronicus'''<br />
<br />
39. The grand processional opening the Ludi Romani began where and ended where?<br />
<br />
'''The Temple of Iuppiter to the Circus Maximus'''<br />
<br />
40. Why did Tarquinius Priscus set up the Ludi Romani?<br />
<br />
'''To celebrate his military victories'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==VICTOR==<br />
<br />
<br />
==='''1st Place: AVLVS SCIBONIVS NASICA'''===<br />
<br />
==='''2nd Place: MARCVS POMPEIVS CANINVS'''===<br />
<br />
==='''3rd Place: SEXTA LAELIA MACRA'''===</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Gens_Vitellia_(Nova_Roma)Gens Vitellia (Nova Roma)2014-09-19T08:05:56Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Prepared by L. VITELLIVS TRIARIVS''<br />
<br />
==Overview of the Gens Vitellia==<br />
<br />
In the time of Suetonius it was disputed whether the origin of the Vitellii was ancient and noble, or recent and obscure, and even mean. The adulators of the emperor Vitellius and his enemies were the partizans of the two several opinions. The name of the Vitellii at least was ancient, and they were said to derive their descent from Faunus, king of the Aborigines, and Vitellia, as the name is in the text of Suetonius. ( Vitell. c. 1.) The family, according to tradition, went from the country of the Sabini to Rome, and was received among the Patricians. As evidence of the existence of this family (stirps), a Via Vitellia, extending from the Janiculum to the sea, is mentioned, and a Roman colonia of the same name, Vitellia, in the country of the Aequi. (Liv. v. 29, ii. 39.) The name of the Vitellii occurs among the Romans who conspired to restore the last Tarquinius, and the sister of the Vitellii was the wife of the consul Brutus. (Liv. ii.4.)<br />
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Cassius Severus and others assigned the meanest origin to the Vitellii: the founder of the stock, according to them, was a freedman. Suetonius leaves the question undecided.<br />
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Source: [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3605.html Smith]<br />
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==History of the Vitellii==<br />
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===Origins of the Vitellii===<br />
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Of the origin of the Vitellii different and widely varying accounts are given, some saying that the family was ancient and noble, others that it was new and obscure, if not of mean extraction. I should believe that these came respectively from the flatterers and detractors of the emperor, were it not for a difference of opinion about the standing of the family at a considerably earlier date. We have a book of Quintus Elogius addressed to Quintus Vitellius, Quaestor of the Deified Augustus, in which it is written that the Vitellii were sprung from Faunus, king of the Aborigines, and Vitellia, who was worshipped as a goddess in many places; and that they ruled in all Latium. That the surviving members of the family moved from the Sabine district to Rome and were enrolled among the patricians. That traces of this stock endured long afterwards in the Vitellian Road, running from the Janiculum all the way to the sea, as well as in a colony of the same name, which in ancient days the family had asked the privilege of defending against the Aequicoli with troops raised from their own line. That when afterwards a force was sent into Apulia at the time of the Samnite war, some of the Vitellii settled at Nuceria, and that after a long time their descendants returned to the city and resumed their place in the senatorial order. <br />
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On the other hand several have written that the founder of the family was a freedman, while Cassius Severus and others as well say further that he was a cobbler, and that his son, after making a considerable fortune from the sale of confiscated estates and the profession of informer, married a common strumpet, daughter of one Antiochus who kept a bakery, and became the father of a Roman knight. But this difference of opinion may be left unsettled. <br />
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In any event Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, whether of ancient stock or of parents and forefathers in whom he could take no pride, unquestionably a Roman knight and a steward of Augustus' property, left four sons of high rank with the same name and differing only in their forenames: Aulus, Quintus, Publius and Lucius. Aulus, who was given to luxury and especially notorious for the magnificence of his feasts, died a consul, appointed to the office with Domitius, father of the emperor Nero. Quintus lost his rank at the time when it was resolved, under the suggestion of Tiberius, to depose and get rid of undesirable senators. Publius, a member of Germanicus' staff, arraigned Gnaeus Piso, the enemy and murderer of his commander, and secured his condemnation. Arrested among the accomplices of Sejanus, after holding the praetorship, and handed over to his own brother to be kept in confinement, he opened his veins with a penknife, but allowed himself to be bandaged and restored, not so much from unwillingness to die, as because of the entreaties of his friends; and he met a natural death while still in confinement. Lucius attained the consulate and then was made governor of Syria, where with supreme diplomacy having not only induced Artabanus, king of the Parthians, to hold a conference with him, but even to do obeisance to the standards of the legion. <br />
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Later he held, with the emperor Claudius, two more regular consulships and the censorship. He also bore the charge of the empire while Claudius was away on his expedition to Britain. He was an honest and active man, but of very ill repute because of his passion for a freedwoman, which went so far that he used her spittle mixed with honey to rub on his throat and jaws as a medicine, not secretly nor seldom, but openly and every day. He had also a wonderful gift for flattery and was the first to begin to worship Gaius Caesar as a god; for on his return from Syria he did not presume to approach the emperor except with veiled head, turning himself about and then prostrating himself. To neglect no means of gaining the favor of Claudius, who was a slave to his wives and freedmen, he begged of Messalina as the highest possible favor that she would allow him to take off her shoes; and when he had taken off her right slipper, he constantly carried it about between his toga and his tunic, and sometimes kissed it. Narcissus also and Pallas he honored by cherishing their goldenthe facing Latin, however, has the facing Latin, however, has images among his household gods. It was he who made the famous remark, "May you often do it," when he was congratulating Claudius at the celebration of the Secular games.<br />
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He died of a paralytic stroke on the second day after he was seized, leaving two sons, begotten of Sextillion, a most worthy woman and of no mean family, and having lived to see them consuls both in the same year, and for the whole year, since the younger succeeded the elder for six months. On his decease the senate honored him with a public funeral and with a statue on the rostra with this inscription: "Of unwavering loyalty to his emperor." <br />
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The emperor Aulus Vitellius, son of Lucius, was born on the eighth day before the Kalends of October, or according to some, on the seventh day before the Ides of September, in the Consulship of Drusus Caesar and Norbanus Flaccus. His parents were so aghast at his horoscope as announced by the astrologers, that his father tried his utmost, while he lived, to prevent the assignment of any province to his son; and when he was sent to the legions and hailed as emperor, his mother immediately mourned over him as lost. He spent his boyhood and early youth at Capreae among the wantons of Tiberius, being branded for all time with the nickname Spintria and suspected of having been the cause of his father's first advancement at the expense of his own chastity. <br />
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Stained by every sort of baseness as he advanced in years, he held a prominent place at court, winning the intimacy of Gaius by his devotion to driving and of Claudius by his passion for dice. But he was still dearer to Nero, not only because of these same qualities, but because of a special service besides; for when he was presiding at the contests of the Neronia and Nero wished to compete among the lyre-players, but did not venture to do so although there was a general demand for him and accordingly left the theatre, Vitellius called him back, alleging that he came as an envoy from the insistent people, and thus gave Nero a chance to yield to their entreaties. <br />
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Having in this way through the favor of three emperors been honored not only with political positions but with distinguished priesthoods as well, he afterwards governed Africa as proconsul and served as curator of public works, but with varying purpose and reputation. In his province he showed exceptional integrity for two successive years, for he served as deputy to his brother, who succeeded him; but in his city offices he was said to have stolen some of the offerings and ornaments from the temples and changed others, substituting tin and brass for gold and silver. <br />
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He had to wife Petronia, daughter of an ex-consul, and by her a son Petronianus, who was blind in one eye. Since this son was named as his mother's heir on condition of being freed from his father's authority, he manumitted him, but shortly afterwards killed him, according to the general belief, charging him besides with attempted parricide, and alleging that his guilty conscience had led him to drink the poison which he had mixed for his intended crime. Soon afterwards he<br />
married Galeria Fundana, daughter of an ex-praetor, and from her too he had a son and a daughter, but the former stammered so, that he was all but dumb and tongue-tied. <br />
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Galba surprised everyone by sending him to Lower Germany. Some think that it was due to Titus Vinius, who had great influence at the time, and whose friendship Vitellius had long since won through their common support of the Blues. But since Galba openly declared that no men were less to be feared than those who thought of nothing but eating, and that Vitellius' bottomless gullet might be filled from the resources of the province, it is clear to anyone that he was chosen rather through contempt than favor. It is notorious that when he was about to start, he lacked means for his travelling expenses, and that his need of funds was such, that after consigning his wife and children, whom he left in Rome, to a hired garret, he let his house for the rest of the year; and that he took a valuable pearl from his mother's ear and pawned it, to defray the expenses of his journey. He had to resort to false accusation to get rid of the throng of creditors that lay in wait for him and tried to detain him, including the people of Sinuessa and of Formiae, whose public revenues he had embezzled; for he brought an action for damages against a freedman who was somewhat persistent in demanding what was due to him, alleging that he had been kicked by him, and would not let him off until he had squeezed him to the tune of fifty thousand sesterces. <br />
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On his arrival the army, which was disaffected towards the emperor and inclined to mutiny, received him gladly with open arms, as if he had come to them as a gift from the gods; since he was the son of a man who had thrice been consul, in the prime of life, and of an easy-going and lavish disposition. This earlier good opinion Vitellius had also strengthened by recent acts, for throughout the march he kissed even the common soldiers whom he met, and at the posthouses and inns he was unusually affable to the mule drivers and travellers, asking each of them in the morning whether they had breakfasted and even showing by belching that he had done so. <br />
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As soon as he had entered the camp, he granted every request that anyone made and even of his own accord freed those in disgrace from their penalties, defendants of suits from their mourning, and the convicted from punishment. Therefore hardly a month had passed, when the soldiers, regardless of the hour, for it was already evening, hastily took him from his bedroom, just as he was, in his common house-clothes, and hailed him as emperor. Then he was carried about the most populous villages, holding a drawn sword of the Deified Julius, which someone had taken from a shrine of Mars and handed him during the first congratulations. He did not return to headquarters until the dining-room caught fire from the stove and was ablaze; and then, when all were shocked and troubled at what seemed a bad omen, he said: "Be of good cheer; to us light is given"; and this was his only address to the soldiers. When he presently received the support of the army of the upper province too, which had previously transferred its allegiance for Galba to the senate, he eagerly accepted the surname of Germanicus, which was unanimously offered him, put off accepting the title of Augustus, and forever refused that of Caesar. <br />
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Then hearing of the murder of Galba, he settled affairs in Germany and made two divisions of his forces, one to send on against Otho, and the other to lead in person. The former was greeted with a lucky omen at the start, for an eagle suddenly flew towards them from the right and after hovering about the standards, slowly preceded their line of march. But, on the contrary, when he himself began his advance, the equestrian statues which were being set up everywhere in his honor on a sudden all collapsed with broken legs, and the laurel crown which he had put on with due ceremony fell into a running stream. Later, as he was sitting in judgment on the tribunal at Vienna, a cock perched on his shoulder and then on his head. And the outcome corresponded with these omens; for he was not by his own efforts able to retain the power, which his lieutenants secured for him. <br />
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He heard of the victory at Betriacum and of the death of Otho while he was still in Gaul, and without delay by a single edict he disbanded all the praetorian cohorts, as having set a pernicious example, and bade them hand over their arms to their tribunes. Furthermore, he gave orders that one hundred and twenty of them should be hunted up and punished, having found petitions which they had written to Otho, asking for a reward for services rendered in connection with Galba's murder. These acts were altogether admirable and noble, and such as to give hope that he would be a great prince, had it not been that the rest of his conduct was more in harmony with his natural disposition and his former habits of life than with imperial dignity. For when he had begun his march, he rode through the middle of the cities like a triumphing general, and on the rivers he sailed in most exquisite craft wreathed with various kinds of garlands, amid lavish entertainments, with no discipline among his household or the soldiers, making a jest of the pillage and wantonness of all his followers. For not content with the banquets which were furnished them everywhere at public expense, they set free whatever slaves they pleased, promptly paying those who remonstrated with blows and stripes, often with wounds, and sometimes with death. <br />
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When he came to the plains where the battle was fought and some shuddered with horror at the mouldering corpses, he had the audacity to encourage them by the abominable saying, that the odor of a dead enemy was sweet and that of a fellow-citizen sweeter still. But nevertheless, the better to bear the awful stench, he openly drained a great draught of unmixed wine and distributed some among the troops. With equal bad taste and arrogance, gazing upon the stone inscribed to the memory of Otho, he declared that he deserved such a Mausoleum, and sent the dagger with which his rival had killed himself to the Colony of Agrippina, to be dedicated to Mars. He also held an all-night festival on the heights of the Apennines. <br />
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Finally he entered the city to the sound of the trumpet, wearing a general's mantle and a sword at his side, amid standards and banners, with his staff in military cloaks and his troops with drawn swords. <br />
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Then showing greater and greater disregard for the laws of gods and men, he assumed the office of high priest on the day of Allia, held elections for ten years to come, and made himself consul for life. And to leave no doubt in anyone's mind what model he chose for the government of the State, he made funerary offerings to Nero in the middle of the Campus Martius, attended by a great throng of the official priests; and when at the accompanying banquet a flute-player was received with applause, he openly urged him "to render something from the Master's Book as well"; and when he began the songs of Nero, Vitellius was the first to applaud him and even jumped for joy. <br />
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Beginning in this way, he regulated the greater part of his rule wholly according to the advice and whims of the commonest of actors and chariot-drivers, and in particular of his freedman Asiaticus. This fellow had immoral relations with Vitellius in his youth, but later grew weary of him and ran away. When Vitellius came upon him selling posca at Puteoli, he put him in irons, but at once freed him again and made him his favorite. His vexation was renewed by the man's excessive insolence and thievishness, and he sold him to an itinerant keeper of gladiators. When, however, he was once reserved for the end of a gladiatorial show, Vitellius suddenly spirited him away, and finally on getting his province set him free. On the first day of his reign he presented him with the golden ring at a banquet, although in the morning, when there was a general demand that Asiaticus be given that honor, he had deprecated in the strongest terms such a blot on the equestrian order. <br />
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But his besetting sins were luxury and cruelty. He divided his feasts into three, sometimes into four a day, breakfast, luncheon, dinner, and a drinking bout; and he was readily able to do justice to all of them through his habit of taking emetics. Moreover, he had himself invited to each of these meals by different men on the same day, and the materials for any one of them never cost less than four hundred thousand sesterces. Most notorious of all was the dinner given by his brother to celebrate the emperor's arrival in Rome, at which two thousand of the choicest fishes and seven thousand birds are said to have been served. He himself eclipsed even this at the dedication of a platter, which on account of its enormous size he called the "Shield of Minerva, Defender of the City." In this he mingled the livers of pike, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, the tongues of flamingoes and the milt of lampreys, brought by his captains and triremes from the whole empire, from Parthia to the Spanish strait. Being besides a man of an appetite that was not only boundless, but also regardless of time or decency, he could never refrain, even when he sacrificing or making a journey, from snatching bits of meat and cakes amid the altars, almost from the very fire, and devouring them on the spot; and in the cookshops along the road, viands smoking hot or even those left over from the day before and partly consumed. <br />
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He delighted in inflicting death and torture on anyone whatsoever and for any cause whatever, putting to death several men of rank, fellow students and comrades of his, whom he had solicited to come to court by every kind of deception, all but offering them a share in the rule. This he did in various treacherous ways, even giving poison to one of them with his own hand in a glass of cold water, for which the man had called when ill of a fever. Besides he spared hardly one of the money-lenders, contractors, and tax-gatherers who had ever demanded of him the payment of a debt at Rome or of a toll on a journey. When one of these had been handed over for execution just as he was paying his morning call and at once recalled, as all were praising the emperor's mercy, Vitellius gave orders to have him killed in his presence, saying that he wished to feast his eyes. In another case he had two sons who attempted to intercede for their father put to death with him. A Roman knight also, who cried as he was being taken off to execution, "You are my heir," he compelled to show his will; and reading the one of the man's freedmen was put down as joint-heir with himself, he ordered the death both of the knight and the freedman. He even killed some of the common people, merely because they had openly spoken ill of the Blue faction, handing that they had ventured to do this from contempt of himself and the anticipation of a change of rulers. But he was especially hostile to writers of lampoons and to astrologers, and whenever any one of them was accused, he put him to death without trial, particularly incensed because after a proclamation of his in which he ordered the astrologers to leave the city and Italy before the Kalends of October, a placard was at once posted, reading: "By proclamation of the Chaldeans, God bless the State! Before the same day and date let Vitellius Germanicus have ceased to live." Moreover, when his mother died, he was suspected of having forbidden her being given food when she was ill, because a woman of the Chatti, in whom he believed as he would in an oracle, prophesied that he would rule securely and for a long time, but only if he should survive his parent. Others say that through weariness of present evils and fear of those which threatened, she asked poison of her son, and obtained it with no great difficulty. <br />
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In the eighth month of his reign the armies of the Moesian provinces and Pannonia revolted from him, and also in the provinces beyond the seas those of Judaea and Syria, the former swearing allegiance to Vespasian in his absence and the latter in his presence. Therefore, to retain the devotion and favor of the rest of the people, there was nothing that he did not lavish publicly and privately, without any limit whatever. He also held a levy in the city, promising those who volunteered not only their discharge upon his victory but also the rewards and privileges given to veterans after their regular term of service. Later, when his enemies were pressing him hard by land and sea, he opposed to them in one quarter his brother with a fleet manned by raw recruits and a band of gladiators, and in another the forces and leaders who had fought at Betriacum. And after he was everywhere either worsted or betrayed, he made a bargain with Flavius Sabinus, the brother of Vespasian, that he should have his own life and a hundred million sesterces. Thereupon he immediately declared from the steps of the Palace before his assembled soldiers, that he withdrew from the rule which had been given him against his will; but when all cried out against this, he postponed the matter, and after a night had passed, went at daybreak to the rostra in mourning garb and with many tears made the same declaration, but from a written document. <br />
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When the people and soldiers again interrupted him and besought him not to lose heart, vying with one another in promising him all their efforts in his behalf, he again took courage and by a sudden onslaught drove Sabinus and the rest of the Flavians, who no longer feared an attack, into the Capitol. Then he set fire to the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and destroyed them, viewing the battle and the fire from the house of Tiberius, where he was feasting. Not long afterwards he repented of his action and throwing the blame upon others, called an assembly and took oath, compelling the rest to do the same, that there was nothing for which he would strive more earnestly than for the public peace. Then he took a dagger from his side and offered it first to the consul, and when he refused it, to the magistrates, and then to the senators, one by one. When no one would take it, he went off as if he would place it in the temple of Concord; but when some cried out that he himself was Concord, he returned and declared that he would not only retain the steel but would also adopt the surname Concordia. He also persuaded the senate to send envoys with the Vestal virgins, to sue for peace or at least to gain time for conference. <br />
The following day, as he was waiting for a reply, word was brought by a scout that the enemy was drawing near. Then he was at once hurried into a sedan with only two companions, a baker and a cook, and secretly went to his father's house on the Aventine, intending to flee from there to Campania. Presently, on a slight and dubious rumor that peace had been granted, he allowed himself to be taken back to the Palace. Finding everything abandoned there, and that even those who were with him were making off, he put on a girdle filled with gold pieces and took refuge in the lodge of the door-keeper, tying a dog before the door and putting a couch and a mattress against it. <br />
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The foremost of the army had now forced their way in, and since no one opposed them, were ransacking everything in the usual way. They dragged Vitellius from his hiding-place and when they asked him his name (for they did not know him) and if he knew where Vitellius was, he attempted to escape them by a lie. Being soon recognized, he did not cease to beg that he be confined for a time, even in the prison, alleging that he had something to say of importance to the safety of Vespasian. But they bound his arms behind his back, put a noose about his neck, and dragged him with rent garments and half-naked to the Forum. All along the Sacred Way he was greeted with mockery and abuse, his head held back by the hair, as is common with criminals, and even the point of a sword placed under his chin, so that he could not look down but must let his face be seen. Some pelted him with dung and ordure, others called him incendiary and glutton, and some of the mob even taunted him with his bodily defects. He was in fact abnormally tall, with a face usually flushed from hard drinking, a huge belly, and one thigh crippled from being struck once upon a time by a four-horse chariot, when he was in attendance on Gaius as he was driving. At last on the Stairs of Wailing he was tortured for a long time and then dispatched and dragged off with a hook to the Tiber.<br />
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He met his death, along with his brother and his son, in the fifty-seventh year of his age, fulfilling the prediction of those who had declared from an omen which befell him at Vienna, as we have stated, that he was destined to fall into the power of some man of Gaul. For he was slain by Antonius Primus, a leader of the opposing faction, who was born at Tolosa and in his youth bore the surname Becco, which means a rooster's beak. <br />
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During his brief administration Vitellius showed indications of a desire to govern wisely, but he was completely under the control of Valens and Caecina, who for their own ends encouraged him in a course of vicious excesses which threw his better qualities into the background.<br />
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===Chronological Timeline of the Vitellii===<br />
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*After 16 January 27 BC to Before 19 August 14 AD - Quintus Vitellius, Quaestor of Augustus<br />
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*After 16 January 27 BC to Before 19 August 14 AD - Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, unquestionably a Roman knight and a steward of Augustus' property<br />
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*5 BC – Lucius Vitellius, father of Emporer Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born.<br />
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*14 AD - Publius Vitellius, son of Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, appointed a Legatus of Roman General Germanicus Caesar. <br />
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*15 AD – Roman General Germanicus Caesar appoints Publius Vitellius Commander of Legio II Augusta and Legio X14 Gemina.<br />
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*7 September 15 AD - Birth of the Emperor Aulus Vitellius Germanicus.<br />
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*31 AD - Tiberius recommended to the Senate to admit Publius Vitellius, Quintus Veranius and Quintus Servaeus to the Pontifical Order<br />
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*31 AD - Quintus Vitellius, son of Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, lost his rank at the time when it was resolved, under the suggestion of Tiberius, to depose and get rid of undesirable senators. <br />
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*31 AD - Publius Vitellius, son of Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, In the aftermath of the Sejanus conspiracy, came under discussion. He was accused by the informers of offering the keys of the military treasury, of which he was prefect, to the conspirators. Vitellius, anxious to be rid of hope and fear, asked for a pen knife on the grounds that he wished to write, incised an artery and made an end of his life.<br />
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*32 AD - Aulus Vitellius, son of Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, elected Consul with Domitius, father of the emperor Nero<br />
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*Early to Mid 30s AD – Aulus Vitellius first wed a certain Petroniana, the daughter of a Consul. <br />
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*34 AD – Lucius Vitellius appointed Consul with Quintus Fabius Paullus Persicus<br />
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*35 AD – Lucius Vitellius appointed Governor of Syria<br />
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*Spring 36 AD – Lucius Vitellius supports Tiridates. The emperor Tiberius sent a Parthian prince named Tiridates, who had been living as an exile in the Roman empire, to Parthia to replace king Artabanus II. was to support him, and seems to have done so brilliantly.<br />
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*36 AD – When Artabanus had tried to reconquer Armenia, Vitellius had ordered his legions to prepare for battle (late 35?). This was too much for the Parthian king, who backed off and accepted the new pro-Roman king of Armenia. <br />
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*36 AD – Lucius Vitellius escorted Tiridates across the Euphrates, where he was welcomed by several Parthian noblemen. <br />
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*36 AD – In Judaea, a Samaritan claimed to be Moses reincarnate and gathered an armed following. The prefect of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, intervened immediately, dispersed the crowd, and had the ringleaders executed. The Samaritans considered his violence excessive and appealed to the Syrian governor. Lucius Vitellius heard their complaints, sent Pilate back to Italy and appointed Marcellus. Pilate's co-ruler in Judaea, the high priest Joseph Joseph Caiaphas, was replaced by his brother-in-law Jonathan. <br />
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*37 AD – Arethas, the king of the Arabian principality Petra, attacked the Jewish king of Galilee, Herod Antipas. Lucius Vitellius mobilized two legions and went to Galilee; then, he went to Jerusalem to celebrate Sukkoth (September 12) and to replace the high priest Jonathan with his brother Theophilus. At that moment, a letter arrived with the news that Tiberius had died and was succeeded by Caligula. Lucius Vitellius administered the oath of allegiance, and recalled his troops, because he was not allowed to fight a war until the new emperor had sent him instructions. <br />
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*38 AD – Lucius Vitellius held a conference with king Artabanus, who did obeisance to the standards of the Syrian legions. Although Rome's own candidate had not become king, Armenia had become a satellite-state and the Parthian king acknowledged Rome's superiority. It was one of the greatest triumphs of Rome's eastern policy. <br />
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*39 AD – Lucius Vitellius was back at Rome, where he was highly regarded. When Caligula insisted that he was a god, Vitellius was the first one to give him divine honors. In 41, Caligula was murdered and succeeded by Claudius, the son of Vitellius' patron Antonia. <br />
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*40 AD – Aulus Vitellius occupied the office of Quaestor at the age of 25. <br />
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*43 AD – It is possible that Vitellius played a role during Claudius' coup, because he was rewarded with a second consulship, which he occupied with the emperor himself. <br />
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*43 AD – When Claudius left Rome to conquer Britain, Vitellius was in charge of the Roman government. <br />
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*45 AD – Aulus Vitellius occupied the office of Praetor at the age of 30. <br />
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*47 AD – Lucius Vitellius was again consul - an extraordinary honor.<br />
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*47/48 AD – Lucius Vitellius became, with Claudius, Censor. <br />
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*48 AD – Lucius and Aulus Vitellius, sons of Lucius Vitellius and Sextillion, were both Consul.<br />
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*October 48 AD – Claudius was forced to execute his wife Messalina. Lucius Vitellius remained uninvolved. Later, he invented arguments why the old rule that an uncle and his niece should not marry, did not apply to Claudius and Agrippina. <br />
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*51 AD – The new empress returned the favor: when Lucius Vitellius was involved in a lawsuit against the senator Junius Lupus, who had accused him of high treason, she made sure that Claudius exiled the accuser. <br />
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*After 51 AD – Lucius Vitellius died unexpectedly from a paralytic stroke and received a statue on the speaker's platform on the Roman Forum, with the inscription 'Of unwavering loyalty to the emperor'. <br />
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*54 AD – At the end of the reign of Claudius, Aulus Vitellius was made priest. He may have succeeded his father in the priestly college, because he died at about the same time. This was, for some time, his last career move, and it may be that he was not among the favorites of Claudius' successor Nero. <br />
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*M-50s AD – Aulus Vitellius remarried to Galeria Fundana, the daughter of a senator. <br />
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*57 AD – Aulus Vitellius held at least two priesthoods, the first as a member of the Arval Brethren, in whose rituals he participated, and the second, as one of the quindecemviri sacris faciundis, a sacred college famous for its feasts.<br />
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*60/61 AD – Aulus Vitellius was Proconsul of Tunesia (Africa)<br />
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*61/62 – Lucius Vitellius, younger brother of Aulus Vitellius, succeeds Aulus as Proconsul of Tunesia (Africa).<br />
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*61/62 – Aulus Vitellius, stayed in Tunesia as Deputy for his brother, Lucius Vitellius. <br />
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*62 AD – On his return to Rome, Aulus Vitellius was one of the accusers of Antistius Sossianus, who had written satirical poems on Nero. <br />
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*63 AD – Aulus Vitellius was Curator of the Public Works, a senatorial post concerned with the maintenance and repair of public buildings in Rome. <br />
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*65 AD – Aulus Vitellius really endeared himself to Nero.<br />
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*Summer of 68 AD – Emporer Galba appointed Aulus Vitellius as Roman commandant of Rhine and successor to Fonteius Capito, assasinated Governor of Germania Inferior.<br />
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*November AD 68 – When Aulus Vitellius reached his troops, they were already considering rebellion against the loathed emperor Galba. In particular the German armies were still angry at Galba for refusing them a reward for their part in suppressing Julius Vindex. <br />
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*1 January 69 AD – Germania Superior Legions at Mainz revolt against Emporer Galba.<br />
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*2 January 69 AD – Germania Inferior Legions (V Alaudae, I Germanica, XV Primigenia, XVI Gallica) stoned Galba's portraits and proclaimed Aulus Vitellius as Emporer. Fabius Valens, Legatus of I Germanica, entered the city of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne) at the head of the cavalry component of his legion and of its auxiliaries and greeted Aulus Vitellius as emperor. <br />
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*3 January 69 AD – Germania Superior Legions proclaimed Aulus Vitellius as Emporer<br />
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*15 January 69 AD – Praetorians, organized by Otho, declared Aulus Vitellius emperor and publicly killed Galba.<br />
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*Late January 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius sent two armies to Italy. The first one was commanded by Aulus Caecina Alienus. It consisted of XXI Rapax, large parts of IIII Macedonica and XXII Primigenia, and auxiliaries: some 30,000 men, who had to secure the road from the Upper Rhine to Avenches in Switzerland, across the Col du Grand Saint Bernard and down to Aosta and the plains of the Upper Po. He arrived in Italy in March, which was a brilliant exploit, more impressive than, for example, the famous crossing of the Alps by Hannibal. After all, the Carthaginian general had crossed a lower pass in the late autumn, whereas Caecina crossed a high pass during the winter. Vitellius' second army was commanded by the man who had persuaded him to become emperor, Fabius Valens. He took the Fifth legion Alaudae with him, plus auxiliaries and large parts of XV Primigenia, I Germanica, and XVI Gallica. This army took the road from Cologne to Trier, Metz, Langres, and Toul, where the Vitellians received good news: at Rome, Galba had panicked after he had heard the news of Vitellius' insurrection, had lost the support of the imperial guard, and was murdered near the Lacus Curtius on the Forum. He had been succeeded by Marcus Salvius Otho, who inherited the war against Vitellius. The army of Fabius Valens continued to Langres, Dyon, and Lyons, where they united with the First legion Italica and eight Batavian auxiliary units and must have received the news that the three Spanish provinces had gone over to the Vitellian side. This was not surprising, because Galba was from Spain and had been murdered by Vitellius' enemy Otho. Some of the Batavians, Rome's best soldiers, were sent to Caenina. As it turned out, Valens arrived first. Piacenza fell to the united Vitellian forces, Cremona was captured, and they built a large camp just east of the town. <br />
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*14 April 69 AD – The First Battle of Cremona. The two armies joined battle at Bedriacum. Vitellius' Fifth legion Alaudae, I Italica and XXI Rapax defeated Otho's XIII Gemina, I Adiutrix, and the imperial guard; and later, the Batavians defeated the gladiators. Vitellius, who was in Lyons, was hailed 'imperator' by his soldiers, the title given to victorious commanders. <br />
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*16 April 69 AD – The Vitellian victory was not complete, yet. After all, Otho could still rely on VII Galbiana, XI Claudia, and XIV Gemina, and the loyalty of the cities of Italy. However, the defeated emperor committed suicide. <br />
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*19 April 69 AD – The Senate recognized Aulus Vitellius as sole ruler of the Roman empire. Vitellius was at Dyon when he learned of the victory of his colonels Valens and Caenina, Otho's suicide and the recognition by the Senate. He sailed to Lyons, the capital of Roman Gaul. <br />
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*30 April AD – Aulus Vitellius accepted the so-called tribunician power, the most important sign of imperial power. He had waited until he had received permission from the Senate, an act that must have done something to make him popular with this high college. At the same time, he appointed his son, also called Vitellius, as his successor and gave him the surname he had accepted four months earlier, Germanicus. <br />
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*24 May 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius now crossed the Alps, visited Turin, and sent the eight Batavian auxiliary units back home. He also appointed Valens and Caecina as consuls. Some forty days after the battle of Cremona, Vitellius reached the battlefield. <br />
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*Late June 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius learned that the legions in the east had recognized him as emperor.<br />
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*17 July 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius arrived at Rome. He greeted his mother, who remarked that she had "given birth to a Vitellius, not to a Germanicus". Sextillion received the title Augusta, and died a few days later. <br />
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*18 July 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius accepted the titles of Augustus and Father of the Fatherland, and assumed the high priesthood, Pontifex Maximus. From now on, he was Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, three times imperator, Augustus, high priest, with tribunical powers, Father of the Fatherland. <br />
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*24 October 69 AD – Second Battle of Cremona. The battle began at about 11 o' clock. The description given by the historian Tacitus is chaotic, and we are unable to reconstruct the battle as it developed. But it is clear that the Vitellian army, which consisted of I Italica and XXI Rapax, was the first to attack, and caught the Vespasian army by surprise. However, after five hours of fighting, it was pushed back to Cremona. Now Primus told his men that the battle was over -perhaps he really believed it- and ordered them to follow the 'fleeing' enemy. At sunset, the soldiers reached the Vitellian camp, and were surprised to find the two legions prepared to continue the fight. Even worse, they discovered that the Vitellian main force had almost arrived, after a march of 45 kilometers in one day.<br />
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*17 December 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius made a limp attempt to hold the Appenine passes against Primus and Fuscus' advance. However, the army he sent forth simply went over to the enemy without a fight at Narnia on. <br />
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*18 December 69 AD – Flavius Sabinus and his supporters were dragged before Vitellius and put to death. <br />
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*20 December 69 AD – Antonius Primus captured Rome. Aulus Vitellius was carried to his wife's house on the Aventine, from where he intended to flee to Campania. But at this crucial point he strangely appeared to change his mind, and returned to the palace. With hostile troops<br />
about to storm the place everyone had wisely deserted the building. So, all alone, Vitellius tied a money-belt around his waist and disguised himself in dirty clothes and hid in the door-keepers lodge, piling up furniture against the door to prevent anyone entering. But a pile of furniture was a hardly a match for soldiers of the Danubian legions. The door was broken down a Vitellius was dragged out of the palace and through the streets of Rome. Half naked, Aulus Vitellius, Roman commandant of Rhine & 7th emperor, was hauled to the forum, tortured, murdered and thrown into the river Tiber. <br />
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*After 20 December 69 AD - Lucius and Germanicus, the brother and son of Vitellius, were slain near Terracina; the former was marching to his brother's relief.<br />
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*After 71 AD - Lucius Vitellius Tancinus, son of Mantaius, a citizen of Spain, from Caurium (Cauriensis). Caurium was a town on the Tagus river in Lusitania, in the southern half of the territory of the Vettones, now known as Coria in the southern Sierra de Gata region of western Spain, close to the Portuguese border. Also, a cavalry trooper of Ala Vettonum Civium Romanorum (The Vettonian Wing, Citizens of Rome) attached to Legio II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis, buried at Bath, England. This unit was a five-hundred strong regiment of auxiliary cavalry recruited from among the Vettones tribe who lived on the plain between the rivers Tagus and Durius in central Hispania. Their chief town was Salmantica now known as Salamanca in the southern Castilla y Leon district of central Spain, called Salmatis by Polyaenus. <br />
<br />
''Reference: http://www.roman-britain.org/places/aquae_sulis.htm#rib157'' <br />
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===Vitellii Resurgens et Nova Roma===<br />
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* 10 APR 2002 AD - Marcus Vitellius Ligus becomes civis of America Austrorientalis Provincia and a Member of the Plebian Order<br />
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* 19 AUG 2002 AD - Marcus Vitellius Ligus appointed Praefectus Fabrum for America Austrorientalis Provincia by Propraetor Lucius Sicinius Drusus.<br />
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* 15 FEB 2003 AD - Atius Vitellius Arminus becomes civis of Mediatlantica Provincia and a Member of the Plebian Order<br />
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* 16 MAY 2003 AD - Marcus Vitellius Ligus appointed Praefectus Fabrum for America Austrorientalis Provincia by Propraetor Gaius Popillius Laenas<br />
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* 21 JUN 2004 AD - Marcus Vitellius Ligus appointed Praefectus Praefectus Regio of the Florida Regio for America Austrorientalis Provincia by Propraetor Gaius Popillius Laenas<br />
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* 25 JAN 2005 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius becomes civis of America Austrorientalis Provincia and a Member of the Plebian Order<br />
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* 19 MAR 2005 AD - Sextus Vitellius Scaurus becomes civis of America Austrorientalis Provincia and a Member of the Plebeian Order<br />
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* 5 JUN 2005 AD - MAY 2009 - Lucius Vitellius Triarius appointed as Praefectus Regio Tennessee, Provincia America Austrorientalis<br />
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* 16 JUN 2005 AD - 31 MAR 2006 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius appointed as Curator aranearius, Provincia America Austrorientalis<br />
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* 2008 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius elected and served as Quaestor <br />
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* 17 JAN 2009 AD - Aulus Vitellius Celsus became citizen and member of the Plebeian Order<br />
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* 2010 AD - Aulus Vitellius Celsus elected and served as Quaestor <br />
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* 6 JAN 2010 AD - Decimus Vitellius Regulus became citizen and member of the Plebeian Order<br />
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* 2011 AD - Aulus Vitellius Celsus elected and served as Aedilis curulis<br />
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* 24 OCT 2013 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius appointed by Senate as Legatus pro praetor for Provincia Confinium austrorientalis (CAe)<br />
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* 24 OCT 2013 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius sublected to the Senate of Nova Roma<br />
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* 13 DEC 2013 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius as Legatus pro praetor for Provincia America Transappalachiana (ATA)<br />
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* 2014 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius elected and served as CAedilis curulis<br />
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* 25 JAN 2014 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius appointed as Pontifex to the Collegium Pontificum of Nova Roma<br />
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==Religio of the Vitellii==<br />
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Patron Gods of the Gens Vitellia: '''Iuppiter Optimus Maximus, Mars pater'''<br />
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* [[Lararium_of_the_Vitellii_(Nova_Roma)|Lararium of the Vitellii]]<br />
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==External Links==<br />
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* [http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/suet-vitellius-rolfe.html History of Gens Vitellia] ~ From the ancient History Sourcebook<br><br />
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* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vitellius*.html Publius Vitellius, Knight] ~ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars<br><br />
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* [http://www.doig.net/NTC11.htm Lucius Vitellius, Consul] ~ Concerning Pontius Pilate in Judea<br><br />
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* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vitellius*.html Aulus Vitellius] ~ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars<br><br />
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* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals02.html Quintus Vitellius] ~ Senator, Expusion from the Senate, Tacitus, Annals 2<br><br />
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* [http://www.rovenet.com/tno/Tacitus%2520Named%2520Officials%255Cvitellius.html%20 Publius Vitellius] ~ Legatus to General Germanicus<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/vitellius.html Aulus Vitellius Germanicus] ~ Roman Emporer (69 AD)<br><br />
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* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusHistory02.html Lucius Vitellius] ~ Brother of Emporer Vitellius, Tacitus Histories 2<br><br />
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* [http://www.godrules.net/library/flavius/flaviusb19c6.htm Proculus Vitellius] ~ Centurion, The Works of Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews<br><br />
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* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/Tacitus0248/Works/HTMLs/History/0263_Pt04_Book4.html Events Following Emporer Vitellius' Death] ~ The Works of Tacitus, Book IV<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/aquae_sulis.htm#rib157 Lucius Vitellius Tancinus] ~ Cavalryman, Ala Vettonum CR, Legio II ADPF<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/epiacum.htm Gaius Vitellius Atticanus] ~ Centurion, Legio VI Victix<br><br />
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* [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-late-imperial-roman-consuls Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus] ~ Consul with C. Vettius Gratus Sabinianus, 221 CE<br><br />
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* [http://www.domusvitellia.it/index_eng.html Domus Vitellia] ~ A Modern Guest House inside a wing of Santa Chiara's Convent in Rome<br></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Nova_Roma)Lucius Vitellius Triarius (Nova Roma)2014-09-19T06:10:32Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>{{BioHeader|name=Lucius Vitellius Triarius|id=8446}}<br />
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'''Click Here for: [[Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Nova_Roma)|Bio Page]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius|User Page]]''' | '''[[User_talk:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius|User Talk]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop|Workshop]]''' | '''[[User:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop2|Workshop2]]''' | '''[[User_talk:Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius/workshop|Workshop3]]''' <br />
{{Template:Key Path Task Force}}<br />
{{Cultus Task Force|Member}}<br />
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'''<big>Paterfamilias of the Vitellii Triarii</big>'''<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_%28Populus%29 Domus, IX Via Ostiensis, Mons Aventinus, Roma] | [mailto:lvtriarius@yahoo.com E-mail]''' <br />
*'''Election Statement: [[Election MMDCCLXVI (Nova Roma)/Lucius Vitellius Triarius|MMDCCLXVI (2013)]]'''<br />
*'''Election Statement: [[Lucius_Vitellius_Triarius_(Election_MMDCCLX)|MMDCCLX (2007)]]''' <br />
*'''Patron gods of the familia [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Category:Gens_Vitellia_(Nova_Roma) Vitellii Triarii]: [[Ianus]], [[Iuppiter|Iuppiter Optimus Maximus]], [[Mars|Pater Mars]], [[Apollo]], and the [[Dii Familiares]]''' <br />
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'''Lucius Vitellius Triarius''' was born and lives in Provincia America Transappalachiana (ATA). He currently lives in Volunum (Knoxville, Tennessee, USA). He is the paterfamilias of the domus and ''familia Vitellia Triaria'', composed of his wife, Tiberia Octavia, and their children, Tiberius, Quintus and Tiberia. He joined Nova Roma on '''{{Jan 25}}''' '''{{2005}}''' (25 January 2005 CE), and became an ''assiduus'' member of Gens Vitellia. He is a member of the Plebeian order. He is a Homo novis ("new man") and the first of the familia Vitellii Triarii to serve in the Cursus honorum, and that being in the Queasturae, assigned to the Office of Aedilis Curulus, P. Memmius Albucius in '''{{2008}} (2008).<br />
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He has had a lifelong interest in Ancient Rome, its accomplishments and failures, and how they have shaped the world that we live in today. He is convinced that the foundations and decisions the ancient Romans laid and made for us will continue to provide age-old answers to the new-age problems we will encounter in the future.<br />
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He believes that the future of Nova Roma lies in the hands of its citizenry on the local level. As a member of one of the most active provinces in the ''Res Publica'', he personally feels that in order to further develop our organization, we must meet offline, as well as online. We must forge friendships with other organizations of like interests and recruit from them. By showing a positive image to the public, we can expand our citizenry base and effectively include many other smaller Roman organizations within our realm without harming or affecting their existing structure.<br />
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He also believe that Nova Roma can and will be the model Roman organization and central meeting place for all Roman interest groups in the future, Nova Roma being the Roman enthusiast’s global daily gathering place. He supports ''cives'' working together by participating in Nova Roman events, both online and offline, as well as supporting our magistrates, lobbying our senators, and assisting our pontiffs in elevating our status in the modern Roman world.<br />
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''Favorite Quotes:''<br />
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'''"Quam bene vivas refert, non quam diu."''' (The important thing isn't how long you live, but how well you live) ~ L. Annaeus Seneca<br />
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==[[Cursus honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus honorum'']]==<br />
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[[Image:MarsetIOM_Tabula_LVT.jpg|frame|right|Dedicatio Marti et Iovi patri]]<br />
[[Image:lvt-bust.png|frame|right|Bust of Triarius "cruely copied" by Septimus Severus]]<br />
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*'''[[Aedilis curulis (Nova Roma)|Aedilis curulis]]'''<br />
:''Elected by the Comitia Populi Tributa on {{Dec 6}} (Dec 6)''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|Quaestor]]'''<br />
:''to Curule Aedile [[Publius Memmius Albucius (Nova Roma)|Publius Memmius Albucius]]''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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==Other posts==<br />
<br />
*'''[[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|Pontifex]]'''<br />
:''Appointed to the Collegium Pontificum on {{Jan 25}} (Jan 25)''<br />
:''Inaugurated on TBD''<br />
:{{2014}} - ''2014''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]'''<br />
:''Sublected to the Senate on {{Oct 24}} (Oct 24)''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
* [[Boule (Sodalitas Graeciae)|''Αρχων'']] <br />
:''Arkhon, Boule of Sodalitas Graeciae''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Factio Veneta (Nova Roma)|Dominus factionis]]'''<br />
:''Factio Veneta, the Blues''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Scriba (Nova Roma)|Scriba]]''' <br />
:''to Dominus praefectus, [[Gnaeus Iulius Caesar (Nova Roma)|Gn. Iulius Caesar]], Go Roman Program of Sodalitas Egressus''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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==Provincial posts==<br />
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*'''[[Governor (Nova Roma)|Legatus pro praetor]]'''<br />
:''for [[Provincia_America Transappalachiana_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America transappalachiana (ATA)]]''<br />
:Appointed by the Senate on {{Dec 13}} (Dec 13)<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
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*'''[[Governor (Nova Roma)|Legatus pro praetor]]'''<br />
:''for [[Provincia_Confinium_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia Confinium austrorientalis (CAe)]]''<br />
:Appointed by the Senate on {{Oct 24}} (Oct 24)<br />
:{{2013}} - ''2013''<br />
<br />
* [[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legate]] of [[Propraetor (Nova Roma)|Propraetor]] <br />
:''for [[Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America austrorientalis (AAe)]]''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
:{{2009}} - ''2009''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Curator Aranearius (Nova Roma)|Curator aranearius]]''' <br />
:''for [[Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma)|Provincia America austrorientalis (AAe)]]''<br />
:{{2005}} - ''2005''<br />
:{{2006}} - ''2006''<br />
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==Res gestae==<br />
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*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com Dominus praefectus & Founder]'''<br />
:''Mons Aventinus Online Community''<br />
:{{2007}} - ''2007''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
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*'''[http://romanspace.ning.com Dominus praefectus & Founder]'''<br />
:''RomanSpace Social Network''<br />
:{{2008}} - ''2008''<br />
<br />
*'''[http://monsaventinus.wikia.com/wikia/Roman_Times_Quarterly Form Editor]'''<br />
:''Roman Times Quarterly''<br />
:{{2009}} - ''2009''<br />
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[[Category:Factio Veneta|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Magistrates (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Gens Vitellia (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Tribus Maecia (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Provincia America Austrorientalis (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]<br />
[[Category: Provincia America Austrorientalis - Citizens (Nova Roma)|Vitellius Triarius, L.]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Gens_Vitellia_(Nova_Roma)Gens Vitellia (Nova Roma)2014-09-19T05:31:43Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>''Prepared by L. VITELLIVS TRIARIVS''<br />
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==Overview of the Gens Vitellia==<br />
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In the time of Suetonius it was disputed whether the origin of the Vitellii was ancient and noble, or recent and obscure, and even mean. The adulators of the emperor Vitellius and his enemies were the partizans of the two several opinions. The name of the Vitellii at least was ancient, and they were said to derive their descent from Faunus, king of the Aborigines, and Vitellia, as the name is in the text of Suetonius. ( Vitell. c. 1.) The family, according to tradition, went from the country of the Sabini to Rome, and was received among the Patricians. As evidence of the existence of this family (stirps), a Via Vitellia, extending from the Janiculum to the sea, is mentioned, and a Roman colonia of the same name, Vitellia, in the country of the Aequi. (Liv. v. 29, ii. 39.) The name of the Vitellii occurs among the Romans who conspired to restore the last Tarquinius, and the sister of the Vitellii was the wife of the consul Brutus. (Liv. ii.4.)<br />
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Cassius Severus and others assigned the meanest origin to the Vitellii: the founder of the stock, according to them, was a freedman. Suetonius leaves the question undecided.<br />
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Source: [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3605.html Smith]<br />
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==History of the Vitellii==<br />
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===Origins of the Vitellii===<br />
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Of the origin of the Vitellii different and widely varying accounts are given, some saying that the family was ancient and noble, others that it was new and obscure, if not of mean extraction. I should believe that these came respectively from the flatterers and detractors of the emperor, were it not for a difference of opinion about the standing of the family at a considerably earlier date. We have a book of Quintus Elogius addressed to Quintus Vitellius, Quaestor of the Deified Augustus, in which it is written that the Vitellii were sprung from Faunus, king of the Aborigines, and Vitellia, who was worshipped as a goddess in many places; and that they ruled in all Latium. That the surviving members of the family moved from the Sabine district to Rome and were enrolled among the patricians. That traces of this stock endured long afterwards in the Vitellian Road, running from the Janiculum all the way to the sea, as well as in a colony of the same name, which in ancient days the family had asked the privilege of defending against the Aequicoli with troops raised from their own line. That when afterwards a force was sent into Apulia at the time of the Samnite war, some of the Vitellii settled at Nuceria, and that after a long time their descendants returned to the city and resumed their place in the senatorial order. <br />
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On the other hand several have written that the founder of the family was a freedman, while Cassius Severus and others as well say further that he was a cobbler, and that his son, after making a considerable fortune from the sale of confiscated estates and the profession of informer, married a common strumpet, daughter of one Antiochus who kept a bakery, and became the father of a Roman knight. But this difference of opinion may be left unsettled. <br />
<br />
In any event Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, whether of ancient stock or of parents and forefathers in whom he could take no pride, unquestionably a Roman knight and a steward of Augustus' property, left four sons of high rank with the same name and differing only in their forenames: Aulus, Quintus, Publius and Lucius. Aulus, who was given to luxury and especially notorious for the magnificence of his feasts, died a consul, appointed to the office with Domitius, father of the emperor Nero. Quintus lost his rank at the time when it was resolved, under the suggestion of Tiberius, to depose and get rid of undesirable senators. Publius, a member of Germanicus' staff, arraigned Gnaeus Piso, the enemy and murderer of his commander, and secured his condemnation. Arrested among the accomplices of Sejanus, after holding the praetorship, and handed over to his own brother to be kept in confinement, he opened his veins with a penknife, but allowed himself to be bandaged and restored, not so much from unwillingness to die, as because of the entreaties of his friends; and he met a natural death while still in confinement. Lucius attained the consulate and then was made governor of Syria, where with supreme diplomacy having not only induced Artabanus, king of the Parthians, to hold a conference with him, but even to do obeisance to the standards of the legion. <br />
<br />
Later he held, with the emperor Claudius, two more regular consulships and the censorship. He also bore the charge of the empire while Claudius was away on his expedition to Britain. He was an honest and active man, but of very ill repute because of his passion for a freedwoman, which went so far that he used her spittle mixed with honey to rub on his throat and jaws as a medicine, not secretly nor seldom, but openly and every day. He had also a wonderful gift for flattery and was the first to begin to worship Gaius Caesar as a god; for on his return from Syria he did not presume to approach the emperor except with veiled head, turning himself about and then prostrating himself. To neglect no means of gaining the favor of Claudius, who was a slave to his wives and freedmen, he begged of Messalina as the highest possible favor that she would allow him to take off her shoes; and when he had taken off her right slipper, he constantly carried it about between his toga and his tunic, and sometimes kissed it. Narcissus also and Pallas he honored by cherishing their goldenthe facing Latin, however, has the facing Latin, however, has images among his household gods. It was he who made the famous remark, "May you often do it," when he was congratulating Claudius at the celebration of the Secular games.<br />
<br />
He died of a paralytic stroke on the second day after he was seized, leaving two sons, begotten of Sextillion, a most worthy woman and of no mean family, and having lived to see them consuls both in the same year, and for the whole year, since the younger succeeded the elder for six months. On his decease the senate honored him with a public funeral and with a statue on the rostra with this inscription: "Of unwavering loyalty to his emperor." <br />
<br />
The emperor Aulus Vitellius, son of Lucius, was born on the eighth day before the Kalends of October, or according to some, on the seventh day before the Ides of September, in the Consulship of Drusus Caesar and Norbanus Flaccus. His parents were so aghast at his horoscope as announced by the astrologers, that his father tried his utmost, while he lived, to prevent the assignment of any province to his son; and when he was sent to the legions and hailed as emperor, his mother immediately mourned over him as lost. He spent his boyhood and early youth at Capreae among the wantons of Tiberius, being branded for all time with the nickname Spintria and suspected of having been the cause of his father's first advancement at the expense of his own chastity. <br />
<br />
Stained by every sort of baseness as he advanced in years, he held a prominent place at court, winning the intimacy of Gaius by his devotion to driving and of Claudius by his passion for dice. But he was still dearer to Nero, not only because of these same qualities, but because of a special service besides; for when he was presiding at the contests of the Neronia and Nero wished to compete among the lyre-players, but did not venture to do so although there was a general demand for him and accordingly left the theatre, Vitellius called him back, alleging that he came as an envoy from the insistent people, and thus gave Nero a chance to yield to their entreaties. <br />
<br />
Having in this way through the favor of three emperors been honored not only with political positions but with distinguished priesthoods as well, he afterwards governed Africa as proconsul and served as curator of public works, but with varying purpose and reputation. In his province he showed exceptional integrity for two successive years, for he served as deputy to his brother, who succeeded him; but in his city offices he was said to have stolen some of the offerings and ornaments from the temples and changed others, substituting tin and brass for gold and silver. <br />
<br />
He had to wife Petronia, daughter of an ex-consul, and by her a son Petronianus, who was blind in one eye. Since this son was named as his mother's heir on condition of being freed from his father's authority, he manumitted him, but shortly afterwards killed him, according to the general belief, charging him besides with attempted parricide, and alleging that his guilty conscience had led him to drink the poison which he had mixed for his intended crime. Soon afterwards he<br />
married Galeria Fundana, daughter of an ex-praetor, and from her too he had a son and a daughter, but the former stammered so, that he was all but dumb and tongue-tied. <br />
<br />
Galba surprised everyone by sending him to Lower Germany. Some think that it was due to Titus Vinius, who had great influence at the time, and whose friendship Vitellius had long since won through their common support of the Blues. But since Galba openly declared that no men were less to be feared than those who thought of nothing but eating, and that Vitellius' bottomless gullet might be filled from the resources of the province, it is clear to anyone that he was chosen rather through contempt than favor. It is notorious that when he was about to start, he lacked means for his travelling expenses, and that his need of funds was such, that after consigning his wife and children, whom he left in Rome, to a hired garret, he let his house for the rest of the year; and that he took a valuable pearl from his mother's ear and pawned it, to defray the expenses of his journey. He had to resort to false accusation to get rid of the throng of creditors that lay in wait for him and tried to detain him, including the people of Sinuessa and of Formiae, whose public revenues he had embezzled; for he brought an action for damages against a freedman who was somewhat persistent in demanding what was due to him, alleging that he had been kicked by him, and would not let him off until he had squeezed him to the tune of fifty thousand sesterces. <br />
<br />
On his arrival the army, which was disaffected towards the emperor and inclined to mutiny, received him gladly with open arms, as if he had come to them as a gift from the gods; since he was the son of a man who had thrice been consul, in the prime of life, and of an easy-going and lavish disposition. This earlier good opinion Vitellius had also strengthened by recent acts, for throughout the march he kissed even the common soldiers whom he met, and at the posthouses and inns he was unusually affable to the mule drivers and travellers, asking each of them in the morning whether they had breakfasted and even showing by belching that he had done so. <br />
<br />
As soon as he had entered the camp, he granted every request that anyone made and even of his own accord freed those in disgrace from their penalties, defendants of suits from their mourning, and the convicted from punishment. Therefore hardly a month had passed, when the soldiers, regardless of the hour, for it was already evening, hastily took him from his bedroom, just as he was, in his common house-clothes, and hailed him as emperor. Then he was carried about the most populous villages, holding a drawn sword of the Deified Julius, which someone had taken from a shrine of Mars and handed him during the first congratulations. He did not return to headquarters until the dining-room caught fire from the stove and was ablaze; and then, when all were shocked and troubled at what seemed a bad omen, he said: "Be of good cheer; to us light is given"; and this was his only address to the soldiers. When he presently received the support of the army of the upper province too, which had previously transferred its allegiance for Galba to the senate, he eagerly accepted the surname of Germanicus, which was unanimously offered him, put off accepting the title of Augustus, and forever refused that of Caesar. <br />
<br />
Then hearing of the murder of Galba, he settled affairs in Germany and made two divisions of his forces, one to send on against Otho, and the other to lead in person. The former was greeted with a lucky omen at the start, for an eagle suddenly flew towards them from the right and after hovering about the standards, slowly preceded their line of march. But, on the contrary, when he himself began his advance, the equestrian statues which were being set up everywhere in his honor on a sudden all collapsed with broken legs, and the laurel crown which he had put on with due ceremony fell into a running stream. Later, as he was sitting in judgment on the tribunal at Vienna, a cock perched on his shoulder and then on his head. And the outcome corresponded with these omens; for he was not by his own efforts able to retain the power, which his lieutenants secured for him. <br />
<br />
He heard of the victory at Betriacum and of the death of Otho while he was still in Gaul, and without delay by a single edict he disbanded all the praetorian cohorts, as having set a pernicious example, and bade them hand over their arms to their tribunes. Furthermore, he gave orders that one hundred and twenty of them should be hunted up and punished, having found petitions which they had written to Otho, asking for a reward for services rendered in connection with Galba's murder. These acts were altogether admirable and noble, and such as to give hope that he would be a great prince, had it not been that the rest of his conduct was more in harmony with his natural disposition and his former habits of life than with imperial dignity. For when he had begun his march, he rode through the middle of the cities like a triumphing general, and on the rivers he sailed in most exquisite craft wreathed with various kinds of garlands, amid lavish entertainments, with no discipline among his household or the soldiers, making a jest of the pillage and wantonness of all his followers. For not content with the banquets which were furnished them everywhere at public expense, they set free whatever slaves they pleased, promptly paying those who remonstrated with blows and stripes, often with wounds, and sometimes with death. <br />
<br />
When he came to the plains where the battle was fought and some shuddered with horror at the mouldering corpses, he had the audacity to encourage them by the abominable saying, that the odor of a dead enemy was sweet and that of a fellow-citizen sweeter still. But nevertheless, the better to bear the awful stench, he openly drained a great draught of unmixed wine and distributed some among the troops. With equal bad taste and arrogance, gazing upon the stone inscribed to the memory of Otho, he declared that he deserved such a Mausoleum, and sent the dagger with which his rival had killed himself to the Colony of Agrippina, to be dedicated to Mars. He also held an all-night festival on the heights of the Apennines. <br />
<br />
Finally he entered the city to the sound of the trumpet, wearing a general's mantle and a sword at his side, amid standards and banners, with his staff in military cloaks and his troops with drawn swords. <br />
<br />
Then showing greater and greater disregard for the laws of gods and men, he assumed the office of high priest on the day of Allia, held elections for ten years to come, and made himself consul for life. And to leave no doubt in anyone's mind what model he chose for the government of the State, he made funerary offerings to Nero in the middle of the Campus Martius, attended by a great throng of the official priests; and when at the accompanying banquet a flute-player was received with applause, he openly urged him "to render something from the Master's Book as well"; and when he began the songs of Nero, Vitellius was the first to applaud him and even jumped for joy. <br />
<br />
Beginning in this way, he regulated the greater part of his rule wholly according to the advice and whims of the commonest of actors and chariot-drivers, and in particular of his freedman Asiaticus. This fellow had immoral relations with Vitellius in his youth, but later grew weary of him and ran away. When Vitellius came upon him selling posca at Puteoli, he put him in irons, but at once freed him again and made him his favorite. His vexation was renewed by the man's excessive insolence and thievishness, and he sold him to an itinerant keeper of gladiators. When, however, he was once reserved for the end of a gladiatorial show, Vitellius suddenly spirited him away, and finally on getting his province set him free. On the first day of his reign he presented him with the golden ring at a banquet, although in the morning, when there was a general demand that Asiaticus be given that honor, he had deprecated in the strongest terms such a blot on the equestrian order. <br />
<br />
But his besetting sins were luxury and cruelty. He divided his feasts into three, sometimes into four a day, breakfast, luncheon, dinner, and a drinking bout; and he was readily able to do justice to all of them through his habit of taking emetics. Moreover, he had himself invited to each of these meals by different men on the same day, and the materials for any one of them never cost less than four hundred thousand sesterces. Most notorious of all was the dinner given by his brother to celebrate the emperor's arrival in Rome, at which two thousand of the choicest fishes and seven thousand birds are said to have been served. He himself eclipsed even this at the dedication of a platter, which on account of its enormous size he called the "Shield of Minerva, Defender of the City." In this he mingled the livers of pike, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, the tongues of flamingoes and the milt of lampreys, brought by his captains and triremes from the whole empire, from Parthia to the Spanish strait. Being besides a man of an appetite that was not only boundless, but also regardless of time or decency, he could never refrain, even when he sacrificing or making a journey, from snatching bits of meat and cakes amid the altars, almost from the very fire, and devouring them on the spot; and in the cookshops along the road, viands smoking hot or even those left over from the day before and partly consumed. <br />
<br />
He delighted in inflicting death and torture on anyone whatsoever and for any cause whatever, putting to death several men of rank, fellow students and comrades of his, whom he had solicited to come to court by every kind of deception, all but offering them a share in the rule. This he did in various treacherous ways, even giving poison to one of them with his own hand in a glass of cold water, for which the man had called when ill of a fever. Besides he spared hardly one of the money-lenders, contractors, and tax-gatherers who had ever demanded of him the payment of a debt at Rome or of a toll on a journey. When one of these had been handed over for execution just as he was paying his morning call and at once recalled, as all were praising the emperor's mercy, Vitellius gave orders to have him killed in his presence, saying that he wished to feast his eyes. In another case he had two sons who attempted to intercede for their father put to death with him. A Roman knight also, who cried as he was being taken off to execution, "You are my heir," he compelled to show his will; and reading the one of the man's freedmen was put down as joint-heir with himself, he ordered the death both of the knight and the freedman. He even killed some of the common people, merely because they had openly spoken ill of the Blue faction, handing that they had ventured to do this from contempt of himself and the anticipation of a change of rulers. But he was especially hostile to writers of lampoons and to astrologers, and whenever any one of them was accused, he put him to death without trial, particularly incensed because after a proclamation of his in which he ordered the astrologers to leave the city and Italy before the Kalends of October, a placard was at once posted, reading: "By proclamation of the Chaldeans, God bless the State! Before the same day and date let Vitellius Germanicus have ceased to live." Moreover, when his mother died, he was suspected of having forbidden her being given food when she was ill, because a woman of the Chatti, in whom he believed as he would in an oracle, prophesied that he would rule securely and for a long time, but only if he should survive his parent. Others say that through weariness of present evils and fear of those which threatened, she asked poison of her son, and obtained it with no great difficulty. <br />
<br />
In the eighth month of his reign the armies of the Moesian provinces and Pannonia revolted from him, and also in the provinces beyond the seas those of Judaea and Syria, the former swearing allegiance to Vespasian in his absence and the latter in his presence. Therefore, to retain the devotion and favor of the rest of the people, there was nothing that he did not lavish publicly and privately, without any limit whatever. He also held a levy in the city, promising those who volunteered not only their discharge upon his victory but also the rewards and privileges given to veterans after their regular term of service. Later, when his enemies were pressing him hard by land and sea, he opposed to them in one quarter his brother with a fleet manned by raw recruits and a band of gladiators, and in another the forces and leaders who had fought at Betriacum. And after he was everywhere either worsted or betrayed, he made a bargain with Flavius Sabinus, the brother of Vespasian, that he should have his own life and a hundred million sesterces. Thereupon he immediately declared from the steps of the Palace before his assembled soldiers, that he withdrew from the rule which had been given him against his will; but when all cried out against this, he postponed the matter, and after a night had passed, went at daybreak to the rostra in mourning garb and with many tears made the same declaration, but from a written document. <br />
<br />
When the people and soldiers again interrupted him and besought him not to lose heart, vying with one another in promising him all their efforts in his behalf, he again took courage and by a sudden onslaught drove Sabinus and the rest of the Flavians, who no longer feared an attack, into the Capitol. Then he set fire to the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and destroyed them, viewing the battle and the fire from the house of Tiberius, where he was feasting. Not long afterwards he repented of his action and throwing the blame upon others, called an assembly and took oath, compelling the rest to do the same, that there was nothing for which he would strive more earnestly than for the public peace. Then he took a dagger from his side and offered it first to the consul, and when he refused it, to the magistrates, and then to the senators, one by one. When no one would take it, he went off as if he would place it in the temple of Concord; but when some cried out that he himself was Concord, he returned and declared that he would not only retain the steel but would also adopt the surname Concordia. He also persuaded the senate to send envoys with the Vestal virgins, to sue for peace or at least to gain time for conference. <br />
The following day, as he was waiting for a reply, word was brought by a scout that the enemy was drawing near. Then he was at once hurried into a sedan with only two companions, a baker and a cook, and secretly went to his father's house on the Aventine, intending to flee from there to Campania. Presently, on a slight and dubious rumor that peace had been granted, he allowed himself to be taken back to the Palace. Finding everything abandoned there, and that even those who were with him were making off, he put on a girdle filled with gold pieces and took refuge in the lodge of the door-keeper, tying a dog before the door and putting a couch and a mattress against it. <br />
<br />
The foremost of the army had now forced their way in, and since no one opposed them, were ransacking everything in the usual way. They dragged Vitellius from his hiding-place and when they asked him his name (for they did not know him) and if he knew where Vitellius was, he attempted to escape them by a lie. Being soon recognized, he did not cease to beg that he be confined for a time, even in the prison, alleging that he had something to say of importance to the safety of Vespasian. But they bound his arms behind his back, put a noose about his neck, and dragged him with rent garments and half-naked to the Forum. All along the Sacred Way he was greeted with mockery and abuse, his head held back by the hair, as is common with criminals, and even the point of a sword placed under his chin, so that he could not look down but must let his face be seen. Some pelted him with dung and ordure, others called him incendiary and glutton, and some of the mob even taunted him with his bodily defects. He was in fact abnormally tall, with a face usually flushed from hard drinking, a huge belly, and one thigh crippled from being struck once upon a time by a four-horse chariot, when he was in attendance on Gaius as he was driving. At last on the Stairs of Wailing he was tortured for a long time and then dispatched and dragged off with a hook to the Tiber.<br />
<br />
He met his death, along with his brother and his son, in the fifty-seventh year of his age, fulfilling the prediction of those who had declared from an omen which befell him at Vienna, as we have stated, that he was destined to fall into the power of some man of Gaul. For he was slain by Antonius Primus, a leader of the opposing faction, who was born at Tolosa and in his youth bore the surname Becco, which means a rooster's beak. <br />
<br />
During his brief administration Vitellius showed indications of a desire to govern wisely, but he was completely under the control of Valens and Caecina, who for their own ends encouraged him in a course of vicious excesses which threw his better qualities into the background.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Chronological Timeline of the Vitellii===<br />
<br />
After 16 January 27 BC to Before 19 August 14 AD - Quintus Vitellius, Quaestor of Augustus<br />
<br />
After 16 January 27 BC to Before 19 August 14 AD - Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, unquestionably a Roman knight and a steward of Augustus' property<br />
<br />
5 BC – Lucius Vitellius, father of Emporer Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born.<br />
<br />
14 AD - Publius Vitellius, son of Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, appointed a Legatus of Roman General Germanicus Caesar. <br />
<br />
15 AD – Roman General Germanicus Caesar appoints Publius Vitellius Commander of Legio II Augusta and Legio X14 Gemina.<br />
<br />
7 September 15 AD - Birth of the Emperor Aulus Vitellius Germanicus.<br />
<br />
31 AD - Tiberius recommended to the Senate to admit Publius Vitellius, Quintus Veranius and Quintus Servaeus to the Pontifical Order<br />
<br />
31 AD - Quintus Vitellius, son of Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, lost his rank at the time when it was resolved, under the suggestion of Tiberius, to depose and get rid of undesirable senators. <br />
<br />
31 AD - Publius Vitellius, son of Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, In the aftermath of the Sejanus conspiracy, came under discussion. He was accused by the informers of offering the keys of the military treasury, of which he was prefect, to the conspirators. Vitellius, anxious to be rid of hope and fear, asked for a pen knife on the grounds that he wished to write, incised an artery and made an end of his life.<br />
<br />
32 AD - Aulus Vitellius, son of Publius Vitellius of Nuceria, elected Consul with Domitius, father of the emperor Nero<br />
<br />
Early to Mid 30s AD – Aulus Vitellius first wed a certain Petroniana, the daughter of a Consul. <br />
<br />
34 AD – Lucius Vitellius appointed Consul with Quintus Fabius Paullus Persicus<br />
<br />
35 AD – Lucius Vitellius appointed Governor of Syria<br />
<br />
Spring 36 AD – Lucius Vitellius supports Tiridates. The emperor Tiberius sent a Parthian prince named Tiridates, who had been living as an exile in the Roman empire, to Parthia to replace king Artabanus II. was to support him, and seems to have done so brilliantly.<br />
<br />
36 AD – When Artabanus had tried to reconquer Armenia, Vitellius had ordered his legions to prepare for battle (late 35?). This was too much for the Parthian king, who backed off and accepted the new pro-Roman king of Armenia. <br />
<br />
36 AD – Lucius Vitellius escorted Tiridates across the Euphrates, where he was welcomed by several Parthian noblemen. <br />
<br />
36 AD – In Judaea, a Samaritan claimed to be Moses reincarnate and gathered an armed following. The prefect of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, intervened immediately, dispersed the crowd, and had the ringleaders executed. The Samaritans considered his violence excessive and appealed to the Syrian governor. Lucius Vitellius heard their complaints, sent Pilate back to Italy and appointed Marcellus. Pilate's co-ruler in Judaea, the high priest Joseph Joseph Caiaphas, was replaced by his brother-in-law Jonathan. <br />
<br />
37 AD – Arethas, the king of the Arabian principality Petra, attacked the Jewish king of Galilee, Herod Antipas. Lucius Vitellius mobilized two legions and went to Galilee; then, he went to Jerusalem to celebrate Sukkoth (September 12) and to replace the high priest Jonathan with his brother Theophilus. At that moment, a letter arrived with the news that Tiberius had died and was succeeded by Caligula. Lucius Vitellius administered the oath of allegiance, and recalled his troops, because he was not allowed to fight a war until the new emperor had sent him instructions. <br />
<br />
38 AD – Lucius Vitellius held a conference with king Artabanus, who did obeisance to the standards of the Syrian legions. Although Rome's own candidate had not become king, Armenia had become a satellite-state and the Parthian king acknowledged Rome's superiority. It was one of the greatest triumphs of Rome's eastern policy. <br />
<br />
39 AD – Lucius Vitellius was back at Rome, where he was highly regarded. When Caligula insisted that he was a god, Vitellius was the first one to give him divine honors. In 41, Caligula was murdered and succeeded by Claudius, the son of Vitellius' patron Antonia. <br />
<br />
40 AD – Aulus Vitellius occupied the office of Quaestor at the age of 25. <br />
<br />
43 AD – It is possible that Vitellius played a role during Claudius' coup, because he was rewarded with a second consulship, which he occupied with the emperor himself. <br />
<br />
43 AD – When Claudius left Rome to conquer Britain, Vitellius was in charge of the Roman government. <br />
<br />
45 AD – Aulus Vitellius occupied the office of Praetor at the age of 30. <br />
<br />
47 AD – Lucius Vitellius was again consul - an extraordinary honor.<br />
<br />
47/48 AD – Lucius Vitellius became, with Claudius, Censor. <br />
<br />
48 AD – Lucius and Aulus Vitellius, sons of Lucius Vitellius and Sextillion, were both Consul.<br />
<br />
October 48 AD – Claudius was forced to execute his wife Messalina. Lucius Vitellius remained uninvolved. Later, he invented arguments why the old rule that an uncle and his niece should not marry, did not apply to Claudius and Agrippina. <br />
<br />
51 AD – The new empress returned the favor: when Lucius Vitellius was involved in a lawsuit against the senator Junius Lupus, who had accused him of high treason, she made sure that Claudius exiled the accuser. <br />
<br />
After 51 AD – Lucius Vitellius died unexpectedly from a paralytic stroke and received a statue on the speaker's platform on the Roman Forum, with the inscription 'Of unwavering loyalty to the emperor'. <br />
<br />
54 AD – At the end of the reign of Claudius, Aulus Vitellius was made priest. He may have succeeded his father in the priestly college, because he died at about the same time. This was, for some time, his last career move, and it may be that he was not among the favorites of Claudius' successor Nero. <br />
<br />
M-50s AD – Aulus Vitellius remarried to Galeria Fundana, the daughter of a senator. <br />
<br />
57 AD – Aulus Vitellius held at least two priesthoods, the first as a member of the Arval Brethren, in whose rituals he participated, and the second, as one of the quindecemviri sacris faciundis, a sacred college famous for its feasts.<br />
<br />
60/61 AD – Aulus Vitellius was Proconsul of Tunesia (Africa)<br />
<br />
61/62 – Lucius Vitellius, younger brother of Aulus Vitellius, succeeds Aulus as Proconsul of Tunesia (Africa).<br />
<br />
61/62 – Aulus Vitellius, stayed in Tunesia as Deputy for his brother, Lucius Vitellius. <br />
<br />
62 AD – On his return to Rome, Aulus Vitellius was one of the accusers of Antistius Sossianus, who had written satirical poems on Nero. <br />
<br />
63 AD – Aulus Vitellius was Curator of the Public Works, a senatorial post concerned with the maintenance and repair of public buildings in Rome. <br />
<br />
65 AD – Aulus Vitellius really endeared himself to Nero.<br />
<br />
Summer of 68 AD – Emporer Galba appointed Aulus Vitellius as Roman commandant of Rhine and successor to Fonteius Capito, assasinated Governor of Germania Inferior.<br />
<br />
November AD 68 – When Aulus Vitellius reached his troops, they were already considering rebellion against the loathed emperor Galba. In particular the German armies were still angry at Galba for refusing them a reward for their part in suppressing Julius Vindex. <br />
<br />
1 January 69 AD – Germania Superior Legions at Mainz revolt against Emporer Galba.<br />
<br />
2 January 69 AD – Germania Inferior Legions (V Alaudae, I Germanica, XV Primigenia, XVI Gallica) stoned Galba's portraits and proclaimed Aulus Vitellius as Emporer. Fabius Valens, Legatus of I Germanica, entered the city of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne) at the head of the cavalry component of his legion and of its auxiliaries and greeted Aulus Vitellius as emperor. <br />
<br />
3 January 69 AD – Germania Superior Legions proclaimed Aulus Vitellius as Emporer<br />
<br />
15 January 69 AD – Praetorians, organized by Otho, declared Aulus Vitellius emperor and publicly killed Galba.<br />
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Late January 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius sent two armies to Italy. The first one was commanded by Aulus Caecina Alienus. It consisted of XXI Rapax, large parts of IIII Macedonica and XXII Primigenia, and auxiliaries: some 30,000 men, who had to secure the road from the Upper Rhine to Avenches in Switzerland, across the Col du Grand Saint Bernard and down to Aosta and the plains of the Upper Po. He arrived in Italy in March, which was a brilliant exploit, more impressive than, for example, the famous crossing of the Alps by Hannibal. After all, the Carthaginian general had crossed a lower pass in the late autumn, whereas Caecina crossed a high pass during the winter. Vitellius' second army was commanded by the man who had persuaded him to become emperor, Fabius Valens. He took the Fifth legion Alaudae with him, plus auxiliaries and large parts of XV Primigenia, I Germanica, and XVI Gallica. This army took the road from Cologne to Trier, Metz, Langres, and Toul, where the Vitellians received good news: at Rome, Galba had panicked after he had heard the news of Vitellius' insurrection, had lost the support of the imperial guard, and was murdered near the Lacus Curtius on the Forum. He had been succeeded by Marcus Salvius Otho, who inherited the war against Vitellius. The army of Fabius Valens continued to Langres, Dyon, and Lyons, where they united with the First legion Italica and eight Batavian auxiliary units and must have received the news that the three Spanish provinces had gone over to the Vitellian side. This was not surprising, because Galba was from Spain and had been murdered by Vitellius' enemy Otho. Some of the Batavians, Rome's best soldiers, were sent to Caenina. As it turned out, Valens arrived first. Piacenza fell to the united Vitellian forces, Cremona was captured, and they built a large camp just east of the town. <br />
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14 April 69 AD – The First Battle of Cremona. The two armies joined battle at Bedriacum. Vitellius' Fifth legion Alaudae, I Italica and XXI Rapax defeated Otho's XIII Gemina, I Adiutrix, and the imperial guard; and later, the Batavians defeated the gladiators. Vitellius, who was in Lyons, was hailed 'imperator' by his soldiers, the title given to victorious commanders. <br />
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16 April 69 AD – The Vitellian victory was not complete, yet. After all, Otho could still rely on VII Galbiana, XI Claudia, and XIV Gemina, and the loyalty of the cities of Italy. However, the defeated emperor committed suicide. <br />
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19 April 69 AD – The Senate recognized Aulus Vitellius as sole ruler of the Roman empire. Vitellius was at Dyon when he learned of the victory of his colonels Valens and Caenina, Otho's suicide and the recognition by the Senate. He sailed to Lyons, the capital of Roman Gaul. <br />
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30 April AD – Aulus Vitellius accepted the so-called tribunician power, the most important sign of imperial power. He had waited until he had received permission from the Senate, an act that must have done something to make him popular with this high college. At the same time, he appointed his son, also called Vitellius, as his successor and gave him the surname he had accepted four months earlier, Germanicus. <br />
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24 May 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius now crossed the Alps, visited Turin, and sent the eight Batavian auxiliary units back home. He also appointed Valens and Caecina as consuls. Some forty days after the battle of Cremona, Vitellius reached the battlefield. <br />
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Late June 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius learned that the legions in the east had recognized him as emperor.<br />
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17 July 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius arrived at Rome. He greeted his mother, who remarked that she had "given birth to a Vitellius, not to a Germanicus". Sextillion received the title Augusta, and died a few days later. <br />
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18 July 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius accepted the titles of Augustus and Father of the Fatherland, and assumed the high priesthood, Pontifex Maximus. From now on, he was Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, three times imperator, Augustus, high priest, with tribunical powers, Father of the Fatherland. <br />
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24 October 69 AD – Second Battle of Cremona. The battle began at about 11 o' clock. The description given by the historian Tacitus is chaotic, and we are unable to reconstruct the battle as it developed. But it is clear that the Vitellian army, which consisted of I Italica and XXI Rapax, was the first to attack, and caught the Vespasian army by surprise. However, after five hours of fighting, it was pushed back to Cremona. Now Primus told his men that the battle was over -perhaps he really believed it- and ordered them to follow the 'fleeing' enemy. At sunset, the soldiers reached the Vitellian camp, and were surprised to find the two legions prepared to continue the fight. Even worse, they discovered that the Vitellian main force had almost arrived, after a march of 45 kilometers in one day.<br />
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17 December 69 AD – Aulus Vitellius made a limp attempt to hold the Appenine passes against Primus and Fuscus' advance. However, the army he sent forth simply went over to the enemy without a fight at Narnia on. <br />
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18 December 69 AD – Flavius Sabinus and his supporters were dragged before Vitellius and put to death. <br />
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20 December 69 AD – Antonius Primus captured Rome. Aulus Vitellius was carried to his wife's house on the Aventine, from where he intended to flee to Campania. But at this crucial point he strangely appeared to change his mind, and returned to the palace. With hostile troops<br />
about to storm the place everyone had wisely deserted the building. So, all alone, Vitellius tied a money-belt around his waist and disguised himself in dirty clothes and hid in the door-keepers lodge, piling up furniture against the door to prevent anyone entering. But a pile of furniture was a hardly a match for soldiers of the Danubian legions. The door was broken down a Vitellius was dragged out of the palace and through the streets of Rome. Half naked, Aulus Vitellius, Roman commandant of Rhine & 7th emperor, was hauled to the forum, tortured, murdered and thrown into the river Tiber. <br />
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After 20 December 69 AD - Lucius and Germanicus, the brother and son of Vitellius, were slain near Terracina; the former was marching to his brother's relief.<br />
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After 71 AD - Lucius Vitellius Tancinus, son of Mantaius, a citizen of Spain, from Caurium (Cauriensis). Caurium was a town on the Tagus river in Lusitania, in the southern half of the territory of the Vettones, now known as Coria in the southern Sierra de Gata region of western Spain, close to the Portuguese border. Also, a cavalry trooper of Ala Vettonum Civium Romanorum (The Vettonian Wing, Citizens of Rome) attached to Legio II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis, buried at Bath, England. This unit was a five-hundred strong regiment of auxiliary cavalry recruited from among the Vettones tribe who lived on the plain between the rivers Tagus and Durius in central Hispania. Their chief town was Salmantica now known as Salamanca in the southern Castilla y Leon district of central Spain, called Salmatis by Polyaenus. <br />
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''Reference: http://www.roman-britain.org/places/aquae_sulis.htm#rib157'' <br />
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===Vitellii Resurgens et Nova Roma===<br />
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10 April 2002 AD - Marcus Vitellius Ligus becomes civis of America Austrorientalis Provincia and a Member of the Plebian Order<br />
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19 August 2002 AD - Marcus Vitellius Ligus appointed Praefectus Fabrum for America Austrorientalis Provincia by Propraetor Lucius Sicinius Drusus.<br />
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15 February 2003 AD - Atius Vitellius Arminus becomes civis of Mediatlantica Provincia and a Member of the Plebian Order<br />
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16 May 2003 AD - Marcus Vitellius Ligus appointed Praefectus Fabrum for America Austrorientalis Provincia by Propraetor Gaius Popillius Laenas<br />
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21 June 2004 AD - Marcus Vitellius Ligus appointed Praefectus Praefectus Regio of the Florida Regio for America Austrorientalis Provincia by Propraetor Gaius Popillius Laenas<br />
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25 January 2005 AD - Lucius Vitellius Triarius becomes civis of America Austrorientalis Provincia and a Member of the Plebian Order<br />
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19 March 2005 AD - Sextus Vitellius Scaurus becomes civis of America Austrorientalis Provincia and a Member of th<br />
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==Religio of the Vitellii==<br />
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Patron Gods of the Gens Vitellia: '''Iuppiter Optimus Maximus, Mars pater'''<br />
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* [[Lararium_of_the_Vitellii_(Nova_Roma)|Lararium of the Vitellii]]<br />
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==External Links==<br />
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* [http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/suet-vitellius-rolfe.html History of Gens Vitellia] ~ From the ancient History Sourcebook<br><br />
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* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vitellius*.html Publius Vitellius, Knight] ~ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars<br><br />
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* [http://www.doig.net/NTC11.htm Lucius Vitellius, Consul] ~ Concerning Pontius Pilate in Judea<br><br />
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* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vitellius*.html Aulus Vitellius] ~ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars<br><br />
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* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals02.html Quintus Vitellius] ~ Senator, Expusion from the Senate, Tacitus, Annals 2<br><br />
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* [http://www.rovenet.com/tno/Tacitus%2520Named%2520Officials%255Cvitellius.html%20 Publius Vitellius] ~ Legatus to General Germanicus<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/vitellius.html Aulus Vitellius Germanicus] ~ Roman Emporer (69 AD)<br><br />
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* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusHistory02.html Lucius Vitellius] ~ Brother of Emporer Vitellius, Tacitus Histories 2<br><br />
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* [http://www.godrules.net/library/flavius/flaviusb19c6.htm Proculus Vitellius] ~ Centurion, The Works of Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews<br><br />
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* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/Tacitus0248/Works/HTMLs/History/0263_Pt04_Book4.html Events Following Emporer Vitellius' Death] ~ The Works of Tacitus, Book IV<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/aquae_sulis.htm#rib157 Lucius Vitellius Tancinus] ~ Cavalryman, Ala Vettonum CR, Legio II ADPF<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/epiacum.htm Gaius Vitellius Atticanus] ~ Centurion, Legio VI Victix<br><br />
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* [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-late-imperial-roman-consuls Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus] ~ Consul with C. Vettius Gratus Sabinianus, 221 CE<br><br />
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* [http://www.domusvitellia.it/index_eng.html Domus Vitellia] ~ A Modern Guest House inside a wing of Santa Chiara's Convent in Rome<br></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Gens_Vitellia_(Nova_Roma)Gens Vitellia (Nova Roma)2014-09-19T05:08:21Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: Created page with "In the time of Suetonius it was disputed whether the origin of the Vitellii was ancient and noble, or recent and obscure, and even mean. The adulators of the emperor Vitellius ..."</p>
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<div>In the time of Suetonius it was disputed whether the origin of the Vitellii was ancient and noble, or recent and obscure, and even mean. The adulators of the emperor Vitellius and his enemies were the partizans of the two several opinions. The name of the Vitellii at least was ancient, and they were said to derive their descent from Faunus, king of the Aborigines, and Vitellia, as the name is in the text of Suetonius. ( Vitell. c. 1.) The family, according to tradition, went from the country of the Sabini to Rome, and was received among the Patricians. As evidence of the existence of this family (stirps), a Via Vitellia, extending from the Janiculum to the sea, is mentioned, and a Roman colonia of the same name, Vitellia, in the country of the Aequi. (Liv. v. 29, ii. 39.) The name of the Vitellii occurs among the Romans who conspired to restore the last Tarquinius, and the sister of the Vitellii was the wife of the consul Brutus. (Liv. ii.4.)<br />
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Cassius Severus and others assigned the meanest origin to the Vitellii: the founder of the stock, according to them, was a freedman. Suetonius leaves the question undecided.<br />
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Source: [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3605.html Smith]<br />
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==Religio of the Vitellii==<br />
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Patron Gods of the Gens Vitellia: '''Iuppiter Optimus Maximus, Mars pater'''<br />
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* [[Lararium_of_the_Vitellii_(Nova_Roma)|Lararium of the Vitellii]]<br />
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==History of the Vitellii==<br />
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* [http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/suet-vitellius-rolfe.html History of Gens Vitellia] ~ From the ancient History Sourcebook<br><br />
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* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vitellius*.html Publius Vitellius, Knight] ~ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars<br><br />
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* [http://www.doig.net/NTC11.htm Lucius Vitellius, Consul] ~ Concerning Pontius Pilate in Judea<br><br />
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* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vitellius*.html Aulus Vitellius] ~ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars<br><br />
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* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals02.html Quintus Vitellius] ~ Senator, Expusion from the Senate, Tacitus, Annals 2<br><br />
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* [http://www.rovenet.com/tno/Tacitus%2520Named%2520Officials%255Cvitellius.html%20 Publius Vitellius] ~ Legatus to General Germanicus<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/vitellius.html Aulus Vitellius Germanicus] ~ Roman Emporer (69 AD)<br><br />
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* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusHistory02.html Lucius Vitellius] ~ Brother of Emporer Vitellius, Tacitus Histories 2<br><br />
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* [http://www.godrules.net/library/flavius/flaviusb19c6.htm Proculus Vitellius] ~ Centurion, The Works of Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews<br><br />
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* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/Tacitus0248/Works/HTMLs/History/0263_Pt04_Book4.html Events Following Emporer Vitellius' Death] ~ The Works of Tacitus, Book IV<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/aquae_sulis.htm#rib157 Lucius Vitellius Tancinus] ~ Cavalryman, Ala Vettonum CR, Legio II ADPF<br><br />
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* [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/epiacum.htm Gaius Vitellius Atticanus] ~ Centurion, Legio VI Victix<br><br />
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* [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-late-imperial-roman-consuls Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus] ~ Consul with C. Vettius Gratus Sabinianus, 221 CE<br><br />
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* [http://www.domusvitellia.it/index_eng.html Domus Vitellia] ~ A Modern Guest House inside a wing of Santa Chiara's Convent in Rome<br></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Spotlight_on_the_Roman_DeitiesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities2014-09-19T04:50:51Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
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In the Spring we celebrated the Ludi Novi Romani, where we honored the major Roman gods and goddesses. This Ludi, we shall honor some of the lesser deities of Rome, as well as the Divine Augustus.<br />
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==Daily Lararium Rite==<br />
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In the ancient Roman world, it was traditional to make an offering twice daily, in the Morning and in the Evening. Given our modern schedules and commitments, this is not always possible, so this ritual should be used when you choose to offer one single daily ritual, instead of the Morning and Evening Rituals. You can use this sample format, adding your own prayers to the deity honored each day.<br />
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(ABLUTIO)<br />
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''Wash both hands in clean water and in capite velato pray:''<br />
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May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
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May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
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Purify my mind. <br />
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Purify my body. <br />
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Purify my heart. <br />
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It is so. <br />
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(PRAEFATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! By offering you this incense, I pray good prayers so that you may be benevolent and propitious to me, my family, and my household.<br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(PRECATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! I offer incense and pray good prayers to you, Father Ianus, so that the incense find favor with You that all things beneficient and auspicious may be with us in beginning this day; Father Apollo, that You watch over the health and healing of me, my family, and my household, and grant us good health and long life; Mother Iuno, that You watch over our family and guide us down the correct path; Mother Vesta, that Your flames always guide us to the Gods, may Your flames always warm our home and our hearts, and may all be well this day and night in the House of the (Your Family Name); Manes, Lares et Penates, may You always preserve and maintain our house and household, and may You watch over us this day and bless us with a restful sleep this night. Genius of the Paterfamilias, may You guide us to all things joyous and fortunate this day, blessing us this night with fortuitous dreams of the coming day; and, that you be benevolent and propitious to me, to my family to my household. <br />
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''Other prayers offered here.''<br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(REDDITIO) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal, as by offering to you the incense virtuous prayers were well prayed. For the sake of this be honoured by this incense. <br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is so.<br />
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(PIACULUM) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal by whatever name I may call you: if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, with the sacrificial incense I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is done!<br />
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==Ianus==<br />
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Etruscan Ani: Pater Matutinus, "breaker of the day," the oldest God, the God of gods, the Good Creator, the beginner of all things. Light, the sun, opener of the heavenly gates. As Consiuius (The Sower) He is the spouse of Juturna, goddess of springs, and father of Fontus. Janus is also spouse of Venila, a Goddess of shallow seas who is sometimes considered the wife of Neptune. As Janus Quirinus he is a god of peace, that is, peace won by the vigilent Quirites. Janus Pater the creator of 1 January and 17 August. He is called Janus Bifrons (two-faced), Janus Patulcius (the opened door during wartime), and Janus Clusivus (the closed door during peace). A minor deity of same name is a guardian of doorways. <br />
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Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors (ianua), beginnings and endings, and hence represented with a double-faced head, each looking in opposite directions. He was worshipped at the beginning of the harvest time, planting, marriage, birth, and other types of beginnings, especially the beginnings of important events in a person's life. Janus also represents the transition between primitive life and civilization, between the countryside and the city, peace and war, and the growing-up of young people. One tradition states that he came from Thessaly and that he was welcomed by Camese in Latium, where they shared a kingdom. They married and had several children, among which the river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber is named). When his wife died, Janus became the sole ruler of Latium. He sheltered Saturn when he was fleeing from Jupiter. Janus, as the first king of Latium, brought the people a time of peace and welfare; the Golden Age. He introduced money, cultivation of the fields, and the laws. After his death he was deified and became the protector of Rome. When Romulus and his associates stole the Sabine Virgins, the Sabines attacked the city. The daughter of one of the guards on the Capitoline Hill betrayed her fellow countrymen and guided the enemy into the city. They attempted to climb the hill but Janus made a hot spring erupt from the ground, and the would-be attackers fled from the city. <br />
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Ever since, the gates of his temple were kept open in times of war so the god would be ready to intervene when necessary. In times of peace the gates were closed. His most famous sanctuary was a portal on the Forum Romanum through which the Roman legionaries went to war. He also had a temple on the Forum Olitorium, and in the first century another temple was built on the Forum of Nerva. This one had four portals, called Janus Quadrifons. When Rome became a republic, only one of the royal functions survived, namely that of rex sacrorum or rex sacrificulus. His priests regularly sacrificed to him. The month of January (the eleventh Roman month) is named after him. Janus was represented with two faces, originally one face was bearded while the other was not (probably a symbol of the sun and the moon). Later both faces were bearded. In his right hand he holds a key. The double-faced head appears on many Roman coins, and around the 2nd century BCE even with four faces. <br />
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==Flora==<br />
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The goddess of blossoming flowers of spring. She had a minor temple on the Quirinalis and was given a sanctuary near the Circus Maximus in 238 BCE. The festival of the Floralia, celebrated on April 28 -May 1, existed until the 4th century CE. The Ludi Florales held in Her honor became annual games in 173 BCE, and under the empire were extended until May 3 for the Floralia. They began with theatrical performances, followed by races, and ending with sacrifices to Flora. Hares and goats were set loose, and vetches, beans, and lupines were distributed to the spectators. Flora is identified with the Greek Chloris. <br />
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==Saturnus==<br />
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'''Saturnus (Saturn or Semino)''': The Roman god of agriculture concerned with the sowing of the seeds. Titan father of the Di consentes, God of the Abundant Earth and consort of Ops. Representing the father of the gods of the pre-Italic peoples, the Ausones, He brought an earlier form of agriculture to Italy, prior to Ceres instituting grain cultivation, and ruled the earth during the Golden Age. <br />
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His main festival is the Saturnalia on 17-23 Dec. At the foot of the Capitoline His temple served as the state treasury, the aerarium Saturni. He was later identified at Rome with the Greek Cronus. Many of the Neolithic megaliths and stone walls of Italy are attributed to the "Sons of Saturnus" who were giants. He is regarded as the father of Jupiter, Ceres, Juno and many others. His wife is the goddess Ops. Jupiter supposedly chased him away and he was taken in by the god Janus in Latium where he introduced agriculture and viniculture. This event heralded a period of peace, happiness and prosperity, the Golden Age. In memory of this Golden Age, each year the Saturnalia was observed on December 17 at his temple on the Forum Romanum. This temple, below the Capitoline Hill, contained the Royal Treasury and is one of the oldest in Rome. <br />
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The Saturnalia was one of the major events of the year. Originally only one day, it was later extended to seven days. During this festival, business was suspended, the roles of master and slaves were reversed, moral restrictions were loosened and gifts were exchanged. Offerings made in his honor were done with uncovered heads, contrary to the Roman tradition. In contrast to his festival, Saturn himself was never very popular. From the 3rd century on, he was identified with the Greek Cronus, and his cult became only marginally more popular. That he ruled over the Golden Age is an extension to the Greek myth. Saturday is named after him.<br />
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==Fontanus==<br />
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In ancient Roman religion, '''Fontanus/Fontus/Fons''' (plural Fontes, "Font" or "Source") was a god of wells and springs. A religious festival called the Fontinalia was held on October 13 in his honor. Throughout the city, fountains and wellheads were adorned with garlands.<br />
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Fons was the son of Juturna and Janus. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, was supposed to have been buried near the altar of Fons (ara Fontis) on the Janiculum. William Warde Fowler observed that between 259 and 241 BC, cults were founded for Juturna, Fons, and the Tempestates, all having to do with sources of water. As a god of pure water, Fons can be placed in opposition to Liber as a god of wine identified with Bacchus.<br />
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An inscription includes Fons among a series of deities who received expiatory sacrifices by the Arval Brothers in 224 AD, when several trees in the sacred grove of Dea Dia, their chief deity, had been struck by lightning and burnt. Fons received two wethers. Fons was not among the deities depicted on coinage of the Roman Republic.<br />
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In the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, Fons is located in the second of 16 celestial regions, with Jupiter, Quirinus, Mars, the Military Lar, Juno, Lympha, and the Novensiles.<br />
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===Fons Perennis===<br />
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Water as a source of regeneration played a role in the Mithraic mysteries, and inscriptions to Fons Perennis ("Eternal Spring" or "Never-Failing Stream") have been found in mithraea. In one of the scenes of the Mithraic cycle, the god strikes a rock, which then gushes water. A Mithraic text explains that the stream was a source of life-giving water and immortal refreshment. Dedications to "inanimate entities" from Mithraic narrative ritual, such as Fons Perennis and Petra Genetrix ("Generative Rock"), treat them as divine and capable of hearing, like the nymphs and healing powers to whom these are more often made.<br />
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==Volturnus==<br />
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A god of wind and water. The Roman god of the East Wind, equal to the Greek Eurus. A river deity associated with the river Volturnus in Campania (Italy), but it could also be an ancient name for the Tiber. The Volturnalia was observed on August 27. <br />
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The etymology of Volturnus is uncertain. It is thought to derive from volvere, "to roll along or wind around". <br />
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Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the cultus deorum. Volturnus is known to have been an agricultural God, and surviving fragments show he was specifically a river God. Like other ancient Gods, his cult was overshadowed and obscured by a religious reformation, probably in the 4th century BCE. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of Rome's earliest religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure." <br />
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The name Volturnus suggests a connection with the port of Volturnum (now Capua). Volturnum was a settlement of the Oscans, and later of the Etruscans. The city is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. The Romans built a fort at Volturum for provisioning the army, and in 194 BCE established a colony there. <br />
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Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome in the 2nd century BCE. Such removals of conquered Gods to Rome were commonplace. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. <br />
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No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a numen, and therefore never acquired personal characteristics. <br />
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Classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) believed Volturnus was the cult name for the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. His reasoning is straightforward: surviving fragments show Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, that river must have been the Tiber. Mommsen's view influenced generations of scholars, and is still presented as a fact in popular materials. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The God of the Tiber river was almost certainly named 'Tiberinus' by the Latins, while the Volturno is a river in Campania. Following an influential article by Joel Le Gall in 1953, the identification of Volturnus with Tiberinus was largely abandoned by the scholarly community. A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno. <br />
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Mommsen also identified Volturnus with Portunus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo." Portunus was a God of harbors.<br />
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Vertumnus was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort Voltumna, whom the Romans equated with Pomona, was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus and Varro – “though neither recognise the relation in this case." The correspondence has not gained acceptance. <br />
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Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts." From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with Vulturnus, one of the Venti. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur). Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds. However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind, and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought. <br />
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No consorts or children of Volturnus are known. Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<br />
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Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa Pompilius. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. Like other flamines minores, the Flamen Volturnalis could be either patrician or plebeian. <br />
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The festival of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on a.d. VI Kal. Sep. and belonged to the Numan calendar. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information." Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the Iuturnalia, a.d. III Id. Ian.<br />
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A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua. A representation of a man having a fish offered to him survives at Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus. Other scholars believe it represents Volturnus. More probably, it represents Volcanus. Small live fish were thrown into a fire as a sacrificial offering at the Volcanalia. <br />
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==Pales==<br />
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Pales was a Roman divinity of flocks and shepherds, and is described by some as a male, and by others as a female divinity; whence some modern writers have inferred that Pales was a combination of both sexes; but, such a monstrosity is altogether foreign to the religion of the Romans. (Verg. A. 3.1, 297, Georg. 3.1; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 5.35; Ov. Fast. 4.721, 746, 766; Dionys. A. R. 1.88 ; Athen. 8.361.) <br />
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The name seems to be connected with Palatinus, the centre of all the earliest legends of Rome, and the god himself was with the Romans the embodiment of the same idea as Pan among the Greeks. <br />
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The Parilia was the ancient Roman festival celebrated annually on April 21 in honour of the god and goddess Pales, the protectors of flocks and herds. According to later tradition, April 21 was the day on which Romulus began building the city of Rome and was thus celebrated as the dies natalis of the city. <br />
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Some of the rites performed at the festival of Pales would indeed seem to indicate, that the divinity was a female character; but besides the express statements to the contrary (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 3.1; Arnob. ad v. Gent. 3.23; Martian. cap. i. p. 27), there also are other reasons for believing that Pales was a male divinity. <br />
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The festival, basically a purification rite for herdsmen, beasts, and stalls, was at first celebrated by the early kings of Rome, later by the pontifex maximus, or chief priest. The Vestal Virgins opened the festival by distributing straw and the ashes and blood of sacrificial animals. Ritual cleaning, anointment, and adornment of herds and stalls followed, together with offerings of simple foods. On that day large fires were made through which they drove the cattle. The celebrants jumped over a bonfire three times to complete the purification, and an open-air feast ended the festival.<br />
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Another festival to Pales, apparently dedicated "to the two Pales" (Palibus duobus) was held on July 7. <br />
Marcus Atilius Regulus built a temple to Pales in Rome following his victory over the Salentini in 267 BC. It is generally thought to have been located on the Palatine Hill, but, being a victory monument, it may have been located on the route of the triumphal procession, either on the Campus Martius or the Aventine Hill. <br />
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==Furrina==<br />
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Furrina (not Furina), was an ancient Roman goddess whose function had become obscure by the time of Varro. Her cult dated to the earliest period of Roman religious history, since she was one of the fifteen deities who had their own flamen, the Furrinalis, one of the flamines minores. There is some evidence that Furrina was associated with water.<br />
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She is not considered to be the same deity as Furina, the Roman goddess of thieves and highway bandits. <br />
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Furrina was a goddess of springs, her name being related to the Indoeuropean root *bhr-u-n, Skr. bhurvan, indicating the moving or bubbling of water, cognate to Gothic brunna spring, Latin fervēre, from *fruur > furr by metathesis of the vowel, meaning to bubble or boil. Compare English "fervent", "effervescent" and Latin defruutum, boiled wine.<br />
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The goddess had a sacred spring and a shrine in Rome, located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Janiculum, on the right bank of the Tiber. The site has survived to the present day in the form of a grove, included within the gardens of Villa Sciarra. Excavations on the site conducted in 1910 identified a well and a system of underground channels, as well as some inscriptions dedicated to Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Agatis, and the nymphae furrinae. However these findings look to be of a later date (2nd century CE) and perhaps the well is not the original spring. Gaius Gracchus was killed in the Grove of Furrina.<br />
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According to Cicero another sanctuary dedicated to the cult of Furrina was located near Satricum. This place was not the most widely known one but a hamlet near Arpinum.<br />
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Furrina's festival was the Furrinalia on July 25. On the Roman calendar, festivals separated by an interval of three days were interconnected and belonged to the same function. In the second half of July, the two Lucaria occur on the 19th and 17th, with the Neptunalia on the 23rd and the Furrinalia on the 25th. This grouping is devoted to woods and running waters, which are intended as a shelter and a relief from the heat of the season, the canicula.<br />
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According to Martianus Capella, Furrina is a low ranking deity who has her seat just above the mountain peaks.<br />
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==Iuppiter==<br />
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Among the ancient Romans, Iuppiter was the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife). The Romans worshipped him especially as Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove. He had a temple on the Capitoline, together with Juno and Minerva, but he was the most prominent of this Capitoline triad. <br />
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His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came here to give their thanks. <br />
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Iuppiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger. Iuppiter is completely identical with the Greek Zeus.<br />
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===Iuppiter Latiaris and Feriae Latinae===<br />
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The cult of Iuppiter Latiaris was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the Mons Albanus on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of Alba Longa.<br />
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After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (nundinae). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt. The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome.<br />
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The feriae Latinae, or Latiar as they were known originally, were the common festival (panegyris) of the so-called Priscan Latins and of the Albans. Their restoration aimed at grounding Roman hegemony in this ancestral religious tradition of the Latins. The original cult was reinstated unchanged as is testified by some archaic features of the ritual: the exclusion of wine from the sacrifice the offers of milk and cheese and the ritual use of rocking among the games. <br />
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Rocking is one of the most ancient rites mimicking ascent to Heaven and is very widespread. At the Latiar the rocking took place on a tree and the winner was of course the one who had swung the highest. This rite was said to have been instituted by the Albans to commemorate the disappearance of king Latinus, in the battle against Mezentius king of Caere: the rite symbolised a search for him both on earth and in heaven. The rocking as well as the customary drinking of milk was also considered to commemorate and ritually reinstate infancy. The Romans in the last form of the rite brought the sacrificial ox from Rome and every participant was bestowed a portion of the meat, rite known as carnem petere. Other games were held in every participant borough. <br />
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In Rome a race of chariots (quadrigae) was held starting from the Capitol: the winner drank a liquor made with absynth. This competition has been compared to the Vedic rite of the vajapeya: in it seventeen chariots run a phoney race which must be won by the king in order to allow him to drink a cup of madhu, i. e. soma. The feasting lasted for at least four days, possibly six according to Niebuhr, one day for each of the six Latin and Alban decuriae. According to different records 47 or 53 boroughs took part in the festival (the listed names too differ in Pliny NH III 69 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus AR V 61). The Latiar became an important feature of Roman political life as they were feriae conceptivae, i. e. their date varied each year: the consuls and the highest magistrates were required to attend shortly after the beginning of the administration, originally on the Ides of March: the Feriae usually took place in early April. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the Latiar had to be wholly repeated. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the decemvirs. Wissowa remarks the inner linkage of the temple of the Mons Albanus with that of the Capitol apparent in the common association with the rite of the triumph: since 231 BC some triumphing commanders had triumphed there first with the same legal features as in Rome.<br />
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===The Games to Iuppiter===<br />
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The Ides of each month are sacred to Iuppiter, and there were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Iuppiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13. In the 3rd century BC, the epulum Iovis became similar to a lectisternium.<br />
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The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a dies ater, or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not nefas) the two Epula Iovis of September and November.<br />
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The games of September were named Ludi Magni; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual Ludi Romani and were held in the Circus Maximus after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus, and linked to the cult of Iuppiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the triumph, which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the triumphator and the pompa circensis resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).<br />
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The Ludi Plebei took place in November in the Circus Flaminius. Mommsen argued that the epulum of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient. The Ludi Plebei were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Iuppiter is attested by Cicero.<br />
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===The Temple of Iuppiter===<br />
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The temple of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus stood on the Capitoline Hill. Iuppiter was worshiped there as an individual deity, and with Juno and Minerva as part of the Capitoline Triad. The building was supposedly begun by king Tarquinius Priscus, completed by the last king (Tarquinius Superbus) and inaugurated in the early days of the Roman Republic (September 13, 509 BC). It was topped with the statues of four horses drawing a quadriga, with Iuppiter as charioteer. A large statue of Iuppiter stood within; on festival days, its face was painted red. In (or near) this temple was the Iuppiter Lapis: the Iuppiter Stone, on which oaths could be sworn.<br />
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Iuppiter was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove," that many people use today. <br />
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==Carmenta==<br />
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Carmentis or Carmenta, (one of the Camenae), goddess of childbirth and prophecy, a goddess of charms and spells. Her soothing words ease the pains of women in labor, heal the ills of childhood, foretell the futures of brides and that of their children. The main festivals of Carmentis, the Carmentalia occur on a.d. III Id. Ian. ‡ and a.d. XVIII Kal. Feb. ‡, the first day celebrating the dedication of her sacred grove by Numa Pompilius. However, each month rites are also performed for her. Carmentis was also the mother of Evander, who played a part in the story of Hercules in Italy. <br />
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The area of the city immediately south of the Capitoline Hill held significant importance in the early developments of the religio Romana. It was here, near the Tiber, in the sacred grove of Carmentis that King Numa Pompilius would meet with the nympha Egeria, who instructed him on how to consult with the Gods. Her cultus seems to have been one of the earliest in the City. <br />
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One aspect that we know about the cultus of Carmentis was that no leather was permitted inside her sacred grove. It meant that She was to be approached while barefoot, as was also the case in some rites performed for Ceres and other goddesses. Where we hear of worship made while barefoot it usually refers only to women, and the cultus of Carmentis was primarily a women's cultus. The prohibition against leather also meant that no blood sacrifices were to be performed in the sacred grove of Carmentis. One reason for that was that her cultus related to childbirth. We see the reason given for this with the ceremony to a person's genius or juno on his or her birthday, "For on the day when they had received life, they did not want to deprive another life." <br />
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This was even carried over into the celebrations held for the birth of the City at Parilia. "In the beginning, so it is said, they sacrificed no living creature, but thought that they should keep pure and bloodless the festival commemorating the birth of their country." Augures also, who rites were established by Numa, supposedly were not to perform blood sacrifices lest they should pollute themselves. Another aspect of her cultus was that it probably used milk rather than wine as a libation. That is not certain, but, first, her cultus supposedly went back to the time of Romulus. "Romulus poured libations of milk, not wine; proof of this lies in rites established by him that preserve this custom today." Also women were generally prohibited from using wine, and again the cultus of Carmentis was primarily performed by women. Another probable aspect was that her cultus would have prohibited use of iron inside her grove or for her rites. Such a prohibition is known in the case of rites held for Ceres, and it appe<br />
ars in the temple rules at other locations. Such a prohibition may refer to the antiquity of a cultus, where bronze implements were preferred as the material for ritual tools. On the other hand iron was specified in the cultus of Mars. Iron was associated with war and death and thus, like blood sacrifices, would have been inappropriate in a cultus concerned mainly with childbirth. We see these two prohibitions come together, along with another against performing rights for the dead, in a dedication inscription. <br />
<br />
:"Into this locus nothing made of cast metal may be brought and no carcasses may be <br />
:projected over its altars, and no sacrifices may be made for deceased parents. If against <br />
:this rule a small altar is set up, then it will be permitted for a magistrate to hand down <br />
:any judgement and set whatever fines he may wish (ILS 4912)." <br />
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We may get some idea on what was permitted in her cultus by considering these various prohibitions. <br />
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:"Formerly what served to reconcile gods and men was spelt and pure salt's glistening grain. … A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites." <br />
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The more ancient a cultus, the simpler and more native offerings were to be used. Flowers and herbs, fruits and vegetables that were locally grown rather than exotic plants that were later introduced into Rome. This would have been the same with incense used in her rites. Not cinnamon or nard, myrrh or frankincense that came from distant lands. Instead bay laurel would have been used, and other trees among the arbores felices. This played in again with the prohibition against blood sacrifices in her cultus, since "it is forbidden to pollute laurel... even for making a fire at altars and shrines when divinities are to be propitiated." <br />
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Another tree that may have been used in her cultus was the "Sabine herb," a juniper, due to the association with Numa, a Sabine king, and its use in other women's rites. Grain, salt, milk, honey, and bread were offerings likely used in her cultus, and as in the culti deorum of other deities, the shape of breads used in rites for Carmentis may have been unique to her cultus. <br />
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Among all of the culti deorum celebrated at Rome under the Res Publica Libera, the cultus Carmentis seems to have been unique in its prohibition against all immolationes (blood sacrifices) and anything that would be associated with the slaughtering of animals. This was due to the nature of the cultus having been devoted to a goddess primarily associated with childbirth, and also due to its having been a very ancient cultus and one associated with Numa Pompilius. It was also characterized by the fact that mostly women participated in the cultus of Carmenta, with the exception of Carmentalia when the flamen Carmentalis led her rites, assisted by the Pontifices. Some of the other features of sacrifices made to her are not known, but we can refer to the nature of her cultus.<br />
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==Pomona==<br />
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Pomona was a Roman goddess who was the keeper of orchards and fruit trees, and her festival, which she shared with her husband Vertumnus, was always on August 13th. Pomona watches over and protects fruit trees and cares for their cultivation, and Her name is from the Latin ''pomum'', "fruit," specifically orchard fruit. "Pomme" is the French word for "apple". She was said to be a wood nymph.<br />
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Pomona was among the Numina, guardian spirits of Roman mythology, who watched over people, places, or homes. The Numina are, in essence, the holy spirits of place, from which the word "numinous" derives. Pomona protected and inspired the abundance of the fruitful gardens and orchards. She had her own priest in Rome, called the Flamen Pomonalis. A grove sacred to her was called the Pomonal, located not far from Ostia, the ancient port of Rome. <br />
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Unlike many other agricultural deities, Pomona is not associated with the harvest itself, but with the flourishing of fruit trees. She is usually portrayed bearing a cornucopia or a tray of blossoming fruit. She doesn’t appear to have had any Greek counterpart at all, and is uniquely Roman.<br />
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In Ovid's writings, Pomona is a virginal wood nymph who rejected several suitors before finally marrying Vertumnus - and the only reason she married him was because he disguised himself as an old woman, and then offered Pomona advice on who she should marry. Vertumnus turned out to be quite lusty, and so the two of them are responsible for the prolific nature of apple trees. Pomona doesn't appear very often in mythology.<br />
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Despite her being a rather obscure deity, Pomona's likeness appears many times in classical art, including paintings by Rubens and Rembrandt, and a number of sculptures. She is typically represented as a lovely maiden with an armful of fruit and a pruning knife in one hand. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Professor Sprout, the teacher of Herbology -- the study of magical plants -- is named Pomona.<br />
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A statue of Pomona a set atop the Pulitzer Fountain in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza in New York. There is a statue of Pomona in Reykjavik, Iceland: just north of the BSI Bus Station, in the little park bordered by Gamla Hringbraut and Laufasvegur streets. Pomona is briefly mentioned in C. S. Lewis's children's book Prince Caspian.<br />
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===A Pomonal Tale===<br />
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I know the ways of apple and almond, pear and pomegranate, the netted cherry and the sanguine mulberry. I know the secrets of grafting scion to stock, and the perfect moment of the ripeness of a peach. I have picked off beetles and set traps for caterpillars, chased away deer and outsmarted squirrels. I know how to encourage rooting by placing a wheat seed in the split stem of a cutting, and how to prune a rose to produce the most hips. I water my fruit-trees deeply and feed them well, and they reward me with luxuriant health and an abundant harvest, so that my walled orchard is truly Paradise.<br />
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Somehow, however, it got around that I was unmarried. Since apparently this was not to be borne by the men of my country, I was beseiged with suitors, plentiful and persistent. As if I have time! All the wild and uncultivated men of the world came to my door then, woodsmen and hunters, sheperds and satyrs—even Silenos, that tipsy old goat, made his bid for my hand, though him I turned him down with kindness.<br />
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You'd think they would put it together that I was unavailable. I believe now my refusals must have made me an irresistible challenge, but at the time all I knew was aggravation and frustration—couldn't they leave me to my work?<br />
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They were so hopeful.<br />
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A farm boy came one spring day, peeping over my fence, watching me as I worked. He finally got up his courage and asked if he could marry me, a ridiculous proposition. I turned him down gently, for I felt rather sorry for him. He was just so young!<br />
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Next a plowman came to observe me over the wall with his old eyes the color of earth, promising to be my faithful husband. He too, I sent away.<br />
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Then came a gardener, stationed in the same spot by the wall, watching me dig a new bed for the apple seedlings. How he could find me attractive at that time was beyond me—my face was pink and smirched, my hair knotted in a scarf any old way, fingernails dirty, clothes spattered with the muck I had been kneeling in—how marriageable could I possibly have seemed? But he, like all the others, asked for my hand in marriage, and incredulous, I said no.<br />
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"Lady", he said then, "it has been three times now that I have asked to be your husband. What will it take to win you?"<br />
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Oh really! Well. I looked at him warily and said, "Show me who you are."<br />
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Then the light shifted and I saw him clearly—a young man all in green, his body lean and lithe with hard work, his curling hair dark as the new-turned soil in spring, his hands capable and callused and generous, smiling at me with a gentle openness in his face. Well then. He was certainly pretty, and I'll even go so far as to admit I was tempted, but…<br />
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Then he asked what variety of apple I was planting in the bed I had turned. How did he know I was planting apples there? Did I think that dates were worth growing this far north, given how difficult it was to winter them over? Had I had any luck with persea-fruit? At that I tossed him a persea-fruit from a basket; then I brought him to my date palms, small but healthy in their sheltered spot on the south side of the wall. He showed me a trick to make sour cherries sweeter; I showed him how to double their yield. We agreed about grafting, argued about pruning, and discussed rootstocks for pears; then he told me of his love for the smell of the warm moist earth and the feel of the soil in his hands, the abiding wonder he felt each time he planted a seed, and the amazement and privilege he experienced in tending to flowering and fruiting life.<br />
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Well! Why hadn't he said that in the first place?<br />
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''Ref: http://www.thaliatook.com/AMGG/pomonatale.php''<br />
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==Portunus==<br />
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Father Portunus was an ancient Roman god, already on the archaic religion, to whom are granted the gates (porta), the harbours (portus), and more precisely the river harbour of Rome called portus Tiberinus, near the Forum Boarium where still today stands his temple. His name also is written Portumnus. As the twelve other deities which each has his own flamen, Portunus is a local god of Rome and certainly a river god. <br />
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He shares some characteristics with Janus, the god of the house-doors ("janua"), while "porta" is rather gate, or town-doors. Both have as emblem the keys, offerred on August 17, during the celebrations of the god Portunus, the Portunalia, to bless the homes. Portunus also is depicted with an anchor. <br />
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Portunus also has to watch over the wheat stocking in the warehouses of Rome, perhaps invoked during the food retailing (annona), as supposes his representation on the Benevent Arch, where Portunus is hailed by the emperor Trajanus, which increased the Ostia harbour in size and took care in free wheat retailing to the beneficiary Roman citizens. <br />
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Portunus is Mater Matuta's son, the goddess which protects the Roman matrons and is honoured during the Matralia on june 11th, since Mater Matuta (Aurora) was assimilated to the Greek goddess Leucothea (The white goddess), former Ino, who were the mother of the marine deity Palaemon, assimilated to Portunus. <br />
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The antiquity of Portunus, his early character into the cults of the city and his originality are inferred from his name, his yearly festival and his flamen. His temple, near the Forum Boarium "Cattle market", where also were celebrated the Portunalia on August 17, and the portus Tiberinus is still standing. <br />
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You can see it near the Aemilius pons (ponte Rotto). The street to the port, called vicus Lucceius, went by the Porta Flumentana, in the Servian Wall, then passed between the Temple of Portunus and the Portus Tiberinus. This was the place of the processions and the ceremonies of the Portunalia, each August 17 (a.d. XVI Kal. Septembres). <br />
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The Portunalia are celebrated on a.d. XVI Kal. Sep. ‡ , the day when the temple of Portunus was consecrated. "Portunalia dicta a Portuno, cui eo die aedes in portu Tiberino facta et feriae institutae" (The Portunalia are named after Portunus, to whom on that day a temple in the Tiber port was made and consecrated.) <br />
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'''Poetry and literature'''<br />
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Portunus is assimilated by poets, Vergil and Ovid, to the Greek marine deity ''Melicertes/Palaemon''. <br />
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:'''Leucothea Grais, Matuta vocabere nostris;''' <br />
:'''In Portus nato jus erit omne tuo:'''<br />
:'''Quem nos Portunum, sua lingua Palaemona dicet.'''<br />
:'''Ite, precor, nostris uterque locis!''' <br />
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For his epithet "Father", see Aeneid V,241: <br />
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:'''Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euntem''' <br />
:'''Impulit...''' <br />
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See also: <br />
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'''Orphic Hymn 75 to Palaemon''' (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.): <br />
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:'''"To Palaimon, Fumigation from Manna. O nursed with Dionysos, doomed to keep thy dwelling in the widely spreading deep; with joyful aspect to my prayer incline, propitious come, and bless the rites divine; thy mystics through the earth and sea attend, and from old sea’s stormy waves defend: for ships their safety ever owe to thee, who wanderest with them through the raging sea. Come, guardian power, whom mortal tribes desire, and far avert the deep’s destructive ire."''' <br />
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'''Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4. 31''' ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.): <br />
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:'''"Shaggy Portunus sporting his blue-green beard... and Palaemon, the little charioteer on his dolphin."''' <br />
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==Quirinus==<br />
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Quirinus is the deified Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was served by the Flamen Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His festival, the Quirinalis, was celebrated February 17. <br />
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He was son of Mars and Rhea Silvia. His mother was a descendant of Aeneas. His consort and cult partner was Hora. <br />
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Quirinus was originally a Sabine god of storms and thunder. He was assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the Quirinal, a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times. <br />
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The festival of Quirinus, called the Quirinalia was celebrated on a.d. XIII Kal. Mar. ‡. However, very little is known about his cult. <br />
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An old Roman deity whose origin is uncertain. He was worshipped by the Sabines, an old Italian people who lived north-east of Rome. They had a fortified settlement near Rome, the Quirinal, which was named after their god. Later, when Rome expanded, this settlement was absorbed by the city, and Quirinus became, together with Jupiter and Mars, the god of the state. The Quirinalis, one of the Roman hills, was named after him. His consort is Hora. He was usually depicted as a bearded man who wears clothing that is part clerical and part military. His sacred plant is the myrtle. His festival, the Quirinalia, was celebrated on February 17. Romulus was also identified with Quirinus, especially in the late-Roman era.<br />
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The Roman name for the Sabine Curis who founded the Sabine capital of Cures. He is the Oscan Kurrenui, identified at Rome as the apotheotic Romulus, and regarded by some as another form of Mars as Romulus is His son. He was likely a war god, protector, and defender of cities among the Sabines, later becoming a kind of God of War in times of peace, vigilant defense. Mars was originally more an agricultural God, only later becoming warlike. Since the armies of both Rome and the Sabines were originally composed of gentry, both Mars and Quirinus are connected to war and agriculture.<br />
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''Additional contribution by Marcus Æmilius Agricola, Sacerdos Quirinalis:'' <br />
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Romulus, who was the son of Mars and Rhea Sylvia, was, after his assumption, deifed and assimilated to Qvirinvs. With Jvpiter and Mars, Qvirinvs constituted the archaic triad representing the three indo-european functions, respectively sovreignity, defence and war and fecundity. This archaic triad was later substituted by Jupiter, Minerva, Jvno with the same acceptation.<br />
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The word Qvirinvs comes from CO VIRI, MEN TOGETHER, representing the whole people of Rome (Georges Dumézil).<br />
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==Augustus==<br />
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''From the Annals by Tacitus, Written 109 CE''<br />
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On the first day of the Senate he (Tiberius) allowed nothing to be discussed but the funeral of Augustus, whose will, which was brought in by the Vestal Virgins, named as his heirs Tiberius and Livia. The latter was to be admitted into the Julian family with the name of Augusta; next in expectation were the grand and great-grandchildren. In the third place, he had named the chief men of the State, most of whom he hated, simply out of ostentation and to win credit with posterity. His legacies were not beyond the scale of a private citizen, except a bequest of forty-three million five hundred thousand sesterces "to the people and populace of Rome," of one thousand to every praetorian soldier, and of three hundred to every man in the legionary cohorts composed of Roman citizens. <br />
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Next followed a deliberation about funeral honours. Of these the most imposing were thought fitting. The procession was to be conducted through "the gate of triumph," on the motion of Gallus Asinius; the titles of the laws passed, the names of the nations conquered by Augustus were to be borne in front, on that of Lucius Arruntius. Messala Valerius further proposed that the oath of allegiance to Tiberius should be yearly renewed, and when Tiberius asked him whether it was at his bidding that he had brought forward this motion, he replied that he had proposed it spontaneously, and that in whatever concerned the State he would use only his own discretion, even at the risk of offending. This was the only style of adulation which yet remained. The Senators unanimously exclaimed that the body ought to be borne on their shoulders to the funeral pile. The emperor left the point to them with disdainful moderation, he then admonished the people by a proclamation not to indulge in that tumultuous enthusiasm which had distracted the funeral of the Divine Julius, or express a wish that Augustus should be burnt in the Forum instead of in his appointed resting-place in the Campus Martius. <br />
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On the day of the funeral soldiers stood round as a guard, amid much ridicule from those who had either themselves witnessed or who had heard from their parents of the famous day when slavery was still something fresh, and freedom had been resought in vain, when the slaying of Caesar, the Dictator, seemed to some the vilest, to others, the most glorious of deeds. "Now," they said, "an aged sovereign, whose power had lasted long, who had provided his heirs with abundant means to coerce the State, requires forsooth the defence of soldiers that his burial may be undisturbed." <br />
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Then followed much talk about Augustus himself, and many expressed an idle wonder that the same day marked the beginning of his assumption of empire and the close of his life, and, again, that he had ended his days at Nola in the same house and room as his father Octavius. People extolled too the number of his consulships, in which he had equalled Valerius Corvus and Caius Marius combined, the continuance for thirty-seven years of the tribunitian power, the title of Imperator twenty-one times earned, and his other honours which had either frequently repeated or were wholly new. Sensible men, however, spoke variously of his life with praise and censure. Some said "that dutiful feeling towards a father, and the necessities of the State in which laws had then no place, drove him into civil war, which can neither be planned nor conducted on any right principles. He had often yielded to Antonius, while he was taking vengeance on his father's murderers, often also to Lepidus. When the latter sank into feeble dotage and the former had been ruined by his profligacy, the only remedy for his distracted country was the rule of a single man. Yet the State had been organized under the name neither of a kingdom nor a dictatorship, but under that of a prince. The ocean and remote rivers were the boundaries of the empire; the legions, provinces, fleets, all things were linked together; there was law for the citizens; there was respect shown to the allies. The capital had been embellished on a grand scale; only in a few instances had he resorted to force, simply to secure general tranquillity." <br />
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It was said, on the other hand, "that filial duty and State necessity were merely assumed as a mask. It was really from a lust of sovereignty that he had excited the veterans by bribery, had, when a young man and a subject, raised an army, tampered with the Consul's legions, and feigned an attachment to the faction of Pompeius. Then, when by a decree of the Senate he had usurped the high functions and authority of Praetor when Hirtius and Pansa were slain- whether they were destroyed by the enemy, or Pansa by poison infused into a wound, Hirtius by his own soldiers and Caesar's treacherous machinations- he at once possessed himself of both their armies, wrested the consulate from a reluctant Senate, and turned against the State the arms with which he had been intrusted against Antonius. Citizens were proscribed, lands divided, without so much as the approval of those who executed these deeds. Even granting that the deaths of Cassius and of the Bruti were sacrifices to a hereditary enmity (though duty requires us to waive private feuds for the sake of the public welfare), still Pompeius had been deluded by the phantom of peace, and Lepidus by the mask of friendship. Subsequently, Antonius had been lured on by the treaties of Tarentum and Brundisium, and by his marriage with the sister, and paid by his death the penalty of a treacherous alliance. No doubt, there was peace after all this, but it was a peace stained with blood; there were the disasters of Lollius and Varus, the murders at Rome of the Varros, Egnatii, and Juli." <br />
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The domestic life too of Augustus was not spared. "Nero's wife had been taken from him, and there had been the farce of consulting the pontiffs, whether, with a child conceived and not yet born, she could properly marry. There were the excesses of Quintus Tedius and Vedius Pollio; last of all, there was Livia, terrible to the State as a mother, terrible to the house of the Caesars as a stepmother. No honour was left for the gods, when Augustus chose to be himself worshipped with temples and statues, like those of the deities, and with flamens and priests. He had not even adopted Tiberius as his successor out of affection or any regard to the State, but, having thoroughly seen his arrogant and savage temper, he had sought glory for himself by a contrast of extreme wickedness." For, in fact, Augustus, a few years before, when he was a second time asking from the Senate the tribunitian power for Tiberius, though his speech was complimentary, had thrown out certain hints as to his manners, style, and habits of life, which he meant as reproaches, while he seemed to excuse. However, when his obsequies had been duly performed, a temple with a religious ritual was decreed him. <br />
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==Concluding Remarks==<br />
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It is my desire that this short discourse on the lesser gods and goddesses has been a source of learning for you, or at least, a refresher. Whether you observe the rites and beliefs of the cultus deorum Romanum or not, I hope you have learned something special about these deities and that, while you may not accept them or hold them in your personal pantheon, I hope you will at least remember and appreciate them in your Romanitas.<br />
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Optime valete,<br />
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L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Spotlight_on_the_Roman_DeitiesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities2014-09-18T17:12:19Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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In the Spring we celebrated the Ludi Novi Romani, where we honored the major Roman gods and goddesses. This Ludi, we shall honor some of the lesser deities of Rome, as well as the Divine Augustus.<br />
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==Daily Lararium Rite==<br />
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In the ancient Roman world, it was traditional to make an offering twice daily, in the Morning and in the Evening. Given our modern schedules and commitments, this is not always possible, so this ritual should be used when you choose to offer one single daily ritual, instead of the Morning and Evening Rituals. You can use this sample format, adding your own prayers to the deity honored each day.<br />
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(ABLUTIO)<br />
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''Wash both hands in clean water and in capite velato pray:''<br />
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May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
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May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
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Purify my mind. <br />
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Purify my body. <br />
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Purify my heart. <br />
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It is so. <br />
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(PRAEFATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! By offering you this incense, I pray good prayers so that you may be benevolent and propitious to me, my family, and my household.<br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(PRECATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! I offer incense and pray good prayers to you, Father Ianus, so that the incense find favor with You that all things beneficient and auspicious may be with us in beginning this day; Father Apollo, that You watch over the health and healing of me, my family, and my household, and grant us good health and long life; Mother Iuno, that You watch over our family and guide us down the correct path; Mother Vesta, that Your flames always guide us to the Gods, may Your flames always warm our home and our hearts, and may all be well this day and night in the House of the (Your Family Name); Manes, Lares et Penates, may You always preserve and maintain our house and household, and may You watch over us this day and bless us with a restful sleep this night. Genius of the Paterfamilias, may You guide us to all things joyous and fortunate this day, blessing us this night with fortuitous dreams of the coming day; and, that you be benevolent and propitious to me, to my family to my household. <br />
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''Other prayers offered here.''<br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(REDDITIO) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal, as by offering to you the incense virtuous prayers were well prayed. For the sake of this be honoured by this incense. <br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is so.<br />
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(PIACULUM) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal by whatever name I may call you: if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, with the sacrificial incense I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is done!<br />
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==Ianus==<br />
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Etruscan Ani: Pater Matutinus, "breaker of the day," the oldest God, the God of gods, the Good Creator, the beginner of all things. Light, the sun, opener of the heavenly gates. As Consiuius (The Sower) He is the spouse of Juturna, goddess of springs, and father of Fontus. Janus is also spouse of Venila, a Goddess of shallow seas who is sometimes considered the wife of Neptune. As Janus Quirinus he is a god of peace, that is, peace won by the vigilent Quirites. Janus Pater the creator of 1 January and 17 August. He is called Janus Bifrons (two-faced), Janus Patulcius (the opened door during wartime), and Janus Clusivus (the closed door during peace). A minor deity of same name is a guardian of doorways. <br />
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Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors (ianua), beginnings and endings, and hence represented with a double-faced head, each looking in opposite directions. He was worshipped at the beginning of the harvest time, planting, marriage, birth, and other types of beginnings, especially the beginnings of important events in a person's life. Janus also represents the transition between primitive life and civilization, between the countryside and the city, peace and war, and the growing-up of young people. One tradition states that he came from Thessaly and that he was welcomed by Camese in Latium, where they shared a kingdom. They married and had several children, among which the river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber is named). When his wife died, Janus became the sole ruler of Latium. He sheltered Saturn when he was fleeing from Jupiter. Janus, as the first king of Latium, brought the people a time of peace and welfare; the Golden Age. He introduced money, cultivation of the fields, and the laws. After his death he was deified and became the protector of Rome. When Romulus and his associates stole the Sabine Virgins, the Sabines attacked the city. The daughter of one of the guards on the Capitoline Hill betrayed her fellow countrymen and guided the enemy into the city. They attempted to climb the hill but Janus made a hot spring erupt from the ground, and the would-be attackers fled from the city. <br />
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Ever since, the gates of his temple were kept open in times of war so the god would be ready to intervene when necessary. In times of peace the gates were closed. His most famous sanctuary was a portal on the Forum Romanum through which the Roman legionaries went to war. He also had a temple on the Forum Olitorium, and in the first century another temple was built on the Forum of Nerva. This one had four portals, called Janus Quadrifons. When Rome became a republic, only one of the royal functions survived, namely that of rex sacrorum or rex sacrificulus. His priests regularly sacrificed to him. The month of January (the eleventh Roman month) is named after him. Janus was represented with two faces, originally one face was bearded while the other was not (probably a symbol of the sun and the moon). Later both faces were bearded. In his right hand he holds a key. The double-faced head appears on many Roman coins, and around the 2nd century BCE even with four faces. <br />
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==Flora==<br />
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The goddess of blossoming flowers of spring. She had a minor temple on the Quirinalis and was given a sanctuary near the Circus Maximus in 238 BCE. The festival of the Floralia, celebrated on April 28 -May 1, existed until the 4th century CE. The Ludi Florales held in Her honor became annual games in 173 BCE, and under the empire were extended until May 3 for the Floralia. They began with theatrical performances, followed by races, and ending with sacrifices to Flora. Hares and goats were set loose, and vetches, beans, and lupines were distributed to the spectators. Flora is identified with the Greek Chloris. <br />
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==Saturnus==<br />
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'''Saturnus (Saturn or Semino)''': The Roman god of agriculture concerned with the sowing of the seeds. Titan father of the Di consentes, God of the Abundant Earth and consort of Ops. Representing the father of the gods of the pre-Italic peoples, the Ausones, He brought an earlier form of agriculture to Italy, prior to Ceres instituting grain cultivation, and ruled the earth during the Golden Age. <br />
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His main festival is the Saturnalia on 17-23 Dec. At the foot of the Capitoline His temple served as the state treasury, the aerarium Saturni. He was later identified at Rome with the Greek Cronus. Many of the Neolithic megaliths and stone walls of Italy are attributed to the "Sons of Saturnus" who were giants. He is regarded as the father of Jupiter, Ceres, Juno and many others. His wife is the goddess Ops. Jupiter supposedly chased him away and he was taken in by the god Janus in Latium where he introduced agriculture and viniculture. This event heralded a period of peace, happiness and prosperity, the Golden Age. In memory of this Golden Age, each year the Saturnalia was observed on December 17 at his temple on the Forum Romanum. This temple, below the Capitoline Hill, contained the Royal Treasury and is one of the oldest in Rome. <br />
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The Saturnalia was one of the major events of the year. Originally only one day, it was later extended to seven days. During this festival, business was suspended, the roles of master and slaves were reversed, moral restrictions were loosened and gifts were exchanged. Offerings made in his honor were done with uncovered heads, contrary to the Roman tradition. In contrast to his festival, Saturn himself was never very popular. From the 3rd century on, he was identified with the Greek Cronus, and his cult became only marginally more popular. That he ruled over the Golden Age is an extension to the Greek myth. Saturday is named after him.<br />
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==Fontanus==<br />
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In ancient Roman religion, '''Fontanus/Fontus/Fons''' (plural Fontes, "Font" or "Source") was a god of wells and springs. A religious festival called the Fontinalia was held on October 13 in his honor. Throughout the city, fountains and wellheads were adorned with garlands.<br />
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Fons was the son of Juturna and Janus. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, was supposed to have been buried near the altar of Fons (ara Fontis) on the Janiculum. William Warde Fowler observed that between 259 and 241 BC, cults were founded for Juturna, Fons, and the Tempestates, all having to do with sources of water. As a god of pure water, Fons can be placed in opposition to Liber as a god of wine identified with Bacchus.<br />
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An inscription includes Fons among a series of deities who received expiatory sacrifices by the Arval Brothers in 224 AD, when several trees in the sacred grove of Dea Dia, their chief deity, had been struck by lightning and burnt. Fons received two wethers. Fons was not among the deities depicted on coinage of the Roman Republic.<br />
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In the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, Fons is located in the second of 16 celestial regions, with Jupiter, Quirinus, Mars, the Military Lar, Juno, Lympha, and the Novensiles.<br />
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===Fons Perennis===<br />
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Water as a source of regeneration played a role in the Mithraic mysteries, and inscriptions to Fons Perennis ("Eternal Spring" or "Never-Failing Stream") have been found in mithraea. In one of the scenes of the Mithraic cycle, the god strikes a rock, which then gushes water. A Mithraic text explains that the stream was a source of life-giving water and immortal refreshment. Dedications to "inanimate entities" from Mithraic narrative ritual, such as Fons Perennis and Petra Genetrix ("Generative Rock"), treat them as divine and capable of hearing, like the nymphs and healing powers to whom these are more often made.<br />
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==Volturnus==<br />
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A god of wind and water. The Roman god of the East Wind, equal to the Greek Eurus. A river deity associated with the river Volturnus in Campania (Italy), but it could also be an ancient name for the Tiber. The Volturnalia was observed on August 27. <br />
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The etymology of Volturnus is uncertain. It is thought to derive from volvere, "to roll along or wind around". <br />
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Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the cultus deorum. Volturnus is known to have been an agricultural God, and surviving fragments show he was specifically a river God. Like other ancient Gods, his cult was overshadowed and obscured by a religious reformation, probably in the 4th century BCE. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of Rome's earliest religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure." <br />
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The name Volturnus suggests a connection with the port of Volturnum (now Capua). Volturnum was a settlement of the Oscans, and later of the Etruscans. The city is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. The Romans built a fort at Volturum for provisioning the army, and in 194 BCE established a colony there. <br />
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Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome in the 2nd century BCE. Such removals of conquered Gods to Rome were commonplace. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. <br />
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No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a numen, and therefore never acquired personal characteristics. <br />
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Classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) believed Volturnus was the cult name for the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. His reasoning is straightforward: surviving fragments show Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, that river must have been the Tiber. Mommsen's view influenced generations of scholars, and is still presented as a fact in popular materials. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The God of the Tiber river was almost certainly named 'Tiberinus' by the Latins, while the Volturno is a river in Campania. Following an influential article by Joel Le Gall in 1953, the identification of Volturnus with Tiberinus was largely abandoned by the scholarly community. A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno. <br />
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Mommsen also identified Volturnus with Portunus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo." Portunus was a God of harbors.<br />
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Vertumnus was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort Voltumna, whom the Romans equated with Pomona, was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus and Varro – “though neither recognise the relation in this case." The correspondence has not gained acceptance. <br />
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Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts." From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with Vulturnus, one of the Venti. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur). Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds. However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind, and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought. <br />
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No consorts or children of Volturnus are known. Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<br />
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Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa Pompilius. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. Like other flamines minores, the Flamen Volturnalis could be either patrician or plebeian. <br />
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The festival of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on a.d. VI Kal. Sep. and belonged to the Numan calendar. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information." Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the Iuturnalia, a.d. III Id. Ian.<br />
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A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua. A representation of a man having a fish offered to him survives at Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus. Other scholars believe it represents Volturnus. More probably, it represents Volcanus. Small live fish were thrown into a fire as a sacrificial offering at the Volcanalia. <br />
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==Pales==<br />
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Pales was a Roman divinity of flocks and shepherds, and is described by some as a male, and by others as a female divinity; whence some modern writers have inferred that Pales was a combination of both sexes; but, such a monstrosity is altogether foreign to the religion of the Romans. (Verg. A. 3.1, 297, Georg. 3.1; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 5.35; Ov. Fast. 4.721, 746, 766; Dionys. A. R. 1.88 ; Athen. 8.361.) <br />
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The name seems to be connected with Palatinus, the centre of all the earliest legends of Rome, and the god himself was with the Romans the embodiment of the same idea as Pan among the Greeks. <br />
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The Parilia was the ancient Roman festival celebrated annually on April 21 in honour of the god and goddess Pales, the protectors of flocks and herds. According to later tradition, April 21 was the day on which Romulus began building the city of Rome and was thus celebrated as the dies natalis of the city. <br />
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Some of the rites performed at the festival of Pales would indeed seem to indicate, that the divinity was a female character; but besides the express statements to the contrary (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 3.1; Arnob. ad v. Gent. 3.23; Martian. cap. i. p. 27), there also are other reasons for believing that Pales was a male divinity. <br />
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The festival, basically a purification rite for herdsmen, beasts, and stalls, was at first celebrated by the early kings of Rome, later by the pontifex maximus, or chief priest. The Vestal Virgins opened the festival by distributing straw and the ashes and blood of sacrificial animals. Ritual cleaning, anointment, and adornment of herds and stalls followed, together with offerings of simple foods. On that day large fires were made through which they drove the cattle. The celebrants jumped over a bonfire three times to complete the purification, and an open-air feast ended the festival.<br />
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Another festival to Pales, apparently dedicated "to the two Pales" (Palibus duobus) was held on July 7. <br />
Marcus Atilius Regulus built a temple to Pales in Rome following his victory over the Salentini in 267 BC. It is generally thought to have been located on the Palatine Hill, but, being a victory monument, it may have been located on the route of the triumphal procession, either on the Campus Martius or the Aventine Hill. <br />
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==Furrina==<br />
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Furrina (not Furina), was an ancient Roman goddess whose function had become obscure by the time of Varro. Her cult dated to the earliest period of Roman religious history, since she was one of the fifteen deities who had their own flamen, the Furrinalis, one of the flamines minores. There is some evidence that Furrina was associated with water.<br />
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She is not considered to be the same deity as Furina, the Roman goddess of thieves and highway bandits. <br />
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Furrina was a goddess of springs, her name being related to the Indoeuropean root *bhr-u-n, Skr. bhurvan, indicating the moving or bubbling of water, cognate to Gothic brunna spring, Latin fervēre, from *fruur > furr by metathesis of the vowel, meaning to bubble or boil. Compare English "fervent", "effervescent" and Latin defruutum, boiled wine.<br />
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The goddess had a sacred spring and a shrine in Rome, located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Janiculum, on the right bank of the Tiber. The site has survived to the present day in the form of a grove, included within the gardens of Villa Sciarra. Excavations on the site conducted in 1910 identified a well and a system of underground channels, as well as some inscriptions dedicated to Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Agatis, and the nymphae furrinae. However these findings look to be of a later date (2nd century CE) and perhaps the well is not the original spring. Gaius Gracchus was killed in the Grove of Furrina.<br />
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According to Cicero another sanctuary dedicated to the cult of Furrina was located near Satricum. This place was not the most widely known one but a hamlet near Arpinum.<br />
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Furrina's festival was the Furrinalia on July 25. On the Roman calendar, festivals separated by an interval of three days were interconnected and belonged to the same function. In the second half of July, the two Lucaria occur on the 19th and 17th, with the Neptunalia on the 23rd and the Furrinalia on the 25th. This grouping is devoted to woods and running waters, which are intended as a shelter and a relief from the heat of the season, the canicula.<br />
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According to Martianus Capella, Furrina is a low ranking deity who has her seat just above the mountain peaks.<br />
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==Iuppiter==<br />
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Among the ancient Romans, Iuppiter was the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife). The Romans worshipped him especially as Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove. He had a temple on the Capitoline, together with Juno and Minerva, but he was the most prominent of this Capitoline triad. <br />
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His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came here to give their thanks. <br />
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Iuppiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger. Iuppiter is completely identical with the Greek Zeus.<br />
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===Iuppiter Latiaris and Feriae Latinae===<br />
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The cult of Iuppiter Latiaris was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the Mons Albanus on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of Alba Longa.<br />
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After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (nundinae). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt. The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome.<br />
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The feriae Latinae, or Latiar as they were known originally, were the common festival (panegyris) of the so-called Priscan Latins and of the Albans. Their restoration aimed at grounding Roman hegemony in this ancestral religious tradition of the Latins. The original cult was reinstated unchanged as is testified by some archaic features of the ritual: the exclusion of wine from the sacrifice the offers of milk and cheese and the ritual use of rocking among the games. <br />
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Rocking is one of the most ancient rites mimicking ascent to Heaven and is very widespread. At the Latiar the rocking took place on a tree and the winner was of course the one who had swung the highest. This rite was said to have been instituted by the Albans to commemorate the disappearance of king Latinus, in the battle against Mezentius king of Caere: the rite symbolised a search for him both on earth and in heaven. The rocking as well as the customary drinking of milk was also considered to commemorate and ritually reinstate infancy. The Romans in the last form of the rite brought the sacrificial ox from Rome and every participant was bestowed a portion of the meat, rite known as carnem petere. Other games were held in every participant borough. <br />
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In Rome a race of chariots (quadrigae) was held starting from the Capitol: the winner drank a liquor made with absynth. This competition has been compared to the Vedic rite of the vajapeya: in it seventeen chariots run a phoney race which must be won by the king in order to allow him to drink a cup of madhu, i. e. soma. The feasting lasted for at least four days, possibly six according to Niebuhr, one day for each of the six Latin and Alban decuriae. According to different records 47 or 53 boroughs took part in the festival (the listed names too differ in Pliny NH III 69 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus AR V 61). The Latiar became an important feature of Roman political life as they were feriae conceptivae, i. e. their date varied each year: the consuls and the highest magistrates were required to attend shortly after the beginning of the administration, originally on the Ides of March: the Feriae usually took place in early April. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the Latiar had to be wholly repeated. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the decemvirs. Wissowa remarks the inner linkage of the temple of the Mons Albanus with that of the Capitol apparent in the common association with the rite of the triumph: since 231 BC some triumphing commanders had triumphed there first with the same legal features as in Rome.<br />
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===The Games to Iuppiter===<br />
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The Ides of each month are sacred to Iuppiter, and there were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Iuppiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13. In the 3rd century BC, the epulum Iovis became similar to a lectisternium.<br />
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The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a dies ater, or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not nefas) the two Epula Iovis of September and November.<br />
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The games of September were named Ludi Magni; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual Ludi Romani and were held in the Circus Maximus after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus, and linked to the cult of Iuppiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the triumph, which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the triumphator and the pompa circensis resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).<br />
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The Ludi Plebei took place in November in the Circus Flaminius. Mommsen argued that the epulum of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient. The Ludi Plebei were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Iuppiter is attested by Cicero.<br />
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===The Temple of Iuppiter===<br />
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The temple of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus stood on the Capitoline Hill. Iuppiter was worshiped there as an individual deity, and with Juno and Minerva as part of the Capitoline Triad. The building was supposedly begun by king Tarquinius Priscus, completed by the last king (Tarquinius Superbus) and inaugurated in the early days of the Roman Republic (September 13, 509 BC). It was topped with the statues of four horses drawing a quadriga, with Iuppiter as charioteer. A large statue of Iuppiter stood within; on festival days, its face was painted red. In (or near) this temple was the Iuppiter Lapis: the Iuppiter Stone, on which oaths could be sworn.<br />
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Iuppiter was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove," that many people use today. <br />
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==Carmenta==<br />
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Carmentis or Carmenta, (one of the Camenae), goddess of childbirth and prophecy, a goddess of charms and spells. Her soothing words ease the pains of women in labor, heal the ills of childhood, foretell the futures of brides and that of their children. The main festivals of Carmentis, the Carmentalia occur on a.d. III Id. Ian. ‡ and a.d. XVIII Kal. Feb. ‡, the first day celebrating the dedication of her sacred grove by Numa Pompilius. However, each month rites are also performed for her. Carmentis was also the mother of Evander, who played a part in the story of Hercules in Italy. <br />
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The area of the city immediately south of the Capitoline Hill held significant importance in the early developments of the religio Romana. It was here, near the Tiber, in the sacred grove of Carmentis that King Numa Pompilius would meet with the nympha Egeria, who instructed him on how to consult with the Gods. Her cultus seems to have been one of the earliest in the City. <br />
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One aspect that we know about the cultus of Carmentis was that no leather was permitted inside her sacred grove. It meant that She was to be approached while barefoot, as was also the case in some rites performed for Ceres and other goddesses. Where we hear of worship made while barefoot it usually refers only to women, and the cultus of Carmentis was primarily a women's cultus. The prohibition against leather also meant that no blood sacrifices were to be performed in the sacred grove of Carmentis. One reason for that was that her cultus related to childbirth. We see the reason given for this with the ceremony to a person's genius or juno on his or her birthday, "For on the day when they had received life, they did not want to deprive another life." <br />
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This was even carried over into the celebrations held for the birth of the City at Parilia. "In the beginning, so it is said, they sacrificed no living creature, but thought that they should keep pure and bloodless the festival commemorating the birth of their country." Augures also, who rites were established by Numa, supposedly were not to perform blood sacrifices lest they should pollute themselves. Another aspect of her cultus was that it probably used milk rather than wine as a libation. That is not certain, but, first, her cultus supposedly went back to the time of Romulus. "Romulus poured libations of milk, not wine; proof of this lies in rites established by him that preserve this custom today." Also women were generally prohibited from using wine, and again the cultus of Carmentis was primarily performed by women. Another probable aspect was that her cultus would have prohibited use of iron inside her grove or for her rites. Such a prohibition is known in the case of rites held for Ceres, and it appe<br />
ars in the temple rules at other locations. Such a prohibition may refer to the antiquity of a cultus, where bronze implements were preferred as the material for ritual tools. On the other hand iron was specified in the cultus of Mars. Iron was associated with war and death and thus, like blood sacrifices, would have been inappropriate in a cultus concerned mainly with childbirth. We see these two prohibitions come together, along with another against performing rights for the dead, in a dedication inscription. <br />
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:"Into this locus nothing made of cast metal may be brought and no carcasses may be <br />
:projected over its altars, and no sacrifices may be made for deceased parents. If against <br />
:this rule a small altar is set up, then it will be permitted for a magistrate to hand down <br />
:any judgement and set whatever fines he may wish (ILS 4912)." <br />
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We may get some idea on what was permitted in her cultus by considering these various prohibitions. <br />
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:"Formerly what served to reconcile gods and men was spelt and pure salt's glistening grain. … A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites." <br />
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The more ancient a cultus, the simpler and more native offerings were to be used. Flowers and herbs, fruits and vegetables that were locally grown rather than exotic plants that were later introduced into Rome. This would have been the same with incense used in her rites. Not cinnamon or nard, myrrh or frankincense that came from distant lands. Instead bay laurel would have been used, and other trees among the arbores felices. This played in again with the prohibition against blood sacrifices in her cultus, since "it is forbidden to pollute laurel... even for making a fire at altars and shrines when divinities are to be propitiated." <br />
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Another tree that may have been used in her cultus was the "Sabine herb," a juniper, due to the association with Numa, a Sabine king, and its use in other women's rites. Grain, salt, milk, honey, and bread were offerings likely used in her cultus, and as in the culti deorum of other deities, the shape of breads used in rites for Carmentis may have been unique to her cultus. <br />
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Among all of the culti deorum celebrated at Rome under the Res Publica Libera, the cultus Carmentis seems to have been unique in its prohibition against all immolationes (blood sacrifices) and anything that would be associated with the slaughtering of animals. This was due to the nature of the cultus having been devoted to a goddess primarily associated with childbirth, and also due to its having been a very ancient cultus and one associated with Numa Pompilius. It was also characterized by the fact that mostly women participated in the cultus of Carmenta, with the exception of Carmentalia when the flamen Carmentalis led her rites, assisted by the Pontifices. Some of the other features of sacrifices made to her are not known, but we can refer to the nature of her cultus.<br />
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==Pomona==<br />
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Pomona was a Roman goddess who was the keeper of orchards and fruit trees, and her festival, which she shared with her husband Vertumnus, was always on August 13th. Pomona watches over and protects fruit trees and cares for their cultivation, and Her name is from the Latin ''pomum'', "fruit," specifically orchard fruit. "Pomme" is the French word for "apple". She was said to be a wood nymph.<br />
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Pomona was among the Numina, guardian spirits of Roman mythology, who watched over people, places, or homes. The Numina are, in essence, the holy spirits of place, from which the word "numinous" derives. Pomona protected and inspired the abundance of the fruitful gardens and orchards. She had her own priest in Rome, called the Flamen Pomonalis. A grove sacred to her was called the Pomonal, located not far from Ostia, the ancient port of Rome. <br />
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Unlike many other agricultural deities, Pomona is not associated with the harvest itself, but with the flourishing of fruit trees. She is usually portrayed bearing a cornucopia or a tray of blossoming fruit. She doesn’t appear to have had any Greek counterpart at all, and is uniquely Roman.<br />
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In Ovid's writings, Pomona is a virginal wood nymph who rejected several suitors before finally marrying Vertumnus - and the only reason she married him was because he disguised himself as an old woman, and then offered Pomona advice on who she should marry. Vertumnus turned out to be quite lusty, and so the two of them are responsible for the prolific nature of apple trees. Pomona doesn't appear very often in mythology.<br />
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Despite her being a rather obscure deity, Pomona's likeness appears many times in classical art, including paintings by Rubens and Rembrandt, and a number of sculptures. She is typically represented as a lovely maiden with an armful of fruit and a pruning knife in one hand. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Professor Sprout, the teacher of Herbology -- the study of magical plants -- is named Pomona.<br />
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A statue of Pomona a set atop the Pulitzer Fountain in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza in New York. There is a statue of Pomona in Reykjavik, Iceland: just north of the BSI Bus Station, in the little park bordered by Gamla Hringbraut and Laufasvegur streets. Pomona is briefly mentioned in C. S. Lewis's children's book Prince Caspian.<br />
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===A Pomonal Tale===<br />
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I know the ways of apple and almond, pear and pomegranate, the netted cherry and the sanguine mulberry. I know the secrets of grafting scion to stock, and the perfect moment of the ripeness of a peach. I have picked off beetles and set traps for caterpillars, chased away deer and outsmarted squirrels. I know how to encourage rooting by placing a wheat seed in the split stem of a cutting, and how to prune a rose to produce the most hips. I water my fruit-trees deeply and feed them well, and they reward me with luxuriant health and an abundant harvest, so that my walled orchard is truly Paradise.<br />
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Somehow, however, it got around that I was unmarried. Since apparently this was not to be borne by the men of my country, I was beseiged with suitors, plentiful and persistent. As if I have time! All the wild and uncultivated men of the world came to my door then, woodsmen and hunters, sheperds and satyrs—even Silenos, that tipsy old goat, made his bid for my hand, though him I turned him down with kindness.<br />
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You'd think they would put it together that I was unavailable. I believe now my refusals must have made me an irresistible challenge, but at the time all I knew was aggravation and frustration—couldn't they leave me to my work?<br />
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They were so hopeful.<br />
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A farm boy came one spring day, peeping over my fence, watching me as I worked. He finally got up his courage and asked if he could marry me, a ridiculous proposition. I turned him down gently, for I felt rather sorry for him. He was just so young!<br />
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Next a plowman came to observe me over the wall with his old eyes the color of earth, promising to be my faithful husband. He too, I sent away.<br />
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Then came a gardener, stationed in the same spot by the wall, watching me dig a new bed for the apple seedlings. How he could find me attractive at that time was beyond me—my face was pink and smirched, my hair knotted in a scarf any old way, fingernails dirty, clothes spattered with the muck I had been kneeling in—how marriageable could I possibly have seemed? But he, like all the others, asked for my hand in marriage, and incredulous, I said no.<br />
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"Lady", he said then, "it has been three times now that I have asked to be your husband. What will it take to win you?"<br />
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Oh really! Well. I looked at him warily and said, "Show me who you are."<br />
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Then the light shifted and I saw him clearly—a young man all in green, his body lean and lithe with hard work, his curling hair dark as the new-turned soil in spring, his hands capable and callused and generous, smiling at me with a gentle openness in his face. Well then. He was certainly pretty, and I'll even go so far as to admit I was tempted, but…<br />
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Then he asked what variety of apple I was planting in the bed I had turned. How did he know I was planting apples there? Did I think that dates were worth growing this far north, given how difficult it was to winter them over? Had I had any luck with persea-fruit? At that I tossed him a persea-fruit from a basket; then I brought him to my date palms, small but healthy in their sheltered spot on the south side of the wall. He showed me a trick to make sour cherries sweeter; I showed him how to double their yield. We agreed about grafting, argued about pruning, and discussed rootstocks for pears; then he told me of his love for the smell of the warm moist earth and the feel of the soil in his hands, the abiding wonder he felt each time he planted a seed, and the amazement and privilege he experienced in tending to flowering and fruiting life.<br />
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Well! Why hadn't he said that in the first place?<br />
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''Ref: http://www.thaliatook.com/AMGG/pomonatale.php''<br />
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==Portunus==<br />
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Father Portunus was an ancient Roman god, already on the archaic religion, to whom are granted the gates (porta), the harbours (portus), and more precisely the river harbour of Rome called portus Tiberinus, near the Forum Boarium where still today stands his temple. His name also is written Portumnus. As the twelve other deities which each has his own flamen, Portunus is a local god of Rome and certainly a river god. <br />
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He shares some characteristics with Janus, the god of the house-doors ("janua"), while "porta" is rather gate, or town-doors. Both have as emblem the keys, offerred on August 17, during the celebrations of the god Portunus, the Portunalia, to bless the homes. Portunus also is depicted with an anchor. <br />
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Portunus also has to watch over the wheat stocking in the warehouses of Rome, perhaps invoked during the food retailing (annona), as supposes his representation on the Benevent Arch, where Portunus is hailed by the emperor Trajanus, which increased the Ostia harbour in size and took care in free wheat retailing to the beneficiary Roman citizens. <br />
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Portunus is Mater Matuta's son, the goddess which protects the Roman matrons and is honoured during the Matralia on june 11th, since Mater Matuta (Aurora) was assimilated to the Greek goddess Leucothea (The white goddess), former Ino, who were the mother of the marine deity Palaemon, assimilated to Portunus. <br />
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The antiquity of Portunus, his early character into the cults of the city and his originality are inferred from his name, his yearly festival and his flamen. His temple, near the Forum Boarium "Cattle market", where also were celebrated the Portunalia on August 17, and the portus Tiberinus is still standing. <br />
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You can see it near the Aemilius pons (ponte Rotto). The street to the port, called vicus Lucceius, went by the Porta Flumentana, in the Servian Wall, then passed between the Temple of Portunus and the Portus Tiberinus. This was the place of the processions and the ceremonies of the Portunalia, each August 17 (a.d. XVI Kal. Septembres). <br />
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The Portunalia are celebrated on a.d. XVI Kal. Sep. ‡ , the day when the temple of Portunus was consecrated. "Portunalia dicta a Portuno, cui eo die aedes in portu Tiberino facta et feriae institutae" (The Portunalia are named after Portunus, to whom on that day a temple in the Tiber port was made and consecrated.) <br />
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'''Poetry and literature'''<br />
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Portunus is assimilated by poets, Vergil and Ovid, to the Greek marine deity ''Melicertes/Palaemon''. <br />
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:'''Leucothea Grais, Matuta vocabere nostris;''' <br />
:'''In Portus nato jus erit omne tuo:'''<br />
:'''Quem nos Portunum, sua lingua Palaemona dicet.'''<br />
:'''Ite, precor, nostris uterque locis!''' <br />
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For his epithet "Father", see Aeneid V,241: <br />
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:'''Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euntem''' <br />
:'''Impulit...''' <br />
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See also: <br />
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'''Orphic Hymn 75 to Palaemon''' (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.): <br />
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:'''"To Palaimon, Fumigation from Manna. O nursed with Dionysos, doomed to keep thy dwelling in the widely spreading deep; with joyful aspect to my prayer incline, propitious come, and bless the rites divine; thy mystics through the earth and sea attend, and from old sea’s stormy waves defend: for ships their safety ever owe to thee, who wanderest with them through the raging sea. Come, guardian power, whom mortal tribes desire, and far avert the deep’s destructive ire."''' <br />
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'''Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4. 31''' ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.): <br />
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:'''"Shaggy Portunus sporting his blue-green beard... and Palaemon, the little charioteer on his dolphin."''' <br />
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==Quirinus==<br />
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Quirinus is the deified Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was served by the Flamen Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His festival, the Quirinalis, was celebrated February 17. <br />
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He was son of Mars and Rhea Silvia. His mother was a descendant of Aeneas. His consort and cult partner was Hora. <br />
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Quirinus was originally a Sabine god of storms and thunder. He was assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the Quirinal, a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times. <br />
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The festival of Quirinus, called the Quirinalia was celebrated on a.d. XIII Kal. Mar. ‡. However, very little is known about his cult. <br />
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An old Roman deity whose origin is uncertain. He was worshipped by the Sabines, an old Italian people who lived north-east of Rome. They had a fortified settlement near Rome, the Quirinal, which was named after their god. Later, when Rome expanded, this settlement was absorbed by the city, and Quirinus became, together with Jupiter and Mars, the god of the state. The Quirinalis, one of the Roman hills, was named after him. His consort is Hora. He was usually depicted as a bearded man who wears clothing that is part clerical and part military. His sacred plant is the myrtle. His festival, the Quirinalia, was celebrated on February 17. Romulus was also identified with Quirinus, especially in the late-Roman era.<br />
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The Roman name for the Sabine Curis who founded the Sabine capital of Cures. He is the Oscan Kurrenui, identified at Rome as the apotheotic Romulus, and regarded by some as another form of Mars as Romulus is His son. He was likely a war god, protector, and defender of cities among the Sabines, later becoming a kind of God of War in times of peace, vigilant defense. Mars was originally more an agricultural God, only later becoming warlike. Since the armies of both Rome and the Sabines were originally composed of gentry, both Mars and Quirinus are connected to war and agriculture.<br />
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''Additional contribution by Marcus Æmilius Agricola, Sacerdos Quirinalis:'' <br />
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Romulus, who was the son of Mars and Rhea Sylvia, was, after his assumption, deifed and assimilated to Qvirinvs. With Jvpiter and Mars, Qvirinvs constituted the archaic triad representing the three indo-european functions, respectively sovreignity, defence and war and fecundity. This archaic triad was later substituted by Jupiter, Minerva, Jvno with the same acceptation.<br />
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The word Qvirinvs comes from CO VIRI, MEN TOGETHER, representing the whole people of Rome (Georges Dumézil).<br />
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==Augustus==</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Spotlight_on_the_Roman_DeitiesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities2014-09-18T17:08:26Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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In the Spring we celebrated the Ludi Novi Romani, where we honored the major Roman gods and goddesses. This Ludi, we shall honor some of the lesser deities of Rome, as well as the Divine Augustus.<br />
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==Daily Lararium Rite==<br />
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In the ancient Roman world, it was traditional to make an offering twice daily, in the Morning and in the Evening. Given our modern schedules and commitments, this is not always possible, so this ritual should be used when you choose to offer one single daily ritual, instead of the Morning and Evening Rituals. You can use this sample format, adding your own prayers to the deity honored each day.<br />
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(ABLUTIO)<br />
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''Wash both hands in clean water and in capite velato pray:''<br />
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May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
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May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
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Purify my mind. <br />
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Purify my body. <br />
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Purify my heart. <br />
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It is so. <br />
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(PRAEFATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! By offering you this incense, I pray good prayers so that you may be benevolent and propitious to me, my family, and my household.<br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(PRECATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! I offer incense and pray good prayers to you, Father Ianus, so that the incense find favor with You that all things beneficient and auspicious may be with us in beginning this day; Father Apollo, that You watch over the health and healing of me, my family, and my household, and grant us good health and long life; Mother Iuno, that You watch over our family and guide us down the correct path; Mother Vesta, that Your flames always guide us to the Gods, may Your flames always warm our home and our hearts, and may all be well this day and night in the House of the (Your Family Name); Manes, Lares et Penates, may You always preserve and maintain our house and household, and may You watch over us this day and bless us with a restful sleep this night. Genius of the Paterfamilias, may You guide us to all things joyous and fortunate this day, blessing us this night with fortuitous dreams of the coming day; and, that you be benevolent and propitious to me, to my family to my household. <br />
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''Other prayers offered here.''<br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(REDDITIO) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal, as by offering to you the incense virtuous prayers were well prayed. For the sake of this be honoured by this incense. <br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is so.<br />
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(PIACULUM) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal by whatever name I may call you: if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, with the sacrificial incense I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is done!<br />
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==Ianus==<br />
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Etruscan Ani: Pater Matutinus, "breaker of the day," the oldest God, the God of gods, the Good Creator, the beginner of all things. Light, the sun, opener of the heavenly gates. As Consiuius (The Sower) He is the spouse of Juturna, goddess of springs, and father of Fontus. Janus is also spouse of Venila, a Goddess of shallow seas who is sometimes considered the wife of Neptune. As Janus Quirinus he is a god of peace, that is, peace won by the vigilent Quirites. Janus Pater the creator of 1 January and 17 August. He is called Janus Bifrons (two-faced), Janus Patulcius (the opened door during wartime), and Janus Clusivus (the closed door during peace). A minor deity of same name is a guardian of doorways. <br />
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Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors (ianua), beginnings and endings, and hence represented with a double-faced head, each looking in opposite directions. He was worshipped at the beginning of the harvest time, planting, marriage, birth, and other types of beginnings, especially the beginnings of important events in a person's life. Janus also represents the transition between primitive life and civilization, between the countryside and the city, peace and war, and the growing-up of young people. One tradition states that he came from Thessaly and that he was welcomed by Camese in Latium, where they shared a kingdom. They married and had several children, among which the river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber is named). When his wife died, Janus became the sole ruler of Latium. He sheltered Saturn when he was fleeing from Jupiter. Janus, as the first king of Latium, brought the people a time of peace and welfare; the Golden Age. He introduced money, cultivation of the fields, and the laws. After his death he was deified and became the protector of Rome. When Romulus and his associates stole the Sabine Virgins, the Sabines attacked the city. The daughter of one of the guards on the Capitoline Hill betrayed her fellow countrymen and guided the enemy into the city. They attempted to climb the hill but Janus made a hot spring erupt from the ground, and the would-be attackers fled from the city. <br />
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Ever since, the gates of his temple were kept open in times of war so the god would be ready to intervene when necessary. In times of peace the gates were closed. His most famous sanctuary was a portal on the Forum Romanum through which the Roman legionaries went to war. He also had a temple on the Forum Olitorium, and in the first century another temple was built on the Forum of Nerva. This one had four portals, called Janus Quadrifons. When Rome became a republic, only one of the royal functions survived, namely that of rex sacrorum or rex sacrificulus. His priests regularly sacrificed to him. The month of January (the eleventh Roman month) is named after him. Janus was represented with two faces, originally one face was bearded while the other was not (probably a symbol of the sun and the moon). Later both faces were bearded. In his right hand he holds a key. The double-faced head appears on many Roman coins, and around the 2nd century BCE even with four faces. <br />
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==Flora==<br />
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The goddess of blossoming flowers of spring. She had a minor temple on the Quirinalis and was given a sanctuary near the Circus Maximus in 238 BCE. The festival of the Floralia, celebrated on April 28 -May 1, existed until the 4th century CE. The Ludi Florales held in Her honor became annual games in 173 BCE, and under the empire were extended until May 3 for the Floralia. They began with theatrical performances, followed by races, and ending with sacrifices to Flora. Hares and goats were set loose, and vetches, beans, and lupines were distributed to the spectators. Flora is identified with the Greek Chloris. <br />
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==Saturnus==<br />
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'''Saturnus (Saturn or Semino)''': The Roman god of agriculture concerned with the sowing of the seeds. Titan father of the Di consentes, God of the Abundant Earth and consort of Ops. Representing the father of the gods of the pre-Italic peoples, the Ausones, He brought an earlier form of agriculture to Italy, prior to Ceres instituting grain cultivation, and ruled the earth during the Golden Age. <br />
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His main festival is the Saturnalia on 17-23 Dec. At the foot of the Capitoline His temple served as the state treasury, the aerarium Saturni. He was later identified at Rome with the Greek Cronus. Many of the Neolithic megaliths and stone walls of Italy are attributed to the "Sons of Saturnus" who were giants. He is regarded as the father of Jupiter, Ceres, Juno and many others. His wife is the goddess Ops. Jupiter supposedly chased him away and he was taken in by the god Janus in Latium where he introduced agriculture and viniculture. This event heralded a period of peace, happiness and prosperity, the Golden Age. In memory of this Golden Age, each year the Saturnalia was observed on December 17 at his temple on the Forum Romanum. This temple, below the Capitoline Hill, contained the Royal Treasury and is one of the oldest in Rome. <br />
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The Saturnalia was one of the major events of the year. Originally only one day, it was later extended to seven days. During this festival, business was suspended, the roles of master and slaves were reversed, moral restrictions were loosened and gifts were exchanged. Offerings made in his honor were done with uncovered heads, contrary to the Roman tradition. In contrast to his festival, Saturn himself was never very popular. From the 3rd century on, he was identified with the Greek Cronus, and his cult became only marginally more popular. That he ruled over the Golden Age is an extension to the Greek myth. Saturday is named after him.<br />
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==Fontanus==<br />
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In ancient Roman religion, '''Fontanus/Fontus/Fons''' (plural Fontes, "Font" or "Source") was a god of wells and springs. A religious festival called the Fontinalia was held on October 13 in his honor. Throughout the city, fountains and wellheads were adorned with garlands.<br />
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Fons was the son of Juturna and Janus. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, was supposed to have been buried near the altar of Fons (ara Fontis) on the Janiculum. William Warde Fowler observed that between 259 and 241 BC, cults were founded for Juturna, Fons, and the Tempestates, all having to do with sources of water. As a god of pure water, Fons can be placed in opposition to Liber as a god of wine identified with Bacchus.<br />
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An inscription includes Fons among a series of deities who received expiatory sacrifices by the Arval Brothers in 224 AD, when several trees in the sacred grove of Dea Dia, their chief deity, had been struck by lightning and burnt. Fons received two wethers. Fons was not among the deities depicted on coinage of the Roman Republic.<br />
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In the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, Fons is located in the second of 16 celestial regions, with Jupiter, Quirinus, Mars, the Military Lar, Juno, Lympha, and the Novensiles.<br />
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===Fons Perennis===<br />
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Water as a source of regeneration played a role in the Mithraic mysteries, and inscriptions to Fons Perennis ("Eternal Spring" or "Never-Failing Stream") have been found in mithraea. In one of the scenes of the Mithraic cycle, the god strikes a rock, which then gushes water. A Mithraic text explains that the stream was a source of life-giving water and immortal refreshment. Dedications to "inanimate entities" from Mithraic narrative ritual, such as Fons Perennis and Petra Genetrix ("Generative Rock"), treat them as divine and capable of hearing, like the nymphs and healing powers to whom these are more often made.<br />
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==Volturnus==<br />
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A god of wind and water. The Roman god of the East Wind, equal to the Greek Eurus. A river deity associated with the river Volturnus in Campania (Italy), but it could also be an ancient name for the Tiber. The Volturnalia was observed on August 27. <br />
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The etymology of Volturnus is uncertain. It is thought to derive from volvere, "to roll along or wind around". <br />
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Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the cultus deorum. Volturnus is known to have been an agricultural God, and surviving fragments show he was specifically a river God. Like other ancient Gods, his cult was overshadowed and obscured by a religious reformation, probably in the 4th century BCE. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of Rome's earliest religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure." <br />
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The name Volturnus suggests a connection with the port of Volturnum (now Capua). Volturnum was a settlement of the Oscans, and later of the Etruscans. The city is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. The Romans built a fort at Volturum for provisioning the army, and in 194 BCE established a colony there. <br />
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Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome in the 2nd century BCE. Such removals of conquered Gods to Rome were commonplace. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. <br />
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No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a numen, and therefore never acquired personal characteristics. <br />
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Classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) believed Volturnus was the cult name for the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. His reasoning is straightforward: surviving fragments show Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, that river must have been the Tiber. Mommsen's view influenced generations of scholars, and is still presented as a fact in popular materials. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The God of the Tiber river was almost certainly named 'Tiberinus' by the Latins, while the Volturno is a river in Campania. Following an influential article by Joel Le Gall in 1953, the identification of Volturnus with Tiberinus was largely abandoned by the scholarly community. A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno. <br />
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Mommsen also identified Volturnus with Portunus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo." Portunus was a God of harbors.<br />
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Vertumnus was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort Voltumna, whom the Romans equated with Pomona, was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus and Varro – “though neither recognise the relation in this case." The correspondence has not gained acceptance. <br />
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Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts." From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with Vulturnus, one of the Venti. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur). Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds. However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind, and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought. <br />
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No consorts or children of Volturnus are known. Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<br />
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Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa Pompilius. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. Like other flamines minores, the Flamen Volturnalis could be either patrician or plebeian. <br />
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The festival of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on a.d. VI Kal. Sep. and belonged to the Numan calendar. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information." Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the Iuturnalia, a.d. III Id. Ian.<br />
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A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua. A representation of a man having a fish offered to him survives at Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus. Other scholars believe it represents Volturnus. More probably, it represents Volcanus. Small live fish were thrown into a fire as a sacrificial offering at the Volcanalia. <br />
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==Pales==<br />
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Pales was a Roman divinity of flocks and shepherds, and is described by some as a male, and by others as a female divinity; whence some modern writers have inferred that Pales was a combination of both sexes; but, such a monstrosity is altogether foreign to the religion of the Romans. (Verg. A. 3.1, 297, Georg. 3.1; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 5.35; Ov. Fast. 4.721, 746, 766; Dionys. A. R. 1.88 ; Athen. 8.361.) <br />
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The name seems to be connected with Palatinus, the centre of all the earliest legends of Rome, and the god himself was with the Romans the embodiment of the same idea as Pan among the Greeks. <br />
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The Parilia was the ancient Roman festival celebrated annually on April 21 in honour of the god and goddess Pales, the protectors of flocks and herds. According to later tradition, April 21 was the day on which Romulus began building the city of Rome and was thus celebrated as the dies natalis of the city. <br />
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Some of the rites performed at the festival of Pales would indeed seem to indicate, that the divinity was a female character; but besides the express statements to the contrary (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 3.1; Arnob. ad v. Gent. 3.23; Martian. cap. i. p. 27), there also are other reasons for believing that Pales was a male divinity. <br />
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The festival, basically a purification rite for herdsmen, beasts, and stalls, was at first celebrated by the early kings of Rome, later by the pontifex maximus, or chief priest. The Vestal Virgins opened the festival by distributing straw and the ashes and blood of sacrificial animals. Ritual cleaning, anointment, and adornment of herds and stalls followed, together with offerings of simple foods. On that day large fires were made through which they drove the cattle. The celebrants jumped over a bonfire three times to complete the purification, and an open-air feast ended the festival.<br />
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Another festival to Pales, apparently dedicated "to the two Pales" (Palibus duobus) was held on July 7. <br />
Marcus Atilius Regulus built a temple to Pales in Rome following his victory over the Salentini in 267 BC. It is generally thought to have been located on the Palatine Hill, but, being a victory monument, it may have been located on the route of the triumphal procession, either on the Campus Martius or the Aventine Hill. <br />
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==Furrina==<br />
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Furrina (not Furina), was an ancient Roman goddess whose function had become obscure by the time of Varro. Her cult dated to the earliest period of Roman religious history, since she was one of the fifteen deities who had their own flamen, the Furrinalis, one of the flamines minores. There is some evidence that Furrina was associated with water.<br />
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She is not considered to be the same deity as Furina, the Roman goddess of thieves and highway bandits. <br />
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Furrina was a goddess of springs, her name being related to the Indoeuropean root *bhr-u-n, Skr. bhurvan, indicating the moving or bubbling of water, cognate to Gothic brunna spring, Latin fervēre, from *fruur > furr by metathesis of the vowel, meaning to bubble or boil. Compare English "fervent", "effervescent" and Latin defruutum, boiled wine.<br />
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The goddess had a sacred spring and a shrine in Rome, located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Janiculum, on the right bank of the Tiber. The site has survived to the present day in the form of a grove, included within the gardens of Villa Sciarra. Excavations on the site conducted in 1910 identified a well and a system of underground channels, as well as some inscriptions dedicated to Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Agatis, and the nymphae furrinae. However these findings look to be of a later date (2nd century CE) and perhaps the well is not the original spring. Gaius Gracchus was killed in the Grove of Furrina.<br />
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According to Cicero another sanctuary dedicated to the cult of Furrina was located near Satricum. This place was not the most widely known one but a hamlet near Arpinum.<br />
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Furrina's festival was the Furrinalia on July 25. On the Roman calendar, festivals separated by an interval of three days were interconnected and belonged to the same function. In the second half of July, the two Lucaria occur on the 19th and 17th, with the Neptunalia on the 23rd and the Furrinalia on the 25th. This grouping is devoted to woods and running waters, which are intended as a shelter and a relief from the heat of the season, the canicula.<br />
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According to Martianus Capella, Furrina is a low ranking deity who has her seat just above the mountain peaks.<br />
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==Iuppiter==<br />
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Among the ancient Romans, Iuppiter was the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife). The Romans worshipped him especially as Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove. He had a temple on the Capitoline, together with Juno and Minerva, but he was the most prominent of this Capitoline triad. <br />
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His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came here to give their thanks. <br />
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Iuppiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger. Iuppiter is completely identical with the Greek Zeus.<br />
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===Iuppiter Latiaris and Feriae Latinae===<br />
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The cult of Iuppiter Latiaris was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the Mons Albanus on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of Alba Longa.<br />
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After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (nundinae). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt. The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome.<br />
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The feriae Latinae, or Latiar as they were known originally, were the common festival (panegyris) of the so-called Priscan Latins and of the Albans. Their restoration aimed at grounding Roman hegemony in this ancestral religious tradition of the Latins. The original cult was reinstated unchanged as is testified by some archaic features of the ritual: the exclusion of wine from the sacrifice the offers of milk and cheese and the ritual use of rocking among the games. <br />
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Rocking is one of the most ancient rites mimicking ascent to Heaven and is very widespread. At the Latiar the rocking took place on a tree and the winner was of course the one who had swung the highest. This rite was said to have been instituted by the Albans to commemorate the disappearance of king Latinus, in the battle against Mezentius king of Caere: the rite symbolised a search for him both on earth and in heaven. The rocking as well as the customary drinking of milk was also considered to commemorate and ritually reinstate infancy. The Romans in the last form of the rite brought the sacrificial ox from Rome and every participant was bestowed a portion of the meat, rite known as carnem petere. Other games were held in every participant borough. <br />
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In Rome a race of chariots (quadrigae) was held starting from the Capitol: the winner drank a liquor made with absynth. This competition has been compared to the Vedic rite of the vajapeya: in it seventeen chariots run a phoney race which must be won by the king in order to allow him to drink a cup of madhu, i. e. soma. The feasting lasted for at least four days, possibly six according to Niebuhr, one day for each of the six Latin and Alban decuriae. According to different records 47 or 53 boroughs took part in the festival (the listed names too differ in Pliny NH III 69 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus AR V 61). The Latiar became an important feature of Roman political life as they were feriae conceptivae, i. e. their date varied each year: the consuls and the highest magistrates were required to attend shortly after the beginning of the administration, originally on the Ides of March: the Feriae usually took place in early April. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the Latiar had to be wholly repeated. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the decemvirs. Wissowa remarks the inner linkage of the temple of the Mons Albanus with that of the Capitol apparent in the common association with the rite of the triumph: since 231 BC some triumphing commanders had triumphed there first with the same legal features as in Rome.<br />
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===The Games to Iuppiter===<br />
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The Ides of each month are sacred to Iuppiter, and there were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Iuppiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13. In the 3rd century BC, the epulum Iovis became similar to a lectisternium.<br />
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The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a dies ater, or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not nefas) the two Epula Iovis of September and November.<br />
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The games of September were named Ludi Magni; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual Ludi Romani and were held in the Circus Maximus after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus, and linked to the cult of Iuppiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the triumph, which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the triumphator and the pompa circensis resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).<br />
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The Ludi Plebei took place in November in the Circus Flaminius. Mommsen argued that the epulum of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient. The Ludi Plebei were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Iuppiter is attested by Cicero.<br />
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===The Temple of Iuppiter===<br />
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The temple of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus stood on the Capitoline Hill. Iuppiter was worshiped there as an individual deity, and with Juno and Minerva as part of the Capitoline Triad. The building was supposedly begun by king Tarquinius Priscus, completed by the last king (Tarquinius Superbus) and inaugurated in the early days of the Roman Republic (September 13, 509 BC). It was topped with the statues of four horses drawing a quadriga, with Iuppiter as charioteer. A large statue of Iuppiter stood within; on festival days, its face was painted red. In (or near) this temple was the Iuppiter Lapis: the Iuppiter Stone, on which oaths could be sworn.<br />
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Iuppiter was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove," that many people use today. <br />
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==Carmenta==<br />
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Carmentis or Carmenta, (one of the Camenae), goddess of childbirth and prophecy, a goddess of charms and spells. Her soothing words ease the pains of women in labor, heal the ills of childhood, foretell the futures of brides and that of their children. The main festivals of Carmentis, the Carmentalia occur on a.d. III Id. Ian. ‡ and a.d. XVIII Kal. Feb. ‡, the first day celebrating the dedication of her sacred grove by Numa Pompilius. However, each month rites are also performed for her. Carmentis was also the mother of Evander, who played a part in the story of Hercules in Italy. <br />
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The area of the city immediately south of the Capitoline Hill held significant importance in the early developments of the religio Romana. It was here, near the Tiber, in the sacred grove of Carmentis that King Numa Pompilius would meet with the nympha Egeria, who instructed him on how to consult with the Gods. Her cultus seems to have been one of the earliest in the City. <br />
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One aspect that we know about the cultus of Carmentis was that no leather was permitted inside her sacred grove. It meant that She was to be approached while barefoot, as was also the case in some rites performed for Ceres and other goddesses. Where we hear of worship made while barefoot it usually refers only to women, and the cultus of Carmentis was primarily a women's cultus. The prohibition against leather also meant that no blood sacrifices were to be performed in the sacred grove of Carmentis. One reason for that was that her cultus related to childbirth. We see the reason given for this with the ceremony to a person's genius or juno on his or her birthday, "For on the day when they had received life, they did not want to deprive another life." <br />
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This was even carried over into the celebrations held for the birth of the City at Parilia. "In the beginning, so it is said, they sacrificed no living creature, but thought that they should keep pure and bloodless the festival commemorating the birth of their country." Augures also, who rites were established by Numa, supposedly were not to perform blood sacrifices lest they should pollute themselves. Another aspect of her cultus was that it probably used milk rather than wine as a libation. That is not certain, but, first, her cultus supposedly went back to the time of Romulus. "Romulus poured libations of milk, not wine; proof of this lies in rites established by him that preserve this custom today." Also women were generally prohibited from using wine, and again the cultus of Carmentis was primarily performed by women. Another probable aspect was that her cultus would have prohibited use of iron inside her grove or for her rites. Such a prohibition is known in the case of rites held for Ceres, and it appe<br />
ars in the temple rules at other locations. Such a prohibition may refer to the antiquity of a cultus, where bronze implements were preferred as the material for ritual tools. On the other hand iron was specified in the cultus of Mars. Iron was associated with war and death and thus, like blood sacrifices, would have been inappropriate in a cultus concerned mainly with childbirth. We see these two prohibitions come together, along with another against performing rights for the dead, in a dedication inscription. <br />
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:"Into this locus nothing made of cast metal may be brought and no carcasses may be <br />
:projected over its altars, and no sacrifices may be made for deceased parents. If against <br />
:this rule a small altar is set up, then it will be permitted for a magistrate to hand down <br />
:any judgement and set whatever fines he may wish (ILS 4912)." <br />
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We may get some idea on what was permitted in her cultus by considering these various prohibitions. <br />
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:"Formerly what served to reconcile gods and men was spelt and pure salt's glistening grain. … A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites." <br />
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The more ancient a cultus, the simpler and more native offerings were to be used. Flowers and herbs, fruits and vegetables that were locally grown rather than exotic plants that were later introduced into Rome. This would have been the same with incense used in her rites. Not cinnamon or nard, myrrh or frankincense that came from distant lands. Instead bay laurel would have been used, and other trees among the arbores felices. This played in again with the prohibition against blood sacrifices in her cultus, since "it is forbidden to pollute laurel... even for making a fire at altars and shrines when divinities are to be propitiated." <br />
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Another tree that may have been used in her cultus was the "Sabine herb," a juniper, due to the association with Numa, a Sabine king, and its use in other women's rites. Grain, salt, milk, honey, and bread were offerings likely used in her cultus, and as in the culti deorum of other deities, the shape of breads used in rites for Carmentis may have been unique to her cultus. <br />
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Among all of the culti deorum celebrated at Rome under the Res Publica Libera, the cultus Carmentis seems to have been unique in its prohibition against all immolationes (blood sacrifices) and anything that would be associated with the slaughtering of animals. This was due to the nature of the cultus having been devoted to a goddess primarily associated with childbirth, and also due to its having been a very ancient cultus and one associated with Numa Pompilius. It was also characterized by the fact that mostly women participated in the cultus of Carmenta, with the exception of Carmentalia when the flamen Carmentalis led her rites, assisted by the Pontifices. Some of the other features of sacrifices made to her are not known, but we can refer to the nature of her cultus.<br />
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==Pomona==<br />
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Pomona was a Roman goddess who was the keeper of orchards and fruit trees, and her festival, which she shared with her husband Vertumnus, was always on August 13th. Pomona watches over and protects fruit trees and cares for their cultivation, and Her name is from the Latin ''pomum'', "fruit," specifically orchard fruit. "Pomme" is the French word for "apple". She was said to be a wood nymph.<br />
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Pomona was among the Numina, guardian spirits of Roman mythology, who watched over people, places, or homes. The Numina are, in essence, the holy spirits of place, from which the word "numinous" derives. Pomona protected and inspired the abundance of the fruitful gardens and orchards. She had her own priest in Rome, called the Flamen Pomonalis. A grove sacred to her was called the Pomonal, located not far from Ostia, the ancient port of Rome. <br />
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Unlike many other agricultural deities, Pomona is not associated with the harvest itself, but with the flourishing of fruit trees. She is usually portrayed bearing a cornucopia or a tray of blossoming fruit. She doesn’t appear to have had any Greek counterpart at all, and is uniquely Roman.<br />
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In Ovid's writings, Pomona is a virginal wood nymph who rejected several suitors before finally marrying Vertumnus - and the only reason she married him was because he disguised himself as an old woman, and then offered Pomona advice on who she should marry. Vertumnus turned out to be quite lusty, and so the two of them are responsible for the prolific nature of apple trees. Pomona doesn't appear very often in mythology.<br />
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Despite her being a rather obscure deity, Pomona's likeness appears many times in classical art, including paintings by Rubens and Rembrandt, and a number of sculptures. She is typically represented as a lovely maiden with an armful of fruit and a pruning knife in one hand. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Professor Sprout, the teacher of Herbology -- the study of magical plants -- is named Pomona.<br />
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A statue of Pomona a set atop the Pulitzer Fountain in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza in New York. There is a statue of Pomona in Reykjavik, Iceland: just north of the BSI Bus Station, in the little park bordered by Gamla Hringbraut and Laufasvegur streets. Pomona is briefly mentioned in C. S. Lewis's children's book Prince Caspian.<br />
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===A Pomonal Tale===<br />
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I know the ways of apple and almond, pear and pomegranate, the netted cherry and the sanguine mulberry. I know the secrets of grafting scion to stock, and the perfect moment of the ripeness of a peach. I have picked off beetles and set traps for caterpillars, chased away deer and outsmarted squirrels. I know how to encourage rooting by placing a wheat seed in the split stem of a cutting, and how to prune a rose to produce the most hips. I water my fruit-trees deeply and feed them well, and they reward me with luxuriant health and an abundant harvest, so that my walled orchard is truly Paradise.<br />
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Somehow, however, it got around that I was unmarried. Since apparently this was not to be borne by the men of my country, I was beseiged with suitors, plentiful and persistent. As if I have time! All the wild and uncultivated men of the world came to my door then, woodsmen and hunters, sheperds and satyrs—even Silenos, that tipsy old goat, made his bid for my hand, though him I turned him down with kindness.<br />
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You'd think they would put it together that I was unavailable. I believe now my refusals must have made me an irresistible challenge, but at the time all I knew was aggravation and frustration—couldn't they leave me to my work?<br />
<br />
They were so hopeful.<br />
<br />
A farm boy came one spring day, peeping over my fence, watching me as I worked. He finally got up his courage and asked if he could marry me, a ridiculous proposition. I turned him down gently, for I felt rather sorry for him. He was just so young!<br />
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Next a plowman came to observe me over the wall with his old eyes the color of earth, promising to be my faithful husband. He too, I sent away.<br />
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Then came a gardener, stationed in the same spot by the wall, watching me dig a new bed for the apple seedlings. How he could find me attractive at that time was beyond me—my face was pink and smirched, my hair knotted in a scarf any old way, fingernails dirty, clothes spattered with the muck I had been kneeling in—how marriageable could I possibly have seemed? But he, like all the others, asked for my hand in marriage, and incredulous, I said no.<br />
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"Lady", he said then, "it has been three times now that I have asked to be your husband. What will it take to win you?"<br />
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Oh really! Well. I looked at him warily and said, "Show me who you are."<br />
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Then the light shifted and I saw him clearly—a young man all in green, his body lean and lithe with hard work, his curling hair dark as the new-turned soil in spring, his hands capable and callused and generous, smiling at me with a gentle openness in his face. Well then. He was certainly pretty, and I'll even go so far as to admit I was tempted, but…<br />
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Then he asked what variety of apple I was planting in the bed I had turned. How did he know I was planting apples there? Did I think that dates were worth growing this far north, given how difficult it was to winter them over? Had I had any luck with persea-fruit? At that I tossed him a persea-fruit from a basket; then I brought him to my date palms, small but healthy in their sheltered spot on the south side of the wall. He showed me a trick to make sour cherries sweeter; I showed him how to double their yield. We agreed about grafting, argued about pruning, and discussed rootstocks for pears; then he told me of his love for the smell of the warm moist earth and the feel of the soil in his hands, the abiding wonder he felt each time he planted a seed, and the amazement and privilege he experienced in tending to flowering and fruiting life.<br />
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Well! Why hadn't he said that in the first place?<br />
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''Ref: http://www.thaliatook.com/AMGG/pomonatale.php''<br />
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==Portunus==<br />
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Father Portunus was an ancient Roman god, already on the archaic religion, to whom are granted the gates (porta), the harbours (portus), and more precisely the river harbour of Rome called portus Tiberinus, near the Forum Boarium where still today stands his temple. His name also is written Portumnus. As the twelve other deities which each has his own flamen, Portunus is a local god of Rome and certainly a river god. <br />
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He shares some characteristics with Janus, the god of the house-doors ("janua"), while "porta" is rather gate, or town-doors. Both have as emblem the keys, offerred on August 17, during the celebrations of the god Portunus, the Portunalia, to bless the homes. Portunus also is depicted with an anchor. <br />
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Portunus also has to watch over the wheat stocking in the warehouses of Rome, perhaps invoked during the food retailing (annona), as supposes his representation on the Benevent Arch, where Portunus is hailed by the emperor Trajanus, which increased the Ostia harbour in size and took care in free wheat retailing to the beneficiary Roman citizens. <br />
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Portunus is Mater Matuta's son, the goddess which protects the Roman matrons and is honoured during the Matralia on june 11th, since Mater Matuta (Aurora) was assimilated to the Greek goddess Leucothea (The white goddess), former Ino, who were the mother of the marine deity Palaemon, assimilated to Portunus. <br />
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The antiquity of Portunus, his early character into the cults of the city and his originality are inferred from his name, his yearly festival and his flamen. His temple, near the Forum Boarium "Cattle market", where also were celebrated the Portunalia on August 17, and the portus Tiberinus is still standing. <br />
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You can see it near the Aemilius pons (ponte Rotto). The street to the port, called vicus Lucceius, went by the Porta Flumentana, in the Servian Wall, then passed between the Temple of Portunus and the Portus Tiberinus. This was the place of the processions and the ceremonies of the Portunalia, each August 17 (a.d. XVI Kal. Septembres). <br />
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The Portunalia are celebrated on a.d. XVI Kal. Sep. ‡ , the day when the temple of Portunus was consecrated. "Portunalia dicta a Portuno, cui eo die aedes in portu Tiberino facta et feriae institutae" (The Portunalia are named after Portunus, to whom on that day a temple in the Tiber port was made and consecrated.) <br />
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'''Poetry and literature'''<br />
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Portunus is assimilated by poets, Vergil and Ovid, to the Greek marine deity ''Melicertes/Palaemon''. <br />
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:'''Leucothea Grais, Matuta vocabere nostris;''' <br />
:'''In Portus nato jus erit omne tuo:'''<br />
:'''Quem nos Portunum, sua lingua Palaemona dicet.'''<br />
:'''Ite, precor, nostris uterque locis!''' <br />
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For his epithet "Father", see Aeneid V,241: <br />
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:'''Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euntem''' <br />
:'''Impulit...''' <br />
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See also: <br />
<br />
'''Orphic Hymn 75 to Palaemon''' (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.): <br />
<br />
:'''"To Palaimon, Fumigation from Manna. O nursed with Dionysos, doomed to keep thy dwelling in the widely spreading deep; with joyful aspect to my prayer incline, propitious come, and bless the rites divine; thy mystics through the earth and sea attend, and from old sea’s stormy waves defend: for ships their safety ever owe to thee, who wanderest with them through the raging sea. Come, guardian power, whom mortal tribes desire, and far avert the deep’s destructive ire."''' <br />
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'''Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4. 31''' ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.): <br />
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:'''"Shaggy Portunus sporting his blue-green beard... and Palaemon, the little charioteer on his dolphin."''' <br />
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==Quirinus==<br />
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Quirinus is the deified Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was served by the Flamen Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His festival, the Quirinalis, was celebrated February 17. <br />
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He was son of Mars and Rhea Silvia. His mother was a descendant of Aeneas. His consort and cult partner was Hora. <br />
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Quirinus was originally a Sabine god of storms and thunder. He was assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the Quirinal, a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times. <br />
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The festival of Quirinus, called the Quirinalia was celebrated on a.d. XIII Kal. Mar. ‡. However, very little is known about his cult. <br />
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An old Roman deity whose origin is uncertain. He was worshipped by the Sabines, an old Italian people who lived north-east of Rome. They had a fortified settlement near Rome, the Quirinal, which was named after their god. Later, when Rome expanded, this settlement was absorbed by the city, and Quirinus became, together with Jupiter and Mars, the god of the state. The Quirinalis, one of the Roman hills, was named after him. His consort is Hora. He was usually depicted as a bearded man who wears clothing that is part clerical and part military. His sacred plant is the myrtle. His festival, the Quirinalia, was celebrated on February 17. Romulus was also identified with Quirinus, especially in the late-Roman era.<br />
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The Roman name for the Sabine Curis who founded the Sabine capital of Cures. He is the Oscan Kurrenui, identified at Rome as the apotheotic Romulus, and regarded by some as another form of Mars as Romulus is His son. He was likely a war god, protector, and defender of cities among the Sabines, later becoming a kind of God of War in times of peace, vigilant defense. Mars was originally more an agricultural God, only later becoming warlike. Since the armies of both Rome and the Sabines were originally composed of gentry, both Mars and Quirinus are connected to war and agriculture.<br />
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Romulus, who was the son of Mars and Rhea Sylvia, was, after his assumption, deifed and assimilated to Qvirinvs. With Jvpiter and Mars, Qvirinvs constituted the archaic triad representing the three indo-european functions, respectively sovreignity, defence and war and fecundity. This archaic triad was later substituted by Jupiter, Minerva, Jvno with the same acceptation.<br />
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The word Qvirinvs comes from CO VIRI, MEN TOGETHER, representing the whole people of Rome (Georges Dumézil).<br />
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==Augustus==</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Spotlight_on_the_Roman_DeitiesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities2014-09-18T05:00:18Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
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In the Spring we celebrated the Ludi Novi Romani, where we honored the major Roman gods and goddesses. This Ludi, we shall honor some of the lesser deities of Rome, as well as the Divine Augustus.<br />
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==Daily Lararium Rite==<br />
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In the ancient Roman world, it was traditional to make an offering twice daily, in the Morning and in the Evening. Given our modern schedules and commitments, this is not always possible, so this ritual should be used when you choose to offer one single daily ritual, instead of the Morning and Evening Rituals. You can use this sample format, adding your own prayers to the deity honored each day.<br />
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(ABLUTIO)<br />
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''Wash both hands in clean water and in capite velato pray:''<br />
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May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
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May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
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Purify my mind. <br />
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Purify my body. <br />
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Purify my heart. <br />
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It is so. <br />
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(PRAEFATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! By offering you this incense, I pray good prayers so that you may be benevolent and propitious to me, my family, and my household.<br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(PRECATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! I offer incense and pray good prayers to you, Father Ianus, so that the incense find favor with You that all things beneficient and auspicious may be with us in beginning this day; Father Apollo, that You watch over the health and healing of me, my family, and my household, and grant us good health and long life; Mother Iuno, that You watch over our family and guide us down the correct path; Mother Vesta, that Your flames always guide us to the Gods, may Your flames always warm our home and our hearts, and may all be well this day and night in the House of the (Your Family Name); Manes, Lares et Penates, may You always preserve and maintain our house and household, and may You watch over us this day and bless us with a restful sleep this night. Genius of the Paterfamilias, may You guide us to all things joyous and fortunate this day, blessing us this night with fortuitous dreams of the coming day; and, that you be benevolent and propitious to me, to my family to my household. <br />
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''Other prayers offered here.''<br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(REDDITIO) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal, as by offering to you the incense virtuous prayers were well prayed. For the sake of this be honoured by this incense. <br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is so.<br />
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(PIACULUM) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal by whatever name I may call you: if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, with the sacrificial incense I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is done!<br />
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==Ianus==<br />
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Etruscan Ani: Pater Matutinus, "breaker of the day," the oldest God, the God of gods, the Good Creator, the beginner of all things. Light, the sun, opener of the heavenly gates. As Consiuius (The Sower) He is the spouse of Juturna, goddess of springs, and father of Fontus. Janus is also spouse of Venila, a Goddess of shallow seas who is sometimes considered the wife of Neptune. As Janus Quirinus he is a god of peace, that is, peace won by the vigilent Quirites. Janus Pater the creator of 1 January and 17 August. He is called Janus Bifrons (two-faced), Janus Patulcius (the opened door during wartime), and Janus Clusivus (the closed door during peace). A minor deity of same name is a guardian of doorways. <br />
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Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors (ianua), beginnings and endings, and hence represented with a double-faced head, each looking in opposite directions. He was worshipped at the beginning of the harvest time, planting, marriage, birth, and other types of beginnings, especially the beginnings of important events in a person's life. Janus also represents the transition between primitive life and civilization, between the countryside and the city, peace and war, and the growing-up of young people. One tradition states that he came from Thessaly and that he was welcomed by Camese in Latium, where they shared a kingdom. They married and had several children, among which the river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber is named). When his wife died, Janus became the sole ruler of Latium. He sheltered Saturn when he was fleeing from Jupiter. Janus, as the first king of Latium, brought the people a time of peace and welfare; the Golden Age. He introduced money, cultivation of the fields, and the laws. After his death he was deified and became the protector of Rome. When Romulus and his associates stole the Sabine Virgins, the Sabines attacked the city. The daughter of one of the guards on the Capitoline Hill betrayed her fellow countrymen and guided the enemy into the city. They attempted to climb the hill but Janus made a hot spring erupt from the ground, and the would-be attackers fled from the city. <br />
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Ever since, the gates of his temple were kept open in times of war so the god would be ready to intervene when necessary. In times of peace the gates were closed. His most famous sanctuary was a portal on the Forum Romanum through which the Roman legionaries went to war. He also had a temple on the Forum Olitorium, and in the first century another temple was built on the Forum of Nerva. This one had four portals, called Janus Quadrifons. When Rome became a republic, only one of the royal functions survived, namely that of rex sacrorum or rex sacrificulus. His priests regularly sacrificed to him. The month of January (the eleventh Roman month) is named after him. Janus was represented with two faces, originally one face was bearded while the other was not (probably a symbol of the sun and the moon). Later both faces were bearded. In his right hand he holds a key. The double-faced head appears on many Roman coins, and around the 2nd century BCE even with four faces. <br />
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==Flora==<br />
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The goddess of blossoming flowers of spring. She had a minor temple on the Quirinalis and was given a sanctuary near the Circus Maximus in 238 BCE. The festival of the Floralia, celebrated on April 28 -May 1, existed until the 4th century CE. The Ludi Florales held in Her honor became annual games in 173 BCE, and under the empire were extended until May 3 for the Floralia. They began with theatrical performances, followed by races, and ending with sacrifices to Flora. Hares and goats were set loose, and vetches, beans, and lupines were distributed to the spectators. Flora is identified with the Greek Chloris. <br />
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==Saturnus==<br />
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'''Saturnus (Saturn or Semino)''': The Roman god of agriculture concerned with the sowing of the seeds. Titan father of the Di consentes, God of the Abundant Earth and consort of Ops. Representing the father of the gods of the pre-Italic peoples, the Ausones, He brought an earlier form of agriculture to Italy, prior to Ceres instituting grain cultivation, and ruled the earth during the Golden Age. <br />
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His main festival is the Saturnalia on 17-23 Dec. At the foot of the Capitoline His temple served as the state treasury, the aerarium Saturni. He was later identified at Rome with the Greek Cronus. Many of the Neolithic megaliths and stone walls of Italy are attributed to the "Sons of Saturnus" who were giants. He is regarded as the father of Jupiter, Ceres, Juno and many others. His wife is the goddess Ops. Jupiter supposedly chased him away and he was taken in by the god Janus in Latium where he introduced agriculture and viniculture. This event heralded a period of peace, happiness and prosperity, the Golden Age. In memory of this Golden Age, each year the Saturnalia was observed on December 17 at his temple on the Forum Romanum. This temple, below the Capitoline Hill, contained the Royal Treasury and is one of the oldest in Rome. <br />
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The Saturnalia was one of the major events of the year. Originally only one day, it was later extended to seven days. During this festival, business was suspended, the roles of master and slaves were reversed, moral restrictions were loosened and gifts were exchanged. Offerings made in his honor were done with uncovered heads, contrary to the Roman tradition. In contrast to his festival, Saturn himself was never very popular. From the 3rd century on, he was identified with the Greek Cronus, and his cult became only marginally more popular. That he ruled over the Golden Age is an extension to the Greek myth. Saturday is named after him.<br />
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==Fontanus==<br />
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In ancient Roman religion, '''Fontanus/Fontus/Fons''' (plural Fontes, "Font" or "Source") was a god of wells and springs. A religious festival called the Fontinalia was held on October 13 in his honor. Throughout the city, fountains and wellheads were adorned with garlands.<br />
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Fons was the son of Juturna and Janus. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, was supposed to have been buried near the altar of Fons (ara Fontis) on the Janiculum. William Warde Fowler observed that between 259 and 241 BC, cults were founded for Juturna, Fons, and the Tempestates, all having to do with sources of water. As a god of pure water, Fons can be placed in opposition to Liber as a god of wine identified with Bacchus.<br />
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An inscription includes Fons among a series of deities who received expiatory sacrifices by the Arval Brothers in 224 AD, when several trees in the sacred grove of Dea Dia, their chief deity, had been struck by lightning and burnt. Fons received two wethers. Fons was not among the deities depicted on coinage of the Roman Republic.<br />
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In the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, Fons is located in the second of 16 celestial regions, with Jupiter, Quirinus, Mars, the Military Lar, Juno, Lympha, and the Novensiles.<br />
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===Fons Perennis===<br />
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Water as a source of regeneration played a role in the Mithraic mysteries, and inscriptions to Fons Perennis ("Eternal Spring" or "Never-Failing Stream") have been found in mithraea. In one of the scenes of the Mithraic cycle, the god strikes a rock, which then gushes water. A Mithraic text explains that the stream was a source of life-giving water and immortal refreshment. Dedications to "inanimate entities" from Mithraic narrative ritual, such as Fons Perennis and Petra Genetrix ("Generative Rock"), treat them as divine and capable of hearing, like the nymphs and healing powers to whom these are more often made.<br />
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==Volturnus==<br />
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A god of wind and water. The Roman god of the East Wind, equal to the Greek Eurus. A river deity associated with the river Volturnus in Campania (Italy), but it could also be an ancient name for the Tiber. The Volturnalia was observed on August 27. <br />
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The etymology of Volturnus is uncertain. It is thought to derive from volvere, "to roll along or wind around". <br />
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Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the cultus deorum. Volturnus is known to have been an agricultural God, and surviving fragments show he was specifically a river God. Like other ancient Gods, his cult was overshadowed and obscured by a religious reformation, probably in the 4th century BCE. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of Rome's earliest religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure." <br />
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The name Volturnus suggests a connection with the port of Volturnum (now Capua). Volturnum was a settlement of the Oscans, and later of the Etruscans. The city is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. The Romans built a fort at Volturum for provisioning the army, and in 194 BCE established a colony there. <br />
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Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome in the 2nd century BCE. Such removals of conquered Gods to Rome were commonplace. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. <br />
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No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a numen, and therefore never acquired personal characteristics. <br />
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Classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) believed Volturnus was the cult name for the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. His reasoning is straightforward: surviving fragments show Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, that river must have been the Tiber. Mommsen's view influenced generations of scholars, and is still presented as a fact in popular materials. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The God of the Tiber river was almost certainly named 'Tiberinus' by the Latins, while the Volturno is a river in Campania. Following an influential article by Joel Le Gall in 1953, the identification of Volturnus with Tiberinus was largely abandoned by the scholarly community. A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno. <br />
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Mommsen also identified Volturnus with Portunus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo." Portunus was a God of harbors.<br />
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Vertumnus was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort Voltumna, whom the Romans equated with Pomona, was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus and Varro – “though neither recognise the relation in this case." The correspondence has not gained acceptance. <br />
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Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts." From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with Vulturnus, one of the Venti. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur). Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds. However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind, and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought. <br />
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No consorts or children of Volturnus are known. Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<br />
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Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa Pompilius. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. Like other flamines minores, the Flamen Volturnalis could be either patrician or plebeian. <br />
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The festival of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on a.d. VI Kal. Sep. and belonged to the Numan calendar. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information." Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the Iuturnalia, a.d. III Id. Ian.<br />
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A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua. A representation of a man having a fish offered to him survives at Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus. Other scholars believe it represents Volturnus. More probably, it represents Volcanus. Small live fish were thrown into a fire as a sacrificial offering at the Volcanalia. <br />
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==Pales==<br />
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Pales was a Roman divinity of flocks and shepherds, and is described by some as a male, and by others as a female divinity; whence some modern writers have inferred that Pales was a combination of both sexes; but, such a monstrosity is altogether foreign to the religion of the Romans. (Verg. A. 3.1, 297, Georg. 3.1; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 5.35; Ov. Fast. 4.721, 746, 766; Dionys. A. R. 1.88 ; Athen. 8.361.) <br />
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The name seems to be connected with Palatinus, the centre of all the earliest legends of Rome, and the god himself was with the Romans the embodiment of the same idea as Pan among the Greeks. <br />
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The Parilia was the ancient Roman festival celebrated annually on April 21 in honour of the god and goddess Pales, the protectors of flocks and herds. According to later tradition, April 21 was the day on which Romulus began building the city of Rome and was thus celebrated as the dies natalis of the city. <br />
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Some of the rites performed at the festival of Pales would indeed seem to indicate, that the divinity was a female character; but besides the express statements to the contrary (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 3.1; Arnob. ad v. Gent. 3.23; Martian. cap. i. p. 27), there also are other reasons for believing that Pales was a male divinity. <br />
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The festival, basically a purification rite for herdsmen, beasts, and stalls, was at first celebrated by the early kings of Rome, later by the pontifex maximus, or chief priest. The Vestal Virgins opened the festival by distributing straw and the ashes and blood of sacrificial animals. Ritual cleaning, anointment, and adornment of herds and stalls followed, together with offerings of simple foods. On that day large fires were made through which they drove the cattle. The celebrants jumped over a bonfire three times to complete the purification, and an open-air feast ended the festival.<br />
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Another festival to Pales, apparently dedicated "to the two Pales" (Palibus duobus) was held on July 7. <br />
Marcus Atilius Regulus built a temple to Pales in Rome following his victory over the Salentini in 267 BC. It is generally thought to have been located on the Palatine Hill, but, being a victory monument, it may have been located on the route of the triumphal procession, either on the Campus Martius or the Aventine Hill. <br />
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==Furrina==<br />
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Furrina (not Furina), was an ancient Roman goddess whose function had become obscure by the time of Varro. Her cult dated to the earliest period of Roman religious history, since she was one of the fifteen deities who had their own flamen, the Furrinalis, one of the flamines minores. There is some evidence that Furrina was associated with water.<br />
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She is not considered to be the same deity as Furina, the Roman goddess of thieves and highway bandits. <br />
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Furrina was a goddess of springs, her name being related to the Indoeuropean root *bhr-u-n, Skr. bhurvan, indicating the moving or bubbling of water, cognate to Gothic brunna spring, Latin fervēre, from *fruur > furr by metathesis of the vowel, meaning to bubble or boil. Compare English "fervent", "effervescent" and Latin defruutum, boiled wine.<br />
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The goddess had a sacred spring and a shrine in Rome, located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Janiculum, on the right bank of the Tiber. The site has survived to the present day in the form of a grove, included within the gardens of Villa Sciarra. Excavations on the site conducted in 1910 identified a well and a system of underground channels, as well as some inscriptions dedicated to Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Agatis, and the nymphae furrinae. However these findings look to be of a later date (2nd century CE) and perhaps the well is not the original spring. Gaius Gracchus was killed in the Grove of Furrina.<br />
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According to Cicero another sanctuary dedicated to the cult of Furrina was located near Satricum. This place was not the most widely known one but a hamlet near Arpinum.<br />
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Furrina's festival was the Furrinalia on July 25. On the Roman calendar, festivals separated by an interval of three days were interconnected and belonged to the same function. In the second half of July, the two Lucaria occur on the 19th and 17th, with the Neptunalia on the 23rd and the Furrinalia on the 25th. This grouping is devoted to woods and running waters, which are intended as a shelter and a relief from the heat of the season, the canicula.<br />
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According to Martianus Capella, Furrina is a low ranking deity who has her seat just above the mountain peaks.<br />
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==Iuppiter==<br />
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Among the ancient Romans, Iuppiter was the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife). The Romans worshipped him especially as Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove. He had a temple on the Capitoline, together with Juno and Minerva, but he was the most prominent of this Capitoline triad. <br />
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His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came here to give their thanks. <br />
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Iuppiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger. Iuppiter is completely identical with the Greek Zeus.<br />
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===Iuppiter Latiaris and Feriae Latinae===<br />
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The cult of Iuppiter Latiaris was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the Mons Albanus on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of Alba Longa.<br />
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After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (nundinae). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt. The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome.<br />
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The feriae Latinae, or Latiar as they were known originally, were the common festival (panegyris) of the so-called Priscan Latins and of the Albans. Their restoration aimed at grounding Roman hegemony in this ancestral religious tradition of the Latins. The original cult was reinstated unchanged as is testified by some archaic features of the ritual: the exclusion of wine from the sacrifice the offers of milk and cheese and the ritual use of rocking among the games. <br />
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Rocking is one of the most ancient rites mimicking ascent to Heaven and is very widespread. At the Latiar the rocking took place on a tree and the winner was of course the one who had swung the highest. This rite was said to have been instituted by the Albans to commemorate the disappearance of king Latinus, in the battle against Mezentius king of Caere: the rite symbolised a search for him both on earth and in heaven. The rocking as well as the customary drinking of milk was also considered to commemorate and ritually reinstate infancy. The Romans in the last form of the rite brought the sacrificial ox from Rome and every participant was bestowed a portion of the meat, rite known as carnem petere. Other games were held in every participant borough. <br />
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In Rome a race of chariots (quadrigae) was held starting from the Capitol: the winner drank a liquor made with absynth. This competition has been compared to the Vedic rite of the vajapeya: in it seventeen chariots run a phoney race which must be won by the king in order to allow him to drink a cup of madhu, i. e. soma. The feasting lasted for at least four days, possibly six according to Niebuhr, one day for each of the six Latin and Alban decuriae. According to different records 47 or 53 boroughs took part in the festival (the listed names too differ in Pliny NH III 69 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus AR V 61). The Latiar became an important feature of Roman political life as they were feriae conceptivae, i. e. their date varied each year: the consuls and the highest magistrates were required to attend shortly after the beginning of the administration, originally on the Ides of March: the Feriae usually took place in early April. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the Latiar had to be wholly repeated. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the decemvirs. Wissowa remarks the inner linkage of the temple of the Mons Albanus with that of the Capitol apparent in the common association with the rite of the triumph: since 231 BC some triumphing commanders had triumphed there first with the same legal features as in Rome.<br />
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===The Games to Iuppiter===<br />
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The Ides of each month are sacred to Iuppiter, and there were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Iuppiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13. In the 3rd century BC, the epulum Iovis became similar to a lectisternium.<br />
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The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a dies ater, or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not nefas) the two Epula Iovis of September and November.<br />
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The games of September were named Ludi Magni; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual Ludi Romani and were held in the Circus Maximus after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus, and linked to the cult of Iuppiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the triumph, which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the triumphator and the pompa circensis resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).<br />
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The Ludi Plebei took place in November in the Circus Flaminius. Mommsen argued that the epulum of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient. The Ludi Plebei were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Iuppiter is attested by Cicero.<br />
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===The Temple of Iuppiter===<br />
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The temple of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus stood on the Capitoline Hill. Iuppiter was worshiped there as an individual deity, and with Juno and Minerva as part of the Capitoline Triad. The building was supposedly begun by king Tarquinius Priscus, completed by the last king (Tarquinius Superbus) and inaugurated in the early days of the Roman Republic (September 13, 509 BC). It was topped with the statues of four horses drawing a quadriga, with Iuppiter as charioteer. A large statue of Iuppiter stood within; on festival days, its face was painted red. In (or near) this temple was the Iuppiter Lapis: the Iuppiter Stone, on which oaths could be sworn.<br />
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Iuppiter was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove," that many people use today. <br />
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==Carmenta==<br />
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Carmentis or Carmenta, (one of the Camenae), goddess of childbirth and prophecy, a goddess of charms and spells. Her soothing words ease the pains of women in labor, heal the ills of childhood, foretell the futures of brides and that of their children. The main festivals of Carmentis, the Carmentalia occur on a.d. III Id. Ian. ‡ and a.d. XVIII Kal. Feb. ‡, the first day celebrating the dedication of her sacred grove by Numa Pompilius. However, each month rites are also performed for her. Carmentis was also the mother of Evander, who played a part in the story of Hercules in Italy. <br />
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The area of the city immediately south of the Capitoline Hill held significant importance in the early developments of the religio Romana. It was here, near the Tiber, in the sacred grove of Carmentis that King Numa Pompilius would meet with the nympha Egeria, who instructed him on how to consult with the Gods. Her cultus seems to have been one of the earliest in the City. <br />
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One aspect that we know about the cultus of Carmentis was that no leather was permitted inside her sacred grove. It meant that She was to be approached while barefoot, as was also the case in some rites performed for Ceres and other goddesses. Where we hear of worship made while barefoot it usually refers only to women, and the cultus of Carmentis was primarily a women's cultus. The prohibition against leather also meant that no blood sacrifices were to be performed in the sacred grove of Carmentis. One reason for that was that her cultus related to childbirth. We see the reason given for this with the ceremony to a person's genius or juno on his or her birthday, "For on the day when they had received life, they did not want to deprive another life." <br />
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This was even carried over into the celebrations held for the birth of the City at Parilia. "In the beginning, so it is said, they sacrificed no living creature, but thought that they should keep pure and bloodless the festival commemorating the birth of their country." Augures also, who rites were established by Numa, supposedly were not to perform blood sacrifices lest they should pollute themselves. Another aspect of her cultus was that it probably used milk rather than wine as a libation. That is not certain, but, first, her cultus supposedly went back to the time of Romulus. "Romulus poured libations of milk, not wine; proof of this lies in rites established by him that preserve this custom today." Also women were generally prohibited from using wine, and again the cultus of Carmentis was primarily performed by women. Another probable aspect was that her cultus would have prohibited use of iron inside her grove or for her rites. Such a prohibition is known in the case of rites held for Ceres, and it appe<br />
ars in the temple rules at other locations. Such a prohibition may refer to the antiquity of a cultus, where bronze implements were preferred as the material for ritual tools. On the other hand iron was specified in the cultus of Mars. Iron was associated with war and death and thus, like blood sacrifices, would have been inappropriate in a cultus concerned mainly with childbirth. We see these two prohibitions come together, along with another against performing rights for the dead, in a dedication inscription. <br />
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:"Into this locus nothing made of cast metal may be brought and no carcasses may be <br />
:projected over its altars, and no sacrifices may be made for deceased parents. If against <br />
:this rule a small altar is set up, then it will be permitted for a magistrate to hand down <br />
:any judgement and set whatever fines he may wish (ILS 4912)." <br />
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We may get some idea on what was permitted in her cultus by considering these various prohibitions. <br />
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:"Formerly what served to reconcile gods and men was spelt and pure salt's glistening grain. … A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites." <br />
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The more ancient a cultus, the simpler and more native offerings were to be used. Flowers and herbs, fruits and vegetables that were locally grown rather than exotic plants that were later introduced into Rome. This would have been the same with incense used in her rites. Not cinnamon or nard, myrrh or frankincense that came from distant lands. Instead bay laurel would have been used, and other trees among the arbores felices. This played in again with the prohibition against blood sacrifices in her cultus, since "it is forbidden to pollute laurel... even for making a fire at altars and shrines when divinities are to be propitiated." <br />
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Another tree that may have been used in her cultus was the "Sabine herb," a juniper, due to the association with Numa, a Sabine king, and its use in other women's rites. Grain, salt, milk, honey, and bread were offerings likely used in her cultus, and as in the culti deorum of other deities, the shape of breads used in rites for Carmentis may have been unique to her cultus. <br />
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Among all of the culti deorum celebrated at Rome under the Res Publica Libera, the cultus Carmentis seems to have been unique in its prohibition against all immolationes (blood sacrifices) and anything that would be associated with the slaughtering of animals. This was due to the nature of the cultus having been devoted to a goddess primarily associated with childbirth, and also due to its having been a very ancient cultus and one associated with Numa Pompilius. It was also characterized by the fact that mostly women participated in the cultus of Carmenta, with the exception of Carmentalia when the flamen Carmentalis led her rites, assisted by the Pontifices. Some of the other features of sacrifices made to her are not known, but we can refer to the nature of her cultus.<br />
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==Pomona==<br />
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Pomona was a Roman goddess who was the keeper of orchards and fruit trees, and her festival, which she shared with her husband Vertumnus, was always on August 13th. Pomona watches over and protects fruit trees and cares for their cultivation, and Her name is from the Latin ''pomum'', "fruit," specifically orchard fruit. "Pomme" is the French word for "apple". She was said to be a wood nymph.<br />
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Pomona was among the Numina, guardian spirits of Roman mythology, who watched over people, places, or homes. The Numina are, in essence, the holy spirits of place, from which the word "numinous" derives. Pomona protected and inspired the abundance of the fruitful gardens and orchards. She had her own priest in Rome, called the Flamen Pomonalis. A grove sacred to her was called the Pomonal, located not far from Ostia, the ancient port of Rome. <br />
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Unlike many other agricultural deities, Pomona is not associated with the harvest itself, but with the flourishing of fruit trees. She is usually portrayed bearing a cornucopia or a tray of blossoming fruit. She doesn’t appear to have had any Greek counterpart at all, and is uniquely Roman.<br />
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In Ovid's writings, Pomona is a virginal wood nymph who rejected several suitors before finally marrying Vertumnus - and the only reason she married him was because he disguised himself as an old woman, and then offered Pomona advice on who she should marry. Vertumnus turned out to be quite lusty, and so the two of them are responsible for the prolific nature of apple trees. Pomona doesn't appear very often in mythology.<br />
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Despite her being a rather obscure deity, Pomona's likeness appears many times in classical art, including paintings by Rubens and Rembrandt, and a number of sculptures. She is typically represented as a lovely maiden with an armful of fruit and a pruning knife in one hand. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Professor Sprout, the teacher of Herbology -- the study of magical plants -- is named Pomona.<br />
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A statue of Pomona a set atop the Pulitzer Fountain in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza in New York. There is a statue of Pomona in Reykjavik, Iceland: just north of the BSI Bus Station, in the little park bordered by Gamla Hringbraut and Laufasvegur streets. Pomona is briefly mentioned in C. S. Lewis's children's book Prince Caspian.<br />
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===A Pomonal Tale===<br />
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I know the ways of apple and almond, pear and pomegranate, the netted cherry and the sanguine mulberry. I know the secrets of grafting scion to stock, and the perfect moment of the ripeness of a peach. I have picked off beetles and set traps for caterpillars, chased away deer and outsmarted squirrels. I know how to encourage rooting by placing a wheat seed in the split stem of a cutting, and how to prune a rose to produce the most hips. I water my fruit-trees deeply and feed them well, and they reward me with luxuriant health and an abundant harvest, so that my walled orchard is truly Paradise.<br />
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Somehow, however, it got around that I was unmarried. Since apparently this was not to be borne by the men of my country, I was beseiged with suitors, plentiful and persistent. As if I have time! All the wild and uncultivated men of the world came to my door then, woodsmen and hunters, sheperds and satyrs—even Silenos, that tipsy old goat, made his bid for my hand, though him I turned him down with kindness.<br />
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You'd think they would put it together that I was unavailable. I believe now my refusals must have made me an irresistible challenge, but at the time all I knew was aggravation and frustration—couldn't they leave me to my work?<br />
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They were so hopeful.<br />
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A farm boy came one spring day, peeping over my fence, watching me as I worked. He finally got up his courage and asked if he could marry me, a ridiculous proposition. I turned him down gently, for I felt rather sorry for him. He was just so young!<br />
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Next a plowman came to observe me over the wall with his old eyes the color of earth, promising to be my faithful husband. He too, I sent away.<br />
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Then came a gardener, stationed in the same spot by the wall, watching me dig a new bed for the apple seedlings. How he could find me attractive at that time was beyond me—my face was pink and smirched, my hair knotted in a scarf any old way, fingernails dirty, clothes spattered with the muck I had been kneeling in—how marriageable could I possibly have seemed? But he, like all the others, asked for my hand in marriage, and incredulous, I said no.<br />
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"Lady", he said then, "it has been three times now that I have asked to be your husband. What will it take to win you?"<br />
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Oh really! Well. I looked at him warily and said, "Show me who you are."<br />
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Then the light shifted and I saw him clearly—a young man all in green, his body lean and lithe with hard work, his curling hair dark as the new-turned soil in spring, his hands capable and callused and generous, smiling at me with a gentle openness in his face. Well then. He was certainly pretty, and I'll even go so far as to admit I was tempted, but…<br />
<br />
Then he asked what variety of apple I was planting in the bed I had turned. How did he know I was planting apples there? Did I think that dates were worth growing this far north, given how difficult it was to winter them over? Had I had any luck with persea-fruit? At that I tossed him a persea-fruit from a basket; then I brought him to my date palms, small but healthy in their sheltered spot on the south side of the wall. He showed me a trick to make sour cherries sweeter; I showed him how to double their yield. We agreed about grafting, argued about pruning, and discussed rootstocks for pears; then he told me of his love for the smell of the warm moist earth and the feel of the soil in his hands, the abiding wonder he felt each time he planted a seed, and the amazement and privilege he experienced in tending to flowering and fruiting life.<br />
<br />
Well! Why hadn't he said that in the first place?<br />
<br />
''Ref: http://www.thaliatook.com/AMGG/pomonatale.php''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Portunus==<br />
<br />
Father Portunus was an ancient Roman god, already on the archaic religion, to whom are granted the gates (porta), the harbours (portus), and more precisely the river harbour of Rome called portus Tiberinus, near the Forum Boarium where still today stands his temple. His name also is written Portumnus. As the twelve other deities which each has his own flamen, Portunus is a local god of Rome and certainly a river god. <br />
<br />
He shares some characteristics with Janus, the god of the house-doors ("janua"), while "porta" is rather gate, or town-doors. Both have as emblem the keys, offerred on August 17, during the celebrations of the god Portunus, the Portunalia, to bless the homes. Portunus also is depicted with an anchor. <br />
<br />
Portunus also has to watch over the wheat stocking in the warehouses of Rome, perhaps invoked during the food retailing (annona), as supposes his representation on the Benevent Arch, where Portunus is hailed by the emperor Trajanus, which increased the Ostia harbour in size and took care in free wheat retailing to the beneficiary Roman citizens. <br />
<br />
Portunus is Mater Matuta's son, the goddess which protects the Roman matrons and is honoured during the Matralia on june 11th, since Mater Matuta (Aurora) was assimilated to the Greek goddess Leucothea (The white goddess), former Ino, who were the mother of the marine deity Palaemon, assimilated to Portunus. <br />
<br />
The antiquity of Portunus, his early character into the cults of the city and his originality are inferred from his name, his yearly festival and his flamen. His temple, near the Forum Boarium "Cattle market", where also were celebrated the Portunalia on August 17, and the portus Tiberinus is still standing. <br />
<br />
You can see it near the Aemilius pons (ponte Rotto). The street to the port, called vicus Lucceius, went by the Porta Flumentana, in the Servian Wall, then passed between the Temple of Portunus and the Portus Tiberinus. This was the place of the processions and the ceremonies of the Portunalia, each August 17 (a.d. XVI Kal. Septembres). <br />
<br />
The Portunalia are celebrated on a.d. XVI Kal. Sep. ‡ , the day when the temple of Portunus was consecrated. "Portunalia dicta a Portuno, cui eo die aedes in portu Tiberino facta et feriae institutae" (The Portunalia are named after Portunus, to whom on that day a temple in the Tiber port was made and consecrated.) <br />
<br />
'''Poetry and literature'''<br />
<br />
Portunus is assimilated by poets, Vergil and Ovid, to the Greek marine deity ''Melicertes/Palaemon''. <br />
<br />
:'''Leucothea Grais, Matuta vocabere nostris;''' <br />
:'''In Portus nato jus erit omne tuo:'''<br />
:'''Quem nos Portunum, sua lingua Palaemona dicet.'''<br />
:'''Ite, precor, nostris uterque locis!''' <br />
<br />
For his epithet "Father", see Aeneid V,241: <br />
<br />
:'''Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euntem''' <br />
:'''Impulit...''' <br />
<br />
See also: <br />
<br />
'''Orphic Hymn 75 to Palaemon''' (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.): <br />
<br />
:'''"To Palaimon, Fumigation from Manna. O nursed with Dionysos, doomed to keep thy dwelling in the widely spreading deep; with joyful aspect to my prayer incline, propitious come, and bless the rites divine; thy mystics through the earth and sea attend, and from old sea’s stormy waves defend: for ships their safety ever owe to thee, who wanderest with them through the raging sea. Come, guardian power, whom mortal tribes desire, and far avert the deep’s destructive ire."''' <br />
<br />
'''Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4. 31''' ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.): <br />
<br />
:'''"Shaggy Portunus sporting his blue-green beard... and Palaemon, the little charioteer on his dolphin."''' <br />
<br />
<br />
==Quirinus==<br />
<br />
Quirinus is the deified Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was served by the Flamen Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His festival, the Quirinalis, was celebrated February 17. <br />
<br />
He was son of Mars and Rhea Silvia. His mother was a descendant of Aeneas. His consort and cult partner was Hora. <br />
<br />
Quirinus was originally a Sabine god of storms and thunder. He was assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the Quirinal, a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times. <br />
<br />
The festival of Quirinus, called the Quirinalia was celebrated on a.d. XIII Kal. Mar. ‡. However, very little is known about his cult. <br />
<br />
An old Roman deity whose origin is uncertain. He was worshipped by the Sabines, an old Italian people who lived north-east of Rome. They had a fortified settlement near Rome, the Quirinal, which was named after their god. Later, when Rome expanded, this settlement was absorbed by the city, and Quirinus became, together with Jupiter and Mars, the god of the state. The Quirinalis, one of the Roman hills, was named after him. His consort is Hora. He was usually depicted as a bearded man who wears clothing that is part clerical and part military. His sacred plant is the myrtle. His festival, the Quirinalia, was celebrated on February 17. Romulus was also identified with Quirinus, especially in the late-Roman era.<br />
<br />
The Roman name for the Sabine Curis who founded the Sabine capital of Cures. He is the Oscan Kurrenui, identified at Rome as the apotheotic Romulus, and regarded by some as another form of Mars as Romulus is His son. He was likely a war god, protector, and defender of cities among the Sabines, later becoming a kind of God of War in times of peace, vigilant defense. Mars was originally more an agricultural God, only later becoming warlike. Since the armies of both Rome and the Sabines were originally composed of gentry, both Mars and Quirinus are connected to war and agriculture.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Augustus==</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Munera_GladiatoriaLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Munera Gladiatoria2014-09-17T16:37:11Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENT TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY ENTER UP TO TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules== <br />
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A) '''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==MUNERA GLADIATORIA== <br />
<br />
Please forward the following information on your entry:<br />
<br />
===Entry Information:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
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B. The name of your Gladiator; <br />
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C. The type of your Gladiator; <br />
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D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
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E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
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F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
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:Albata - The Whites<br />
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:Praesina - The Greens<br />
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:Russata - The Reds<br />
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:Veneta - The Blues<br />
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===Gladiator Types: ===<br />
<br />
1. RETIARIUS: His weapon is the net, the trident and a dagger. His defenses are a protection of arm (manica), that includes the shoulder. <br />
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2. HOPLOMACHUS: His weapons are a lance and a dagger. His defenses are a closed crest hull, circular small shield and metallic shin pads. His defenses are protection of right arm and he can take a pectoral plate. <br />
<br />
3. MURMILLO: His weapon is a short sword (gladius). His defenses are a closed great crest hull, rectangular big shield (scutum), protection in right arm and shin pad in left leg. <br />
<br />
4. THRAEX: His weapon is a curved sword (sicca). His defenses are a closed hull, the crest of the hull has the shape of faucet, a quadrangular small shield (parmula), long metallic shin pads up to the thigh and protection in right arm. <br />
<br />
5. SECUTOR: His weapon is a short sword (gladius). His defenses are closed smooth hull, rectangular big shield (scutum), protection in right arm and legs. Normally fight only against retiarii. <br />
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6. DIMACHAERUS: His weapons are two curved swords (siccae). His defenses are protections in arms and legs. <br />
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<br />
===Tactics:===<br />
<br />
1."Defensive" tactics. It adds one point, but the gladiator or animal has 40 % of probabilities of surviving in case of defeat, because the public does not like these tactics. <br />
<br />
2."Yourself" tactics. It neither adds nor take points. 50 % of probabilities of which the public asks for the death in case of defeat. <br />
<br />
3."Total attack" tactics. It reduced one point, but the gladiator or animal has 65 % of probabilities of surviving in case of defeat, because the public likes these tactics.<br />
<br />
<br />
= Quarter-Finals =<br />
<br />
There were not enough entries.<br />
<br />
<br />
= Semi-Finals =<br />
<br />
<br />
===Live Pre-Match Coverage===<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus, reporting to you live from the Colosseum, where we are about to watch the Semi-Finals of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.!<br />
<br />
Today’s events will feature two superb matches and some of the finest gladiators to feel the sand under their feet. We hope we can get these events underway and beat the weather. We are expecting rain around the 11th hour this morning, but the crowd doesn’t seem to be complaining too much.<br />
<br />
Vendors are out with their carts everywhere all around the Colosseum, which is filling up fast for today’s matches. Let’s speak with one of them now.<br />
<br />
Hello, could I have your name please!<br />
<br />
Sure, it’s Lentulus.<br />
<br />
So, Lentulus what are you offering the masses today?<br />
<br />
Bubblehead dolls.<br />
<br />
Don’t you mean “bobblehead” dolls.<br />
<br />
Nope.<br />
<br />
I’m selling the latest fad—Bubblehead dolls. It’s a figurine of the Senior Consul with a bubblehead.<br />
<br />
Um, that’s bobble head, you mean.<br />
<br />
Whatever...I’m a bit slow...that’s what my name means...Lentulus...a bit slow.<br />
<br />
Okay! So, good luck with your cart sales.<br />
<br />
Uh, don’t you want to buy one?<br />
<br />
Well, we have to keep moving through the crowds, so I may come back.<br />
<br />
I might not be here when you come back.<br />
<br />
Okay...here’s 5 denarii, give me the bobblehead, and—<br />
<br />
That’s bubblehead.<br />
<br />
Okay...give me the bubblehead so I can just go...<br />
<br />
<br />
(pause)<br />
<br />
<br />
Okay, so he we are, with a unique souvenir of the day, and we will be going inside to the press are for future coverage of the games. And now, a word from our sponsors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Today’s Gladiatoria is brought to you in part by the Aventine Butchers’ Guild. Located in the Forum Boarium, we offer meat you cannot beat—the best beef, goat and veal one could ask for. For your next sacrifice and epulum, see one of our many selections. Of course, the Butchers’ Guild of the Aventine offers only the highest quality of meat for your religious and dietary needs.'''''<br />
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<br />
Hello, this is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus, returning to you live inside the Colosseum with the details of today’s Semi-Finals matches.<br />
<br />
In the first match we have, from the Ludus Albatus, Verus the Murmillo, owned by Gaius Decius Laterensis. What do we know about him? He is a fierce contender and usually plays it cool until the end of the match. Very level headed and calculating guy. His opponent, Galenus the Hoplomachus, owned by Sexta Laelia Macra and representing the Ludus Praesinus. He is perfectly matched with Verus, so we should see a good show of skill here today.<br />
<br />
Looking now at Match II, we find the first gladiator to be Caesarion the Retiarius, also owned by Sexta Laelia Macra and, of course, representing Praesina. He is matched with Pinarius the Murmillo, owned by the domus of Marcus Cornelius Rutilus and is representing Russata today. This should prove to be an interesting match as well. Caesarion is a berserker in the arena. He has worked his way to the Roman stadium completely by being a totally offensive combatant. One might think this advantageous, but his opponent, Pinarius, has also battled ring after ring to Rome, building his reputation on a somewhat defensive position in the arena.<br />
<br />
===Opening Ceremony===<br />
<br />
Wait...I’m getting word that the opening ceremonies are about to begin, as copies of the libellus are being distributed en masse to the spectators...<br />
<br />
Now coming into the arena is the pompa. Twelve Lictors are leading the Consuls and their delegations in...<br />
<br />
Next, we see a small band of tubicens playing a fanfare, written by Ti. Vitellius Triarius, called the Roman Fanfare...Those guys must have been up all night polishing those tubicens by the shine they are giving off on this cloudy day....<br />
<br />
Next we see the Flamen Furrinalis, M. Titinius Silvanus, who will be performing the opening sacrifice and prayer to Furrina, the goddess honored on this particular day of the games, as well as others carrying images of the gods to “witness” the proceedings...<br />
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Next we see Ti. Cassius Atellus, scriba to the Aedilis curulis, who will be recording the proceedings of the games, folloed by L. Ulpius Atellus, also on the Aedilis curulis staff, carrying palm branches, which will be used to honor the victors.<br />
<br />
Here comes the Aedilis curulis and Editor of the games, L. Vitellius Triarius, with Officers of Legio II Adiutrix, carrying the weapons and armour to be used in today’s matches...<br />
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Now comes a troupe of dancers and musicians from the Velian Guild of Musicians showing off their stuff to the crowd...<br />
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We can see the gladiator coming in now! The crowd is in a complete uproar! The Venetans are throwing muslum on the Praesina fans and the pre-game fights are breaking out...<br />
<br />
Well, the legionnaires of II Adiutrix are moving in to quell the disruptions, and it looks like people are beginning to settle down. Looks like a couple of fans are being ejected from the stadium...<br />
<br />
The Flamen Furrinalis has just completed his duty and the Aedilis curulis is now announcing the first match.<br />
<br />
<br />
===MATCH I===<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-mgvictorsf1.png|right]]<br />
<br />
Aedilis Vitellius rises, and the gladiators take their place in the center of the arena. They salute, the Aedilis signals for them to start, and the match begins...<br />
<br />
Verus the Murmillo is dressed in the crested helmet, bearing the mormylos, or sea fish, wearing an arm guard that proved he has been in the heat before. He is also wearing an manica, or arm guard, a loincloth and belt, a gaiter on his right leg, thick wrappings covering the tops of his feet, and a very short greave with an indentation for the padding at the top of the feet. He is one heavily armoured gladiator. <br />
<br />
Galenus sways back and forth, avoiding the gladius teasing of Verus. He is wearing quilted, trouser-like leg wrappings, loincloth, a belt, a pair of long shin-guards or greaves, a manica on the sword-arm, and a brimmed helmet that is adorned with a plume of feathers on top and a single feather on each side. He also is equipped with a sheathed gladius and a very small, round shield. He carried a spear, which he will have to cast before closing for hand-to-hand combat. <br />
<br />
Both are moving around the circle jabbing at each other, attempting to provoke the other into doing something that will give them an advantage early on. OH! Verus has just whacked the Hoplomachus’ spear tip off with his gladius! Galenus throws the spear shaft at Verus and draws his gladius!<br />
<br />
The two engage in several short lived melees, and Verus makes a strike “for points” on Galenus, who responds with a slash to the left side of the head. It glances off. Both have now pulled back to reassess the situation and get their breath, and both have laid down their shields...this is man-to-man now!<br />
<br />
Now they are engaging again. It’s sword play at it’s best. Both land some good hits, but Galenus is bleeding on the right leg. Doesn’t look like anything serious, but hey, that’s gladiator serious, I mean.<br />
<br />
Now they have backed off again. Galenus, wiping the sand and grit from his eyes. LOOK! Verus notices the temporary distraction and moves in for the winning attack! OHHHH! Galenus trips him and moves in for the kill! Verus is flat on his stomach with Galenus’ gladius at the back of his neck! The crowd goes wild! Galenus raises his left arm in a fist! The crowd gives him what he wants! OHHH! Verus has just rolled over, caught Galenus in his moment, leg-locked him and nor Galenus is on the ground at the mercy of Verus’ gladius. What an amatuer moment! But, Galenus, like many other gladiators has just suffered the fate of many others...being overwhelmed and taken by the awe of the crowd and attention!<br />
<br />
Verus, with gladius point at Galenus’ throat gets the signal from Aedilis Vitellius to spare the life of this young gladiator. What a soft heart from the veteran of the Legiones. But hey, these guys cost money, you know!<br />
<br />
The match is over and Verus is the Victor! He is presented a palm branch and is attended to by the medics. Albata will be partying tonight...there is no question about that!<br />
<br />
As the scribe records the final details and the statistics of the match, the arena floor is cleaned and prepared for the next match.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===MATCH II===<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-mgvictorsf2.png|right]]<br />
<br />
As the crowd takes their seats, the opponents for the next match are brought out. The iron gates open and Caesarion the Retiarius comes forth to the delight of the crowd! He is carrying the traditional trident, dagger and net. True to form, he is wearing the extended manica and without the protection of a helmet. With a face like that, he needs a full face guard! Scary! He is carrying a dagger, but not the standard pugio. He is carrying the Dacian dagger, which has a square guard with four blades. You don’t see that very often. He is used to fighting two Secutores at one time from the pons. There is no pile of stones to throw today!<br />
<br />
His opponent, the Murmillo, is dressed accordingly, however, he is carrying the traditional scutum of a legionnaire, but it looks a bit large for him...not too large, but again, he may be able to handle it well. We’ll just have to wait and see.<br />
<br />
The gladiators take their places, salute the Aedilis, the signal is given and the match begins...<br />
<br />
LOOK NOW! Caesarion has launched and immediate trident attack on the Murmillo, who is fending of the stabs quickly and professionally with his scutum. Guess we got our answer on the shield question...it is N-O-T a problem for this contestant. Aesarion is wielding the trident in his right hand and the dagger in his left like nobody’s business. He is in a rage and so is the crowd! They have all come to their feet on this one!<br />
<br />
Pinarius continues to defend, waiting for an opportunity. HE TAKES IT and makes a deep slash on the left leg of Caesarion! Points on that one! Both gladiators have pulled back to regroup and rethink the next step. CAESARION RUSHES! He’s not thinking about anything but netting Pinarius! He has dropped the dagger in favor of the net, which he flings in a perfect from, but misses the Murmillo by inches.<br />
<br />
Pinarius charges and pommels Caesarion to the ground with the scutum. That one had to hurt. Caesarion recovers and narrowly misses the Murmillo with his trident. Pinarius charges again with extended gladius at the side of the scutum, but the Retiarius uses the net like a whip ! it catches the gladius point and he spins Pinarius around sideways. He takes two steps, stumbles and falls! Caesarion goes for the kill, landing the trident into the shield with the force of a bull attack. The trident sticks in and won’t come out. Now the shield and the trident are abandoned. It is now down to dagger and net versus gladius...<br />
<br />
Pinarius jabs the gladus repeatedly at Caesarion, who is swinging the Dacian dagger in a random pattern at the Murmillo. The Retarius throws the net, but the Murmillo defends effectively. He throws again, but the defensive nature of Pinarius shows he has the experience to battle this one! The throws the net again, this time catching on the gladius blade. He yanks the net, but the firm had of Pinarius holds fast and several sections of the net are sliced through!<br />
<br />
They both back off, this time Pinarius is fully aware of this opponent’s position and keeps a watchful eye on the Retiarius. After a brief moment, Caesarion charges the Murmillo. OH MAN ALIVE! Pinarius just picked up the discarded scutum and slings it at the Retarius, making a sound connection with him dead on the torso!<br />
<br />
The Retiarius is stunned momentariy, which allows the Murmillo to attack! But, with a watchful eye, Caesarion has anticipated the attack, and throws the Dacian dagger at the Murmillo. It sticks in his right arm...his sword arm! He drops the gladius, the net is flung and the Retiarius kicks Pinarius in the side of his helmet and knocks him out cold!<br />
<br />
The crowd jumps to their feet and the fans go wild! The medics are on the arena floor tending to Pinarius, while the security detachment from II Adiutrix has their hands full keeping the fans in the stands! Everyone is trying to rush the legionnaires to get to Caesarion, but he is whisked away momentarily for safety.<br />
<br />
The crowds are being pushed back into the stands and we await some sense of order in this Colosseum right now...<br />
<br />
Let’s take a break and hear a word from our sponsors...<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''This Munera Gladiatoria is brought to you in part by the Bakers’ Guild of the Aventine. The Bakers’ Guild uses only the finest wheat and rye from the fields of Egypt and around the Respublica. You can be assurd that when you buy Aventine bread, it is fresh, and...you pay a fair price...and pay no more!'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
We are back, live at the Colosseum, where moments ago, the crowd attempted to have a munera of their own, but the skill and expertise of the legionnaires of II Adiutrix, our sponsored legio today, has quelled the rioting. Caesarion, the Retiarius from Ludus Praesinus, has just been returned to the sand to receive his victory palm from the Aedilis curulis. These are bittersweet times for Praesina, as they have lost one match and won one match today. Russata fans are angered over the “show off” antics of their opponent’s factio and are vowing retribution! Looks like a normal day here in the Colosseum. A little Falernian and these people will be fine!<br />
<br />
<br />
===End of Match Coverage===<br />
<br />
<br />
Let’s recap today’s matches:<br />
<br />
In Match I, Albata wins, and Verus goes on to tomorrow’s finals match.<br />
<br />
In Match II, Caesarion wins, and Praesina goes on to attempt a win tomorrow.<br />
<br />
It should be an interesting line up tomorrow!<br />
<br />
Well, this is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus signing off until tomorrow! We’ll see you again in 24 hours on the sand for the Finals of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(pause)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Is the mic off? <br />
<br />
Is it off? <br />
<br />
Okay, give me a piece of that Aventine bread and some olives.... Hey, thanks...Yeah, that’s perfect...Aw man, this bread is moldy....why can’t these guys just.... <br />
<br />
<br />
= Finals =<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus, reporting to you live from the Colosseum, where we are about to watch the Finals of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.!<br />
<br />
Today’s events will feature the victors of yesterday’s Semi-Finals Matches:<br />
<br />
Representing Factio Praesina from the Ludus Praesinus is Caesarion the Retiarius – one wild beast on the sand!<br />
<br />
His opponent, representing Factio Albata and the Ludus Albatus, we present again Verus the Murmillo – a calculating and precise implement of destruction!<br />
<br />
Both competitors are recovering from injuries received in yesterday’s matches, but they are tough—as tough as armored ballistae!<br />
<br />
The crowds are here for this afternoon’s event, and they have come out from every corner of the city for this one! No one is staying home today! They are all attempting to beat the heat, but the sunshine is beautiful...absolutely beautiful!<br />
<br />
There is a certain air of victory in the air...you can just smell it!<br />
<br />
We are coming to you live from the Colosseum, here in the Eternal City and in just moments, according to the labellum, or program for you celts, we are about to start this exhibition of ruthlessness and skill. <br />
<br />
And now, a word from our sponsors...<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Today’s Finals Exhibition is brought to you in part by the Palace Realty of the Palatine. Need a new home that fits your style? We have refurbished estates that were recently obtained by the tax collectors for non-payment of fines to the magistrates. We offer a selection of extraordinary homes, fit for a Consul! Of course, Palace Realty offers only the highest quality of residences for those with the correct political favor.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
Hello, this is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus, returning to you live inside the Colosseum with live coverage of today’s Finals match of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.<br />
<br />
Wait...I’m getting word that the opening ceremonies are about to begin, YES, here they come now onto the sand!<br />
<br />
The pompa is now entering the arena. Twelve Lictors are leading the Consuls, Sta. Cornelia and C. Aemilius, and their official delegations in...wow that bobblehead we purchased yesterday really bears a striking resemblance to the Senior Consul. I really should have bought more than one, as these things are really likely to become collector’s items!<br />
<br />
Next, we see the tubicen band playing a military styled fanfare. I’m not sure, but I think that is a new one...<br />
<br />
Next we see the Pontifex, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, who will be performing the opening sacrifice and prayer prior to the commencement of the games. He is also attended by a group of cultores, carrying images of the gods to “witness” the proceedings of today’s games...<br />
<br />
Next we see L. Ulpius Atellus, scriba to the Aedilis curulis, who will be recording the proceedings of the games today, followed by Ti. Cassius Atellus, also on the Aedilis curulis staff, carrying the victory palm, as well as what we believe to be a very small chest, no doubt carrying coinage of the Respublica to be awarded as a monetary prize to the victor. Those guys don’t get much, but every little bit helps them to buy their freedom...so they say! <br />
<br />
Next come the members of Legio XXI Rapax, from Pannonia, carrying the weapons and armour to be used in today’s matches. XXI Rapax is the honored legio today...<br />
<br />
Now comes a troupe of dancers and musicians from the Ostian Guild of Flautists and Harpists. They made it in town earlier this morning...<br />
<br />
We can see the gladiator coming in now! The crowd is in a rage, ready for action! The Russata fans are here to cheer for the Albatans! How strange...but, anything to revenge the embarrassment with Praesina yesterday! The Reds are waving white flags and yelling down with the Grass-Cutters!<br />
<br />
Pontifex Lentulus has just completed the opening ritual and the Aedilis curulis is now announcing the first match....Amazing how Pontifex Lentulus in no way resembles that Lentulus guy yesterday...you know, the one with the bubbleheads...I mean, bobblehead figurines...Anyway, let’s listen.<br />
<br />
Aedilis Vitellius rises, and the gladiators take their place in the center of the arena. The Aedilis introduces them to the crowd, which erupts in magnanimous joy. The Aedilis curulis signals for them to start, and the match begins...<br />
<br />
Verus the Murmillo and Caesarion the Retiarius waste no time. Both immediately charge each other, and the melee is ON!<br />
<br />
Caesarion is working that trident as hard as he can, but the Murmillo defends each blow with the skill of a profession fighter.<br />
<br />
Caesarion goes for a net throw early on, but Verus reflects it with his scutum...<br />
<br />
Now, Verus attempts a deadly thrust onto Caesarion, but it misses as well. Both are screaming at each other, but we cannot make out what they are saying. It looks like they are both trying to verbally assault each other into submission. VERUS ATTACKS! He has cut one of the straps of Caesarion’s manica. This could prove to be a problem...<br />
<br />
Caesarion, no amateur, makes his way around the arena, fending off the attacks of the Murmillo and keeping his armoured arm back out of harm’s way. VERUS ATTACKS AGAIN! This time, with no luck. The gladius is deflected by the Retiarius’ trident.<br />
<br />
OH MAN! Caesarion throws the net and Verus is entangled, but he rotates and continues to deflect Caesarion’s trident with his scutum. Verus is working the net off...and...he gets free from the Retiarius’ web of danger.<br />
<br />
Caesarion bends dwn to get the net and...OHHH...He launches it again at the Murmillo like a whip. It does not good. Verus is still well in the game.<br />
<br />
Verus is now moving in a circular pattern studying his opponent. He moves slowly, anticipating the moves of the Retiarius....<br />
<br />
BAM! He charges hard at the Retiarius and tags him with the scutum, but he does not inflict any damage.<br />
<br />
Caesarion stops moving and makes a “Come and take it!” motion at Verus. Verus accepts the challenge and Caesarion meets him mid-way and they clash! Caesarion has the Dacian dagger and is working it hard against Verus. Verus receives several stabs from the Retiarius’ dagger...he is bleeding, but it does not seem to be affecting his performance today. OHHHH! VERUS CONNECTS! THE RETIARUS HAS BEEN HIT WITH VERUS’ GLADIUS IN THE SIDE!<br />
<br />
Caesarion backs away to safety. Both are losing blood, but this doesn’t top the match. Verus charges again and the two clash! CAESARION TRIPS HIM WITH THE TRIDENT! VERUS FALLS! Caesarion launches the net and Verus is entangled! He’s working frantically to get free! Caesarion goes for the win with the dagger, but Verus leg sweeps him and Caesarion falls to the ground!<br />
<br />
Verus has no rolled on top of Caesarion and is attempting to transfer the net to his opponent! <br />
<br />
Caesarion grabs a hand full of sand and throws it in Verus’ face. Verus disengages and backs off, just long enough for Caesarion to get out of the net and recover himself.<br />
<br />
Verus goes for his gladius and scutum, but Caesarion launches the net and trips him! Verus is down again! Caesarion runs like a wild man and throws the trident! It misses! Verus is working his way out of the net! He gets loose, grabs the trident and throws it at Caesarion! It misses! Caesarion charges the Murmillo and kicks him in the side, rolling him like a ball! Verus recovers and, just as he is getting up, Caesarion tackles him. They are in an old-fashioned street fight right here in the sand! The crowd is up and going wild! Verus breaks loose and moves back, recovering his gladius! Caesarion reaches for his trident! He throws the trident in a swift and calculated move toward his opponent. The trident flows like a summer breeze straight at Verus’ chest! BUT WAIT! Verus, in a move so quick that we almost missed it, brings the gladius up and the tines hit the blade of Verus’ Gladius and the trident falls to the ground! <br />
<br />
In one single motion, Verus deflects the trident and then throws the gladius at Caesarion! The gladius hits Caesarion with unbridled force and wounds him in the chest. The blade has not stuck, but from the sound of the pommel strike, Caesarion has a cracked rib or two. HE’S DOWN-CAESARION IS DOWN!<br />
<br />
Verus runs over, picks up the gladius, and places it at the base of Caesarion’s neck! IT’S OVER! It...LOOKS LIKE VERUS HAS WON! OHHHH! Leg sweep by Caesarion and now they are both on the ground, wrestling for victory! They are fighting each other for the gladius! Caesarion wrestles it from Verus and places him in a headlock! The old Sleeper hold! Veru is fighting to get loose, but Caesarion is not giving in!<br />
<br />
Verus is dazed and Caesarion puts him down! VERUS IS DOWN! Caesarion gets up, grabs his trident, anticipates the recovery...BUT IT DOESN’T HAPPEN! VERUS IS DOWN FOR GOOD! HE’S LOST TOO MUCH BLOOD TO FIGHT ANY LONGER! CAESARION IS HOLDING THE TRIDENT TO HIS BACK! THE CROWD HAS CHOSEN!<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-mgvictor.png|right]]<br />
CAESARION WINS IT! THE AEDILIS CONFIRMS IT! IT’S OVER PEOPLE, IT'S OVER! WE HAVE A VICTOR!<br />
<br />
The medics are now moving into the arena to attend to Verus. Caesarion moves to accept his victory palm...but wait...there seems to be some confusion and arguing amongst the Lanistae. The Aedilis is conversing with them and shaking his head no. We will just have to see what the problem is.<br />
<br />
<br />
(pause)<br />
<br />
<br />
Okay, it appears that the Albatus Lanista felt the match was over when Verus had Caesarion on the ground. The Praesina Lanista argued the opposite. The Aedilis confers with the posh and fashionable Senator Fabius, an expert in the gladiatorial field. The Aedilis breaks away and briefly says something to the Lanistae. Aedilis Vitellius has made the final decision and it is...CAESARION!<br />
<br />
Aedilis Vitellius presents the gladiator with his spoils of victory and...oH NO!...The Russata fans are making a scene in the stands! They are picking fights with Praesina! Lovely! Here we go again!<br />
<br />
Well, Everyone, That’s it! That’s the finals of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.!<br />
<br />
Preasina wins it under the strength, skill and dexterity of <br />
<br />
<br />
'''CAESARION THE RETRIARIUS'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Owned by the domus of Sexta Laelia Macra! There will be celebrations of GREEN all night here in the Eternal City!<br />
<br />
This is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus signing off and saying, “We’ll see you the next time here in the Colosseum!”</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf2.pngFile:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf2.png2014-09-17T16:32:23Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf2.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf1.pngFile:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf1.png2014-09-17T16:31:36Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf1.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-mgvictor.pngFile:Ludroma2767-mgvictor.png2014-09-17T16:30:40Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Ludroma2767-mgvictor.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png2014-09-17T16:19:47Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png2014-09-17T16:18:44Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Ludi_circensesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses2014-09-17T16:17:17Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a chariot race and a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST FOUR ENTRIES FOR THE LUDI CIRCENSES AND TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENTS TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY RACE UP TO TWO CHARIOTS AND TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI CIRCENSES==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Please forward the following information on your entry:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
<br />
B. The name of your driver; <br />
C. The name of your chariot; <br />
<br />
D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
<br />
E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
<br />
F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
<br />
:Albata - The Whites<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
:Russata - The Reds <br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
<br />
===Tactics: Six (6) race tactics are possible:===<br />
<br />
A. To hurry in the last laps <br />
<br />
B. To pass the curves closely the "spina" of the circus. <br />
<br />
C. To support a constant pace <br />
<br />
D. To lash the rivals <br />
<br />
E. To push the rivals to the wall of the circus <br />
<br />
F. To hurry in the straight lines<br />
<br />
<br />
==QVARTER-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictor-qf.png|right]]<br />
<br />
SALVETE OMNES!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We have just received the unofficial report from the Circus Maximus for todays Ludi circenses Quarter-Finals races. Due to audio complications at the Circus, we lost our live feed and could not report the race-by-race action. But, we are back on the air again and here are the unofficial results, which should be certified by tomorrow and published publicly by the magistrates:<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race I===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race II===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race III===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus''' <br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus '''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race IV===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Team Veneta - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Tune in Tomorrow, where Iulia Gellia and I will be providing live coverage for the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals and Finals Races!<br />
<br />
See you tomorrow at the track on the spina in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
<br />
OPTIME VALETE!<br />
<br />
<br />
''Note: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis and Staff Intern at the Curule Aedile's Office).''<br />
<br />
<br />
==SEMI-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you again this afternoon live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We are here at the Circus Maximus, awaiting the official start of the Semi-Finals for the Ludi circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! As we celebrate the oldest of the Roman games, we go now to our correspondent inside the Circus, Julia Gellia. Julia, what is it looking like inside? The crowds out here are immense.<br />
<br />
Atius, the crowd inside is about the same. The citizens are making their way to their seats and are dressed in the colors of their factions. The seats are really beginning to fill up now. There are numerous factio banners waving and people are somewhat rowdy, but all in all, it looks like everyone is here to have a good time and WIN. I’m getting the word that you have just received the results of yesterday’s Quarter-Finals, so I’ll pass it back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, I have just been hand the official results and I think we have time to cover the results before the procession enters inside.<br />
<br />
In the Quarter-Finals Races, the officially certified results from yesterday are as follows:<br />
<br />
'''Race I'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina<br />
<br />
'''Race II'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Amadan the Celt, Amarach's younger brother-He may be not as tall and strong as Amarach, but he is very skilled in the art of chariot-driving, in spite of the fact that he looks a bit silly - always <br />
with a boyish smile on his face. Driving for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race III'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus <br />
<br />
2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race IV'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus<br />
<br />
Although the drivers are both veterans, the two Russata chariots owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, are new addidtions to the racing circuit here in the Circus Maximus.<br />
<br />
Also, this is the first Semi-Finals race for the Vitellians, Quintus and Tiberia, Children of the Aedilis curulis. It is unique to note, that Quintus’ chariot will be racing for Praesina, rather than the traditional Veneta line-up of the Vitellii! Good luck to both of them.<br />
<br />
So, we have the preceding charioteers that will advance to today’s races.<br />
<br />
Looks like this is shaping up to be a great day for racing here in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
We pause now for a word from the Aventine Guild of Bakers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Today’s races are being brought to you, in part, by the Aventine Guild of Bakers.'''<br />
<br />
'''Tired of eating stale bread? Does the mold bother you? Suffer no more. The Aventine Guild of Bakers uses only the finest wheat and barley in our loaves. We pride ourselves in offering you the best bread in the Eternal City. Always buy from local vendors in the Aventine, and buy daily for the freshest loaves. We have distribution points in the Forum Boarium, outside the Temple of Ceres, and mobile vendor carts on the Vicus Columnae Ligneae, Vicus Fortunati, Vicus Laci Tecti, Vicus Mundiciei, Vicus Portae Naevia, and the Vicus Silani Salientis. We also offer vendor shops on the Vicus Portae Trigeminae, Vicus Trium Viarum and Vicus Valeri.''' <br />
<br />
'''Remember, if it doesn’t say “Mons Aventinus,” it wasn’t made on the Aventine!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
And we’re back! This is Servius Atius and we are now inside the Circus Maximus awaiting the opening procession of the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals of the Ludi Romani. <br />
<br />
We’re here with some of the Veneta fans to get their reaction on the events today. So, would each of you tell us who you are and where you are from?<br />
<br />
I’m Tiberia Cornelia from Cora. I’m Tita Herennia and I am also from Cora. And I am Aulus Durmius from Signia. I’m Sextus Villius from Ferentinum.<br />
<br />
So, what do you guys expect to see from today’s Races?<br />
<br />
(Herennia) I think we will be in for some challenges from the Russata Team. They had a pretty tough show for the Quarter-Finals.<br />
<br />
(Cornelia) Yeah, the Albatans are going to present us with some challenges, but nothing the Blues can’t handle.<br />
<br />
(Villius) I have confidence in Veneta and their ability to win this thing outright!<br />
<br />
(Durmius) I’m really just here for the Falernian vendors, LOL!<br />
<br />
So, there you have it people! We will see what happens for Veneta! Good luck to you guys!<br />
<br />
Now, we focus our attention on the carcers, where the processional is about to begin.<br />
<br />
The herald is now announcing the competitors in Today’s Semi-Finals Races. Let’s listen:<br />
<br />
<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
<br />
<br />
“ Welcome to the Circus Maximus for the Semi-Finals Races of the Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! (Crowds erupt in loud cheering and jeering the opposing factiones)”<br />
<br />
“Today’s races consist of the following:”<br />
<br />
“In Race I, we have:”<br />
<br />
* '''In Carcer I – Florius, driving Ballista for Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer II – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefly for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer III – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer IV – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
“In Race II, we have:”<br />
<br />
* '''In Carcer V – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VI – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VII – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VIII – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
“Drivers, mount your chariots and await the mappa!”<br />
<br />
Well, folks, there’s the lineup. And, it looks like the procession is about to begin!<br />
<br />
(Cornicens and Tubacins are blasting a regal intro beat from the floor of the Circus)<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers are marching the Miles Gregari of Legio II Sabina, which is the Pontifex Maximus’ favored Legio. Man they do look mighty and powerful! It’s no wonder any on the outer reaches fear the ground upon which they have tread.<br />
<br />
Behind them is a special escort of the Priests of Iuppiter, carrying a gilded figurine of the god Iuppiter Optimus Maximus. As you know, these games, as well as the Plebeian Games, are dedicated to Iuppiter.<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats, however, these are a special troupe, not the ones we saw earlier in the Quarter-Finals. These are from around the Respublica and have been formed especially for this event, featuring new and upcoming young talent. For many of them, this is their first time performing before such a crowd.<br />
<br />
Now comes the procession of the charioteers. But wait, what’s this?!??!? <br />
<br />
Leading them is the Curule Aedile, L. Vitellius Triarius, himself, dressed in his senatorial toga, wearing sunglasses, waving to the crowd from his personal chariot, the Midnight Flyer, that big blue and chrome trimmed piece of spina elegance. It seems he has the song, “Promised Land” by Elvis Presslius, blaring on the externally-mounted speakers! The Veneta crowd is going wild! He is leading the charioteers down the straight-away and they are all waving wildly at the crowd who is responding like a hoard of crazed lunatics! What a show this is going to be! <br />
<br />
Followed by the Aedile and the charioteers are the Elected Officials of the Respublica entering on special chariots! Many of them, especially the Consuls, are driving chariots from their own stables! What a show these guys are putting on, and the fans are all about it! I might also mention, in honor of Iuppiter Pater, each of the chariots in Today’s procession are bearing a ceremonial lightning bolt.<br />
<br />
Everyone is taking their places and the charioteers are lining up in the carcers, preparing to launch from the gates.<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE I===<br />
<br />
<br />
The Curule Aedile rises, the crowd quietens, the mappa is raised, and...down it goes!<br />
<br />
The gates fly open and their off! It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Next is AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, closely followed by FLORIUS in Ballista. As they run down the sunny straight-away toward the meta post, it is brightly spewing its golden rays all over the Circus...a beautiful site! They are approaching the meta post for the first turn, and we will see how that goes. Here they go...<br />
<br />
Around the first turn, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus takes the lead over QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. They are spanning out and racing down the back side. Making the second turn and FLORIUS in Ballista overtakes AMARACH the Celt in Firefly. It’s anybody’s game as the first dolphin is turned on the top of the spina. Gellia, what is it like over on the spina?<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, it’s DUSTY over here, but we’re hanging in there. Our table is now officially covered in sand, but the audio is still working. They have just turned the second dolphin, and...can you still hear me...the sound over here is deafening! I’ll turn it back over to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, we can hear you! So back to the race as the third dolphin turns, it’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus still in the lead with FLORIUS in Ballista and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller running side by side and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly looking for an opportunity. <br />
<br />
As they approach the meta post, they turn and OHHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly inserts himself in between QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista. They are lashing each other with their whips! The dust is flying everywhere and the chariots are fighting for lead position. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus keeps turning around checking his position as they approach the opposing meta post.<br />
<br />
Around they go in a fury and here they come, flying past the curule chairs as the fourth dolphin is turned, and on to the next turn they go. Coming up on the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus checks backwards again, and OH NO! He has bumped the spina pretty hard, the chariot wobbles a little and then straightens out. Good luck on that one! Iuppiter must be watching over him!<br />
<br />
No, he’s not. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller has just taken the lead, cutting him off in another hard bump into the spina wall. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is furious! Now it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, and FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly in a dead heat for third as they round the turn.<br />
<br />
Here we go as the fifth dolphin drops and the battle is on. There seems to be a giant dust ball rolling around the track here in the Circus Maximus Today. Gellia, are you still with us?<br />
<br />
Yes, we are watching diligently as they are coming straight down the backside. HEY, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly just pulled around FLORIUS in Ballista and is bearing down hot and heavy on ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, who still is holding second at this time. Atius, back to you, they are coming up on the far turn and we just can’t see them from where we are at this point.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, we have them in a close turn AND FLORIUS in Ballista HAS JUST CUT IN FRONT OF ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus TO DOMINATE SECOND POSITION! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller must be worrying now, but it’s still anybody’s game. They are turning down the sixth dolphin now, so we enter the last lap of this race!<br />
<br />
We can see over in the carcers that the chariots for the next race are lining up now. The horses are snorting madly and bucking wildly out of control. They can feel the power of the track and are going mad waiting on the start. They just cannot wait to hit the dirt! Let’s see where we are now.<br />
<br />
Approaching the first meta post in this lap, the crowds are on their feet cheering wildly, the sound is absolutely deafening! Around they go to the back side. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
Atius, it is absolute chaos, absolute chaos! They have bunched together and are lashing each other and trying to drive each other into the spina! It’s wild, I say! They are going down the backside and it looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista are now fighting for first, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in second and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has fallen back to third position again. Back to you!<br />
<br />
Yes, here they come around the last meta post!<br />
<br />
Looks like it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead. OHHHH! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus just overtook FLORIUS in Ballista for second position! OHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has pulled around on the outside and is driving his team HARD, I mean HARD! <br />
<br />
AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has just overtaken FLORIUS in Ballista and is pushing hard against ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus! The fight is on! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly have their wheels tangled up and are trying in these last few seconds to break loose! They are bouncing into the spina repeatedly as one tangled mess! OHHH! They’re free and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly loses some control and veers off to the right and is slowing down. The remaining three are all about the win, driving hard and coming up fast on the finish line!<br />
<br />
THERE IT IS FOLKS! <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER!<br />
<br />
It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for the Win! <br />
<br />
Factio Praesina takes home the corona for this one! The Factio Praesina are going wild! What a race...WHAT...A...RACE...it has been!<br />
<br />
QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is now driving up to receive his corona from Aedile Vitellius, who congratulates him! He makes a victory lap around the Circus and then off the field. It’s time for the Second Race!<br />
<br />
We go now to Gellia, who is with Q. Vitellius Triarius and his sister, Tiberia. So, Quintus Vitellius, how does it feel to run your first Semi-Finals Race and get the win?<br />
<br />
Awesome, truly awesome. My dies natalis was a few days ago, and this just tops it off!<br />
<br />
And how old are you?<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictor-sf1.png|right]]<br />
XI.<br />
<br />
SO, let me ask your sister...Are you ready for Pankakis to win the next race? <br />
<br />
YES! But, if he does not, that will be okay. It’s about the thrill of the race more than the win for me, I think...It’s the anticipation!<br />
<br />
And you are how old?<br />
<br />
IX.<br />
<br />
So, where did you get the chariot name?<br />
<br />
My favorite Breakfast food. And the driver, Pankakis, well...he’s a Greek...and the name just paired well with the chariot, so I chose him to drive. He’s done this before in other places.<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, that’s the word from the Domus Vitellia! Back to you now.<br />
<br />
Thanks, Gellia.<br />
<br />
The officials have just released the results and it looks like this:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – FLORIUS in Ballista for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – AMARACH the Celt in Firefly for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE II===<br />
<br />
<br />
After a brief pause to rake the track and remove the debris thrown down by the fans, the spina staff has reorganized, knocked of the dust, and is now giving the signal to the officials that they are ready to begin.<br />
<br />
Everything gets quiet. Aedile Vitellius stands with mappa in hand, raises the mappa, and...it drops and the carcer gates fly open!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates it’s VELLOCATUS in Potentia, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum.<br />
<br />
Down the straight-away they go furiously! Approaching the first turn, it’s kind of messy, but they make it through. They round the turn onto the back stretch and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a cut to overtake VELLOCATUS in Potentia. It doesn’t work. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius anticipates the call and charges forward. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts it again. For the second time, it doesn’t work. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls to the outside and charges past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning who did not see him coming up from the rear. VELLOCATUS in Potentia runs hard for the next turn and clears the turn a good chariot length ahead of the rest. He is running his horses maybe a little too hard this early on, but, maybe he knows something we don’t. In any case the first dolphin falls with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in the lead, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. They make the next turn and it is a little bumpy for PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, as AMADAN the Celt in Aurum forces him into the spina wall, causing a large long fresh scrape around the corner of the spina wall end. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
I’m seeing dust and more dust. They have just passed us by. OH NO! One of the Circus staff has just fallen of the wall onto the track. They are racing to get him back up on the wall before the charioteers come back around. Two men are grabbing him as the second dolphin falls and they approach the curve. Looks like he has been successfully pulled back up and here they come. It’s PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius up front, followed by VELLOCATUS in Potentia. Looks like VELLOCATUS in Potentia took the lead somewhere along the way in all the confusion. Next is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Back to you Attius! <br />
<br />
The third dolphin has been turned down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is fighting for third as they approach the turn. Through the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning seizes the opportunity to pull ahead of AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! As they were entering the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning bore down hard left on AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, forcing AMADAN to pull back or loose a wheel to the spina.<br />
<br />
MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning clears the turn and plays catch up to the two opponents in front of him. As they proceed down the back stretch, it’s still PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius maintaining the lead, with VELLOCATUS in Potentia following closely behind. Gellia, can you see what is going on back there?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it’s crazy! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! They are running neck-to-neck down the back stretch. As they approach the back turn, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius races smoothly around the bend. OHHHH! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is attempting the same maneuver on VELLOCATUS in Potentia that he pulled off against AMADAN the Celt in Aurum on the other turn....can he do it....YES!!!! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has overtaken VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! As they race up the track, the officials are turning the fourth dolphin down. The crowd is going mad at this series of ever-changing events, especially the Factio Albata fans! <br />
<br />
Now through the turn and on the back side again, it is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and VELLOCATUS in Potentia competing for third. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging hard on the back bumper of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who is not about to give up his lead at this point. Back around to the front side, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but with no success. They are all still running strong. They make the next turn and BANG! <br />
<br />
AMADAN the Celt in Aurum has forced VELLOCATUS in Potentia into the spina...and hard! But, VELLOCATUS in Potentia maintains the lead over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is still trying to force PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius to give up his long-standing lead...AND HE DOES! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! No wait, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is lashing his opponent fiercely and it does the trick, thrusting PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius back into the lead! <br />
<br />
Now they are coming into the turn and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum is on the inside locking wheels with VELLOCATUS in Potentia on the outside! They are fighting each other to free the lock. BAM! The wheels come unlocked, but VELLOCATUS in Potentia is in a bad way! The chariot comes loose and so does the left wheel! VELLOCATUS in Potentia is fighting to keep the chariot from flipping over and is running off to the right out of harm’s way on one wheel! What a driver! He has successfully prevented a catastrophe, but it looks like he is done for the day. The remaining three competitors fly by the Officiants and the fifth dolphin is turned down.<br />
<br />
Making their way down and around, they are all bunched together. Gellia, can you see the results of the turn in all the dust?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is still in the lead and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum are fighting for second. It looks like AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning are rotating back and forth by a nose length for second position as the race down the back stretch. Back to you.<br />
<br />
Here they come around the meta post and its PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning out of the turn. But WAIT! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is experiencing something wrong! We cannot tell at this time what it is, but he is slowing down slightly. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning leaps forward taking the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum makes a move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but he averts the call and maintains second as the sixth dolphin is turned down. Off they go into the turn. <br />
<br />
It is still anybody’s guess as to which team will win at this point. Fighting their way down the back stretch, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has regained the lead over MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, with AMADAN the Celt in Aurum in third position. Back around the turn, they race down the front straight-away with no change as the seventh dolphins id turned down. This is it folks! The last lap of the race. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn. Will he attempt to take the lead? Yes, he lashes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn and forces himself in front of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead! <br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go! AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls up beside PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and is attempting to beat him to the curve... and he does! But, it looks like HE’S TAKEN THE CURVE TOO FAST! He starts to slide and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius slides through on the inside to take second position over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum. This mishap has allowed MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to pull ahead by about two chariot lengths. <br />
<br />
Toward the finish line they run...and run hard! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is charging fast to catch up with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Will he make it? NOOOOO! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning crosses the line by a head’s length to win! The Factio Albata Fans GO CRAZY! People are jumping up in the air and throwing things all over the Circus in celebration!<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictor-sf2.png|right]]<br />
The Official is making his way over to the Aedile with the official results. Aedile Vitellius stands and loudly yells:<br />
<br />
“ALBATA! ALBATA! ALBATA!” <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER AND IT IS THE COLOR WHITE!<br />
<br />
Looks like the final results for Race II are:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – AMADAN the Celt in Aurum for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – VELLOCATUS in Potentia for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The streets in Roma will not be safe tonight unless you are wearing WHITE...but, hey, most people are wearing white, right! ...Anyway...<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius and we are signing off with another successful round of races at the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
Stay tuned for the Circenses Finals later on today!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results for this event were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''<br />
<br />
<br />
==FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Julia Gellia, and I am here with Servius Atius for the Finals Coverage of the Ludi Circenses of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c. here in the Circus Maximus. Atius, what is your assessment of the crowds.<br />
<br />
Gellia, earlier after the Semi-Finals, I was out on the streets and the mood was very competitive. The fans are just waiting to see who the Victor will be in this series of races. The mood was elevated and they no one can seem to calm down after the events of the day. It has just been one of those exciting type of days. Oh look, they are beginning the procession now. Let’s watch.<br />
<br />
<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers come the Officiants. Well, I guess that wasn’t the procession. Just the Officials taking their positions around the track and on top of the spina wall. No here they come. There is a mass of cornicens and tubacins blaring a militaristic tune. <br />
<br />
Here comes the Curule Aedile and his staff in his chariot, followed by the Consuls in their own chariots. It is hard to see who is next in the processional. There is an immense amount of huge, black bubbles being generated from the Senior Consul’s chariot! They are everywhere and they are floating all over the Circus Maximus! The breeze in the Circus is elevating the bubbles rapidly now and we can see the next chariot...<br />
<br />
IT’S THE PRINCEPS SENATUS, Sulla, and he is riding in a specially-made chariot...THE FELIX! It carries a hospital bed and Sulla is on it waving to the crowd and throwing out free copies of his new book to the masses! The book is the latest on Respublica shelves...”The Idiot’s Guide to Writing Senate Consultae.” Looks like another great addition to the Idiot’s Guide series! BUT, the AMAZING THING IS...Sulla’s chariot is being pulled by hundreds of CATS!!! What a show! <br />
<br />
Next, we see several members of the Senate and Collegium Pontificum in their own chariots, including Gn. Iulius Caesar and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, who are shooting each other with chariot-mounted water cannons. Who needs fireworks! <br />
<br />
Here comes Senator Fabius, who is being carried on a litter, complete with a mini-bar containing small amphorae of the finest wines from around the Respublica. His litter is being transported by a dozen gladiators! <br />
<br />
Now, we have T. Iulius Sabinus, Senator and Pontifex Maximus, arriving with the Priests of Iuppiter, who are riding on a special elongated chariot, which is engulfing the Circus with clouds of frankincense! Smells GREAT in here today! If you have ever smelled those stables, you would understand the frankincense! <br />
<br />
Here we see following next Senator Venator in a wagon with servants throwing loaves of bread out to the crowd, no doubt from the Sodalitas and made from some of the recipes he has collected on his recent travels from villa to villa around the Respublica.<br />
<br />
Next, comes Augur Quadratus in his chariot, dressed in the armor of Augustus! His face is painted red! And, he is throwing denarii out to the crowds! They love him! What a Iuppiterian show...this guy! Iuppiterian...that is a word, isn’t it?<br />
<br />
As they make the final turn around the second spina and move to their respective positions to view the race, we notice Aedile Vitellius jump off his chariot, pick up what appears to be a gauntlet, and toss it to the Senior Consul...hmmm...she must have dropped it on the first pass around the track...oh well...<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats and entertainers from here in the city...no wait...these are from the Sarmatian troop visiting the city for the games! They will also be performing at the Theatre Marcellus all week!<br />
<br />
The Curule Staff Member, Governor L. Ulpius Atellus, is out on the track now and is making his way to the Aedile’s box to herald the announcement of the charioteers competing in this race. <br />
<br />
Okay, Ulpius is making the announcement now:<br />
<br />
In Today’s Finals Race, the competitors are:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''ATRECTUS, driving the chariot Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''MALEOS of Alexandria, driving the chariot White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''PANKAKIS, driving the chariot Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''QUEBIUS, driving the chariot the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===FINALS RACE===<br />
<br />
<br />
The crowd is roaring with excitement, as Aedile Vitellius steps up with the mappa. Receiving the go ahead from the officials on the track, he raises the mappa...it blows freely in the wind...he holds it there momentarily with anticipation...he waits...he checks his hourglass...the mappa continues to blow freely in the wind...he takes a sip of Falernian...he and Senator Fabius discuss the nice weather we are having...then he releases it and the carcer gates are flung open, beginning this last and final race!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates they come! Running side by side, they dash up the straight-away by the magistrates and fight for the prime position before entering the first turn. It’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in front, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning running side by side around the bend, followed by QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. Down the back stretch they go, kicking up some dust, but not as much as before. We understand that the track has been watered down to lower the dust level (not only by Pontifices Caesar and Lentulus, but the Circus staff), but there is still enough dust to make one feel they are here in the Circus. It just wouldn’t be right to be here with no dust!<br />
<br />
Around the curve they come and by the dolphin rack they fly as the first dolphin is turned down. No change in position as they round the next turn. OHHH! It looks like PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has pulled in front of MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to dominate second position. They are running hard down the back stretch and not pulling any fancy moves at this early point in the race. This is not the race to show off and risk a loss. It’s just plain, methodic racing AND GUTS at this point. They come around the back turn with no one getting scathed so far. <br />
<br />
Well, I spoke too soon. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is bumping ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus into the spina wall repeatedly. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is getting tired of this and begins to lash PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius over and over again, so PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius backs off. Now, folks we have a REAL chariot race!<br />
<br />
As the second dolphin drops, they race for the curve and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller finds a hole on the inside, slipping past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. On the back stretch now, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning charges QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and retakes the third position in the race. Charging hard toward PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts to overtake PANKAKIS in the turn, but does not make it. He remains in third position. <br />
<br />
Down the track and by the curule chairs they go as the third dolphin is turned down. Into the curve they go, around the meta post and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius are in a fierce competition for the front position. They begin to lash at each other and their whips get tangled. Fighting to free their whips slows them down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning CHARGES FORWARD TO TAKE THE LEAD! The race is on now! What a fortunate event for MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning! But, can he hold out? We’ll see. Gellia, what’s it looking like down there on the spina?<br />
<br />
Atius, we are just braving the dust! It looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is attempting to make and end run around ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but they have untangled their whips and are now charging ahead of him. They are going out of sight now, so back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
They are coming around the meta post now and firing around the curve like a round launched from a catapult! Down the track they run as the fourth dolphin is turned down. Toward the curve they go and WAIT! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is attempting to insert himself in between ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! He’s done it! They go around the curve side by side! Gellia, you’re nearest, did they make the turn!<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius! They made the turn and are currently running side by side, fighting for second! Back to you!<br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus makes it to the turn first and takes second position, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. Down the straight-away and past the fifth dolphin being turned down, they race towards the meta post. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller charges hard and overtakes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they enter the turn, cutting him off by lashing him hard and driving hard to the left! <br />
<br />
As they make the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is looking back to see QUEBIUS in the Green Griller bearing down hard on his rear. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus HAS Hit SOME DEBRIS ON THE TRACK! HE BOUNCES UP AND IS THROWN OVER THE FRONT WALL OF THE CHARIOT!!! But, he recovers, maintaining his balance and keeps the team charging ahead. This little mishap has landed him in third position, as QUEBIUS in the Green Griller bounds forward in the fiasco! Now, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius makes an attempt to overtake ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and is successful as well. As they round the back turn MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is a little overconfident and allows QUEBIUS in the Green Griller to overtake him for the lead as well!<br />
<br />
As the sixth dolphin is turned, the officials finish removing the debris from the track and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller rounds the turn in first position, followed by MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, then PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Down the back stretch they go and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus makes his move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, lashing him and driving him into the spina wall. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius bounces up against the spina wall, but is maintaining his lead. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus drives harder and lashes harder, and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius gives up the third position to ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is bearing down on QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, but just can’t seem to break through for the lead. They round the bend and drive hard down the track. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus attempts to pull wide to the right to overtake MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, but his team is just not going to do it, so he pulls back in toward the spina to prevent losing his place in the lineup. <br />
<br />
As the seventh dolphin is turned down, all the charioteers know this is it...the last lap and the last chance. They race dramatically toward the meta post and make the curve at break-neck speed, all of them sliding through the curve, but the positions do not change. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes another attempt to overtake QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the back stretch, but cannot make it. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller launches a series of green water balloons at MALEOS! These kids today...<br />
<br />
They drive hard to the last turn and slide hard around the bend, all chariots fishtailing in the dust! Now, the finish line is in sight! JUST NOW MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a dash around QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and they are running neck to neck, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who have pulled up beside each other and are in a heated melee of their own.<br />
<br />
Charging hard they approach the finish line, everyone in the Circus is on their feet waiting in anticipation! Then, the crowd erupts like an exploding bomb as MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning noses ahead of QUEBIUS in the Green Griller to win by a few inches! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus manages to hold third position with PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius inches behind him for fourth!<br />
<br />
The Factio Albata is uncontrollable, and the Whites have enraged the Factio Praesina fans! Fights are erupting all over the Circus Maximus! It’s crazier than crazy!<br />
<br />
After a few moments, the passion subsides and Aedile Vitellius announces the winner:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''And the Victor of this year’s Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c. is:'''<br />
<br />
'''MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata!''' <br />
<br />
'''Congrats to the WHITES and to Dominus G. Decius Laterensis!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Governor L. Ulpius Atellus presents MALEOS of Alexandria with the victory prize and Aedile Vitellius crowns him with the corona. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning then remounts his chariot and makes a victory lap around the track to celebrate!<br />
<br />
Well, Gellia, it looks like this raps up the Circenses competition for this Ludi.<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, what a series of races it was! One can hardly wait for the next series!<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictor.png|right]]<br />
No, Gellia, they cannot.<br />
<br />
To sum up this event, the officials have certified the places and here are the just announced official results:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning of Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place - QUEBIUS in the Green Griller of Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus of Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius of Faction Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
WAIT! We are receiving news that there will be a Final Exhibition Race in the tradition of the original Ludi Romani circenses!<br />
<br />
Gellia, can you confirm this?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, you are correct. The Aedilis curulis has just announced it and ALL the charioteers are moving back into the carcers to get ready, while the Circus staff prepares the track for this last exhibition. <br />
<br />
How is this going to work exactly, Gellia?<br />
<br />
Just like it did in the original race organized by Tarquinius Priscus. The Chariots will be mounted in Greek fashion with the driver and a warrior. A legionnaire of Legio II Sabina will be mounted on each chariot with the driver. The chariots will race one lap around the Circus, stop, the legionnaires will dismount and run the last lap. Whoever crosses the finish line first wins it! Okay, Atius, back to you!<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI ROMANI TRADITIONAL EXHIBITION RACE==<br />
<br />
<br />
It looks like they are ready...Aedile Vitellius stands up, the crowd quietens, the mappa is dropped...and THERE THEY GO!!!<br />
<br />
It’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in the lead, followed by MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, next we have QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum running side-by-side. Inches behind them are FLORIUS in Ballista, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and VELLOCATUS in Potentia! They are all fighting for the lead as they turn the first meta post in a ball of dusty confusion! <br />
<br />
Gellia, can you see anything!<br />
<br />
No, Attius, just dust and more dust!<br />
<br />
As they come down the back stretch, it looks like they are all crunching each other and several of the chariots are banging repeatedly into the spina wall...no accidents yet.<br />
<br />
They are approaching the second meta post. They are spreading out and make the second turn in a fanning formation...they are approaching the line and all are sliding to a halt. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning smacks into FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly! The legionnaire is ejected from MALEOS of Alexandria’s chariot, flies through the air, hits the sand, rolls and is on his feet running forward! MAN! What a show! Nothing stops these guys! Made of war, guts and glory!<br />
<br />
It looks like all of the legionnaries are now on foot and running hard down the lanes! That must be tough, Gellia?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it has to be. I can see them running in a mob, pushing and shoving each other, as they make it to the first meta post. They all look like they have plenty of fight in them, but they still have a good way to go.<br />
<br />
Yes, that back stretch is going to be a back breaker, Gellia. I can see that they are starting to slow down a bit, with a couple of legionnaires starting to fall behind a little.<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, they are slowing down a bit, but they are all well in the game. They are all starting to pace themselves down the straight part of the lanes.<br />
<br />
Gellia, I can see them coming toward the second meta post, and they...OHHH! Two of the legionnaires have stopped and are fighting with each other! <br />
<br />
Oh it looks like they...yes...they have “worked out their differences” and are now back in pursuit of the mob in front of them.<br />
They are all turning around the end of the spina...here come the last two...they are picking up the pace!<br />
<br />
They are all running hard now! IT’S A FULL SPRINT, PEOPLE!<br />
<br />
They are giving it all they can! The charioteers are on the sand screaming for their guy! They are urging them on to victory! They are approaching the finish line, and it’s...<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''The legionnaire with PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius in First Place!<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png|right]]<br />
* '''the legionnaire with FLORIUS in Ballista comes across the line Second,''' <br />
* '''then the legionnaire with ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in Third Place,'''<br />
* '''followed by the legionnaire with ARAMACH in Firefly in Fourth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with AMADAN in Aurum in Fifth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning in Sixth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in Seventh,'''<br />
* '''And in Last Place, it’s the legionnaire with QUEBIUS in the Green Griller!''' <br />
<br />
<br />
THERE YOU HAVE IT...THE HISTORIC TRADITIONAL LUDI ROMANI CIRCENSES RACE!<br />
<br />
Aedile Vitellius is on the track in his chariot with the Consuls on board to drive out and present the palm of victory to the Victor! The crowd is cheering in this, the loudest place in the Eternal City at this moment!<br />
<br />
Factio Veneta will also be celebrating hard tonight...looks like its FREE pancakes with blueberry syrup ALL NIGHT LONG at the Factio Veneta Stables! WOO HOO!!!<br />
<br />
That’s all we have, people! I’m Servius Atius. And I am Julia Gellia. And this had been the official coverage of the Ludi Circenses of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! Take care and we’ll see you at the track on the sand in the Circus NEXT TIME!<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete omnes!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png2014-09-17T16:16:26Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png2014-09-17T16:03:58Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictor.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictor.png2014-09-17T16:02:35Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Ludroma2767-lcvictor.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictor.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictor.png2014-09-17T16:01:34Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictor-sf2.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictor-sf2.png2014-09-17T16:00:28Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictor-sf1.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictor-sf1.png2014-09-17T15:59:25Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-lcvictor-qf.pngFile:Ludroma2767-lcvictor-qf.png2014-09-17T15:58:10Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Ludi_circensesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses2014-09-17T15:57:43Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a chariot race and a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST FOUR ENTRIES FOR THE LUDI CIRCENSES AND TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENTS TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY RACE UP TO TWO CHARIOTS AND TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI CIRCENSES==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Please forward the following information on your entry:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
<br />
B. The name of your driver; <br />
C. The name of your chariot; <br />
<br />
D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
<br />
E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
<br />
F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
<br />
:Albata - The Whites<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
:Russata - The Reds <br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
<br />
===Tactics: Six (6) race tactics are possible:===<br />
<br />
A. To hurry in the last laps <br />
<br />
B. To pass the curves closely the "spina" of the circus. <br />
<br />
C. To support a constant pace <br />
<br />
D. To lash the rivals <br />
<br />
E. To push the rivals to the wall of the circus <br />
<br />
F. To hurry in the straight lines<br />
<br />
<br />
==QVARTER-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictor-qf.png|right]]<br />
<br />
SALVETE OMNES!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We have just received the unofficial report from the Circus Maximus for todays Ludi circenses Quarter-Finals races. Due to audio complications at the Circus, we lost our live feed and could not report the race-by-race action. But, we are back on the air again and here are the unofficial results, which should be certified by tomorrow and published publicly by the magistrates:<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race I===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race II===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race III===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus''' <br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus '''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race IV===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Team Veneta - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Tune in Tomorrow, where Iulia Gellia and I will be providing live coverage for the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals and Finals Races!<br />
<br />
See you tomorrow at the track on the spina in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
<br />
OPTIME VALETE!<br />
<br />
<br />
''Note: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis and Staff Intern at the Curule Aedile's Office).''<br />
<br />
<br />
==SEMI-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you again this afternoon live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We are here at the Circus Maximus, awaiting the official start of the Semi-Finals for the Ludi circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! As we celebrate the oldest of the Roman games, we go now to our correspondent inside the Circus, Julia Gellia. Julia, what is it looking like inside? The crowds out here are immense.<br />
<br />
Atius, the crowd inside is about the same. The citizens are making their way to their seats and are dressed in the colors of their factions. The seats are really beginning to fill up now. There are numerous factio banners waving and people are somewhat rowdy, but all in all, it looks like everyone is here to have a good time and WIN. I’m getting the word that you have just received the results of yesterday’s Quarter-Finals, so I’ll pass it back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, I have just been hand the official results and I think we have time to cover the results before the procession enters inside.<br />
<br />
In the Quarter-Finals Races, the officially certified results from yesterday are as follows:<br />
<br />
'''Race I'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina<br />
<br />
'''Race II'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Amadan the Celt, Amarach's younger brother-He may be not as tall and strong as Amarach, but he is very skilled in the art of chariot-driving, in spite of the fact that he looks a bit silly - always <br />
with a boyish smile on his face. Driving for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race III'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus <br />
<br />
2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race IV'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus<br />
<br />
Although the drivers are both veterans, the two Russata chariots owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, are new addidtions to the racing circuit here in the Circus Maximus.<br />
<br />
Also, this is the first Semi-Finals race for the Vitellians, Quintus and Tiberia, Children of the Aedilis curulis. It is unique to note, that Quintus’ chariot will be racing for Praesina, rather than the traditional Veneta line-up of the Vitellii! Good luck to both of them.<br />
<br />
So, we have the preceding charioteers that will advance to today’s races.<br />
<br />
Looks like this is shaping up to be a great day for racing here in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
We pause now for a word from the Aventine Guild of Bakers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Today’s races are being brought to you, in part, by the Aventine Guild of Bakers.'''<br />
<br />
'''Tired of eating stale bread? Does the mold bother you? Suffer no more. The Aventine Guild of Bakers uses only the finest wheat and barley in our loaves. We pride ourselves in offering you the best bread in the Eternal City. Always buy from local vendors in the Aventine, and buy daily for the freshest loaves. We have distribution points in the Forum Boarium, outside the Temple of Ceres, and mobile vendor carts on the Vicus Columnae Ligneae, Vicus Fortunati, Vicus Laci Tecti, Vicus Mundiciei, Vicus Portae Naevia, and the Vicus Silani Salientis. We also offer vendor shops on the Vicus Portae Trigeminae, Vicus Trium Viarum and Vicus Valeri.''' <br />
<br />
'''Remember, if it doesn’t say “Mons Aventinus,” it wasn’t made on the Aventine!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
And we’re back! This is Servius Atius and we are now inside the Circus Maximus awaiting the opening procession of the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals of the Ludi Romani. <br />
<br />
We’re here with some of the Veneta fans to get their reaction on the events today. So, would each of you tell us who you are and where you are from?<br />
<br />
I’m Tiberia Cornelia from Cora. I’m Tita Herennia and I am also from Cora. And I am Aulus Durmius from Signia. I’m Sextus Villius from Ferentinum.<br />
<br />
So, what do you guys expect to see from today’s Races?<br />
<br />
(Herennia) I think we will be in for some challenges from the Russata Team. They had a pretty tough show for the Quarter-Finals.<br />
<br />
(Cornelia) Yeah, the Albatans are going to present us with some challenges, but nothing the Blues can’t handle.<br />
<br />
(Villius) I have confidence in Veneta and their ability to win this thing outright!<br />
<br />
(Durmius) I’m really just here for the Falernian vendors, LOL!<br />
<br />
So, there you have it people! We will see what happens for Veneta! Good luck to you guys!<br />
<br />
Now, we focus our attention on the carcers, where the processional is about to begin.<br />
<br />
The herald is now announcing the competitors in Today’s Semi-Finals Races. Let’s listen:<br />
<br />
<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
<br />
<br />
“ Welcome to the Circus Maximus for the Semi-Finals Races of the Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! (Crowds erupt in loud cheering and jeering the opposing factiones)”<br />
<br />
“Today’s races consist of the following:”<br />
<br />
“In Race I, we have:”<br />
<br />
* '''In Carcer I – Florius, driving Ballista for Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer II – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefly for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer III – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer IV – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
“In Race II, we have:”<br />
<br />
* '''In Carcer V – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VI – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VII – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VIII – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
“Drivers, mount your chariots and await the mappa!”<br />
<br />
Well, folks, there’s the lineup. And, it looks like the procession is about to begin!<br />
<br />
(Cornicens and Tubacins are blasting a regal intro beat from the floor of the Circus)<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers are marching the Miles Gregari of Legio II Sabina, which is the Pontifex Maximus’ favored Legio. Man they do look mighty and powerful! It’s no wonder any on the outer reaches fear the ground upon which they have tread.<br />
<br />
Behind them is a special escort of the Priests of Iuppiter, carrying a gilded figurine of the god Iuppiter Optimus Maximus. As you know, these games, as well as the Plebeian Games, are dedicated to Iuppiter.<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats, however, these are a special troupe, not the ones we saw earlier in the Quarter-Finals. These are from around the Respublica and have been formed especially for this event, featuring new and upcoming young talent. For many of them, this is their first time performing before such a crowd.<br />
<br />
Now comes the procession of the charioteers. But wait, what’s this?!??!? <br />
<br />
Leading them is the Curule Aedile, L. Vitellius Triarius, himself, dressed in his senatorial toga, wearing sunglasses, waving to the crowd from his personal chariot, the Midnight Flyer, that big blue and chrome trimmed piece of spina elegance. It seems he has the song, “Promised Land” by Elvis Presslius, blaring on the externally-mounted speakers! The Veneta crowd is going wild! He is leading the charioteers down the straight-away and they are all waving wildly at the crowd who is responding like a hoard of crazed lunatics! What a show this is going to be! <br />
<br />
Followed by the Aedile and the charioteers are the Elected Officials of the Respublica entering on special chariots! Many of them, especially the Consuls, are driving chariots from their own stables! What a show these guys are putting on, and the fans are all about it! I might also mention, in honor of Iuppiter Pater, each of the chariots in Today’s procession are bearing a ceremonial lightning bolt.<br />
<br />
Everyone is taking their places and the charioteers are lining up in the carcers, preparing to launch from the gates.<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE I===<br />
<br />
<br />
The Curule Aedile rises, the crowd quietens, the mappa is raised, and...down it goes!<br />
<br />
The gates fly open and their off! It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Next is AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, closely followed by FLORIUS in Ballista. As they run down the sunny straight-away toward the meta post, it is brightly spewing its golden rays all over the Circus...a beautiful site! They are approaching the meta post for the first turn, and we will see how that goes. Here they go...<br />
<br />
Around the first turn, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus takes the lead over QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. They are spanning out and racing down the back side. Making the second turn and FLORIUS in Ballista overtakes AMARACH the Celt in Firefly. It’s anybody’s game as the first dolphin is turned on the top of the spina. Gellia, what is it like over on the spina?<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, it’s DUSTY over here, but we’re hanging in there. Our table is now officially covered in sand, but the audio is still working. They have just turned the second dolphin, and...can you still hear me...the sound over here is deafening! I’ll turn it back over to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, we can hear you! So back to the race as the third dolphin turns, it’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus still in the lead with FLORIUS in Ballista and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller running side by side and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly looking for an opportunity. <br />
<br />
As they approach the meta post, they turn and OHHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly inserts himself in between QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista. They are lashing each other with their whips! The dust is flying everywhere and the chariots are fighting for lead position. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus keeps turning around checking his position as they approach the opposing meta post.<br />
<br />
Around they go in a fury and here they come, flying past the curule chairs as the fourth dolphin is turned, and on to the next turn they go. Coming up on the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus checks backwards again, and OH NO! He has bumped the spina pretty hard, the chariot wobbles a little and then straightens out. Good luck on that one! Iuppiter must be watching over him!<br />
<br />
No, he’s not. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller has just taken the lead, cutting him off in another hard bump into the spina wall. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is furious! Now it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, and FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly in a dead heat for third as they round the turn.<br />
<br />
Here we go as the fifth dolphin drops and the battle is on. There seems to be a giant dust ball rolling around the track here in the Circus Maximus Today. Gellia, are you still with us?<br />
<br />
Yes, we are watching diligently as they are coming straight down the backside. HEY, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly just pulled around FLORIUS in Ballista and is bearing down hot and heavy on ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, who still is holding second at this time. Atius, back to you, they are coming up on the far turn and we just can’t see them from where we are at this point.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, we have them in a close turn AND FLORIUS in Ballista HAS JUST CUT IN FRONT OF ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus TO DOMINATE SECOND POSITION! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller must be worrying now, but it’s still anybody’s game. They are turning down the sixth dolphin now, so we enter the last lap of this race!<br />
<br />
We can see over in the carcers that the chariots for the next race are lining up now. The horses are snorting madly and bucking wildly out of control. They can feel the power of the track and are going mad waiting on the start. They just cannot wait to hit the dirt! Let’s see where we are now.<br />
<br />
Approaching the first meta post in this lap, the crowds are on their feet cheering wildly, the sound is absolutely deafening! Around they go to the back side. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
Atius, it is absolute chaos, absolute chaos! They have bunched together and are lashing each other and trying to drive each other into the spina! It’s wild, I say! They are going down the backside and it looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista are now fighting for first, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in second and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has fallen back to third position again. Back to you!<br />
<br />
Yes, here they come around the last meta post!<br />
<br />
Looks like it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead. OHHHH! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus just overtook FLORIUS in Ballista for second position! OHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has pulled around on the outside and is driving his team HARD, I mean HARD! <br />
<br />
AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has just overtaken FLORIUS in Ballista and is pushing hard against ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus! The fight is on! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly have their wheels tangled up and are trying in these last few seconds to break loose! They are bouncing into the spina repeatedly as one tangled mess! OHHH! They’re free and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly loses some control and veers off to the right and is slowing down. The remaining three are all about the win, driving hard and coming up fast on the finish line!<br />
<br />
THERE IT IS FOLKS! <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER!<br />
<br />
It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for the Win! <br />
<br />
Factio Praesina takes home the corona for this one! The Factio Praesina are going wild! What a race...WHAT...A...RACE...it has been!<br />
<br />
QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is now driving up to receive his corona from Aedile Vitellius, who congratulates him! He makes a victory lap around the Circus and then off the field. It’s time for the Second Race!<br />
<br />
We go now to Gellia, who is with Q. Vitellius Triarius and his sister, Tiberia. So, Quintus Vitellius, how does it feel to run your first Semi-Finals Race and get the win?<br />
<br />
Awesome, truly awesome. My dies natalis was a few days ago, and this just tops it off!<br />
<br />
And how old are you?<br />
<br />
XI.<br />
<br />
SO, let me ask your sister...Are you ready for Pankakis to win the next race? <br />
<br />
YES! But, if he does not, that will be okay. It’s about the thrill of the race more than the win for me, I think...It’s the anticipation!<br />
<br />
And you are how old?<br />
<br />
IX.<br />
<br />
So, where did you get the chariot name?<br />
<br />
My favorite Breakfast food. And the driver, Pankakis, well...he’s a Greek...and the name just paired well with the chariot, so I chose him to drive. He’s done this before in other places.<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, that’s the word from the Domus Vitellia! Back to you now.<br />
<br />
Thanks, Gellia.<br />
<br />
The officials have just released the results and it looks like this:<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictor-sf1.png|right]]<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – FLORIUS in Ballista for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – AMARACH the Celt in Firefly for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE II===<br />
<br />
<br />
After a brief pause to rake the track and remove the debris thrown down by the fans, the spina staff has reorganized, knocked of the dust, and is now giving the signal to the officials that they are ready to begin.<br />
<br />
Everything gets quiet. Aedile Vitellius stands with mappa in hand, raises the mappa, and...it drops and the carcer gates fly open!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates it’s VELLOCATUS in Potentia, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum.<br />
<br />
Down the straight-away they go furiously! Approaching the first turn, it’s kind of messy, but they make it through. They round the turn onto the back stretch and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a cut to overtake VELLOCATUS in Potentia. It doesn’t work. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius anticipates the call and charges forward. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts it again. For the second time, it doesn’t work. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls to the outside and charges past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning who did not see him coming up from the rear. VELLOCATUS in Potentia runs hard for the next turn and clears the turn a good chariot length ahead of the rest. He is running his horses maybe a little too hard this early on, but, maybe he knows something we don’t. In any case the first dolphin falls with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in the lead, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. They make the next turn and it is a little bumpy for PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, as AMADAN the Celt in Aurum forces him into the spina wall, causing a large long fresh scrape around the corner of the spina wall end. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
I’m seeing dust and more dust. They have just passed us by. OH NO! One of the Circus staff has just fallen of the wall onto the track. They are racing to get him back up on the wall before the charioteers come back around. Two men are grabbing him as the second dolphin falls and they approach the curve. Looks like he has been successfully pulled back up and here they come. It’s PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius up front, followed by VELLOCATUS in Potentia. Looks like VELLOCATUS in Potentia took the lead somewhere along the way in all the confusion. Next is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Back to you Attius! <br />
<br />
The third dolphin has been turned down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is fighting for third as they approach the turn. Through the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning seizes the opportunity to pull ahead of AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! As they were entering the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning bore down hard left on AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, forcing AMADAN to pull back or loose a wheel to the spina.<br />
<br />
MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning clears the turn and plays catch up to the two opponents in front of him. As they proceed down the back stretch, it’s still PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius maintaining the lead, with VELLOCATUS in Potentia following closely behind. Gellia, can you see what is going on back there?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it’s crazy! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! They are running neck-to-neck down the back stretch. As they approach the back turn, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius races smoothly around the bend. OHHHH! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is attempting the same maneuver on VELLOCATUS in Potentia that he pulled off against AMADAN the Celt in Aurum on the other turn....can he do it....YES!!!! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has overtaken VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! As they race up the track, the officials are turning the fourth dolphin down. The crowd is going mad at this series of ever-changing events, especially the Factio Albata fans! <br />
<br />
Now through the turn and on the back side again, it is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and VELLOCATUS in Potentia competing for third. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging hard on the back bumper of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who is not about to give up his lead at this point. Back around to the front side, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but with no success. They are all still running strong. They make the next turn and BANG! <br />
<br />
AMADAN the Celt in Aurum has forced VELLOCATUS in Potentia into the spina...and hard! But, VELLOCATUS in Potentia maintains the lead over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is still trying to force PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius to give up his long-standing lead...AND HE DOES! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! No wait, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is lashing his opponent fiercely and it does the trick, thrusting PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius back into the lead! <br />
<br />
Now they are coming into the turn and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum is on the inside locking wheels with VELLOCATUS in Potentia on the outside! They are fighting each other to free the lock. BAM! The wheels come unlocked, but VELLOCATUS in Potentia is in a bad way! The chariot comes loose and so does the left wheel! VELLOCATUS in Potentia is fighting to keep the chariot from flipping over and is running off to the right out of harm’s way on one wheel! What a driver! He has successfully prevented a catastrophe, but it looks like he is done for the day. The remaining three competitors fly by the Officiants and the fifth dolphin is turned down.<br />
<br />
Making their way down and around, they are all bunched together. Gellia, can you see the results of the turn in all the dust?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is still in the lead and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum are fighting for second. It looks like AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning are rotating back and forth by a nose length for second position as the race down the back stretch. Back to you.<br />
<br />
Here they come around the meta post and its PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning out of the turn. But WAIT! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is experiencing something wrong! We cannot tell at this time what it is, but he is slowing down slightly. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning leaps forward taking the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum makes a move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but he averts the call and maintains second as the sixth dolphin is turned down. Off they go into the turn. <br />
<br />
It is still anybody’s guess as to which team will win at this point. Fighting their way down the back stretch, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has regained the lead over MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, with AMADAN the Celt in Aurum in third position. Back around the turn, they race down the front straight-away with no change as the seventh dolphins id turned down. This is it folks! The last lap of the race. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn. Will he attempt to take the lead? Yes, he lashes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn and forces himself in front of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead! <br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go! AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls up beside PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and is attempting to beat him to the curve... and he does! But, it looks like HE’S TAKEN THE CURVE TOO FAST! He starts to slide and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius slides through on the inside to take second position over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum. This mishap has allowed MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to pull ahead by about two chariot lengths. <br />
<br />
Toward the finish line they run...and run hard! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is charging fast to catch up with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Will he make it? NOOOOO! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning crosses the line by a head’s length to win! The Factio Albata Fans GO CRAZY! People are jumping up in the air and throwing things all over the Circus in celebration!<br />
<br />
The Official is making his way over to the Aedile with the official results. Aedile Vitellius stands and loudly yells:<br />
<br />
“ALBATA! ALBATA! ALBATA!” <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER AND IT IS THE COLOR WHITE!<br />
<br />
Looks like the final results for Race II are:<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictor-sf2.png|right]]<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – AMADAN the Celt in Aurum for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – VELLOCATUS in Potentia for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The streets in Roma will not be safe tonight unless you are wearing WHITE...but, hey, most people are wearing white, right! ...Anyway...<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius and we are signing off with another successful round of races at the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
Stay tuned for the Circenses Finals later on today!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results for this event were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''<br />
<br />
<br />
==FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Julia Gellia, and I am here with Servius Atius for the Finals Coverage of the Ludi Circenses of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c. here in the Circus Maximus. Atius, what is your assessment of the crowds.<br />
<br />
Gellia, earlier after the Semi-Finals, I was out on the streets and the mood was very competitive. The fans are just waiting to see who the Victor will be in this series of races. The mood was elevated and they no one can seem to calm down after the events of the day. It has just been one of those exciting type of days. Oh look, they are beginning the procession now. Let’s watch.<br />
<br />
<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers come the Officiants. Well, I guess that wasn’t the procession. Just the Officials taking their positions around the track and on top of the spina wall. No here they come. There is a mass of cornicens and tubacins blaring a militaristic tune. <br />
<br />
Here comes the Curule Aedile and his staff in his chariot, followed by the Consuls in their own chariots. It is hard to see who is next in the processional. There is an immense amount of huge, black bubbles being generated from the Senior Consul’s chariot! They are everywhere and they are floating all over the Circus Maximus! The breeze in the Circus is elevating the bubbles rapidly now and we can see the next chariot...<br />
<br />
IT’S THE PRINCEPS SENATUS, Sulla, and he is riding in a specially-made chariot...THE FELIX! It carries a hospital bed and Sulla is on it waving to the crowd and throwing out free copies of his new book to the masses! The book is the latest on Respublica shelves...”The Idiot’s Guide to Writing Senate Consultae.” Looks like another great addition to the Idiot’s Guide series! BUT, the AMAZING THING IS...Sulla’s chariot is being pulled by hundreds of CATS!!! What a show! <br />
<br />
Next, we see several members of the Senate and Collegium Pontificum in their own chariots, including Gn. Iulius Caesar and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, who are shooting each other with chariot-mounted water cannons. Who needs fireworks! <br />
<br />
Here comes Senator Fabius, who is being carried on a litter, complete with a mini-bar containing small amphorae of the finest wines from around the Respublica. His litter is being transported by a dozen gladiators! <br />
<br />
Now, we have T. Iulius Sabinus, Senator and Pontifex Maximus, arriving with the Priests of Iuppiter, who are riding on a special elongated chariot, which is engulfing the Circus with clouds of frankincense! Smells GREAT in here today! If you have ever smelled those stables, you would understand the frankincense! <br />
<br />
Here we see following next Senator Venator in a wagon with servants throwing loaves of bread out to the crowd, no doubt from the Sodalitas and made from some of the recipes he has collected on his recent travels from villa to villa around the Respublica.<br />
<br />
Next, comes Augur Quadratus in his chariot, dressed in the armor of Augustus! His face is painted red! And, he is throwing denarii out to the crowds! They love him! What a Iuppiterian show...this guy! Iuppiterian...that is a word, isn’t it?<br />
<br />
As they make the final turn around the second spina and move to their respective positions to view the race, we notice Aedile Vitellius jump off his chariot, pick up what appears to be a gauntlet, and toss it to the Senior Consul...hmmm...she must have dropped it on the first pass around the track...oh well...<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats and entertainers from here in the city...no wait...these are from the Sarmatian troop visiting the city for the games! They will also be performing at the Theatre Marcellus all week!<br />
<br />
The Curule Staff Member, Governor L. Ulpius Atellus, is out on the track now and is making his way to the Aedile’s box to herald the announcement of the charioteers competing in this race. <br />
<br />
Okay, Ulpius is making the announcement now:<br />
<br />
In Today’s Finals Race, the competitors are:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''ATRECTUS, driving the chariot Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''MALEOS of Alexandria, driving the chariot White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''PANKAKIS, driving the chariot Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''QUEBIUS, driving the chariot the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===FINALS RACE===<br />
<br />
<br />
The crowd is roaring with excitement, as Aedile Vitellius steps up with the mappa. Receiving the go ahead from the officials on the track, he raises the mappa...it blows freely in the wind...he holds it there momentarily with anticipation...he waits...he checks his hourglass...the mappa continues to blow freely in the wind...he takes a sip of Falernian...he and Senator Fabius discuss the nice weather we are having...then he releases it and the carcer gates are flung open, beginning this last and final race!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates they come! Running side by side, they dash up the straight-away by the magistrates and fight for the prime position before entering the first turn. It’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in front, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning running side by side around the bend, followed by QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. Down the back stretch they go, kicking up some dust, but not as much as before. We understand that the track has been watered down to lower the dust level (not only by Pontifices Caesar and Lentulus, but the Circus staff), but there is still enough dust to make one feel they are here in the Circus. It just wouldn’t be right to be here with no dust!<br />
<br />
Around the curve they come and by the dolphin rack they fly as the first dolphin is turned down. No change in position as they round the next turn. OHHH! It looks like PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has pulled in front of MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to dominate second position. They are running hard down the back stretch and not pulling any fancy moves at this early point in the race. This is not the race to show off and risk a loss. It’s just plain, methodic racing AND GUTS at this point. They come around the back turn with no one getting scathed so far. <br />
<br />
Well, I spoke too soon. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is bumping ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus into the spina wall repeatedly. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is getting tired of this and begins to lash PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius over and over again, so PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius backs off. Now, folks we have a REAL chariot race!<br />
<br />
As the second dolphin drops, they race for the curve and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller finds a hole on the inside, slipping past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. On the back stretch now, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning charges QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and retakes the third position in the race. Charging hard toward PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts to overtake PANKAKIS in the turn, but does not make it. He remains in third position. <br />
<br />
Down the track and by the curule chairs they go as the third dolphin is turned down. Into the curve they go, around the meta post and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius are in a fierce competition for the front position. They begin to lash at each other and their whips get tangled. Fighting to free their whips slows them down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning CHARGES FORWARD TO TAKE THE LEAD! The race is on now! What a fortunate event for MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning! But, can he hold out? We’ll see. Gellia, what’s it looking like down there on the spina?<br />
<br />
Atius, we are just braving the dust! It looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is attempting to make and end run around ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but they have untangled their whips and are now charging ahead of him. They are going out of sight now, so back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
They are coming around the meta post now and firing around the curve like a round launched from a catapult! Down the track they run as the fourth dolphin is turned down. Toward the curve they go and WAIT! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is attempting to insert himself in between ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! He’s done it! They go around the curve side by side! Gellia, you’re nearest, did they make the turn!<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius! They made the turn and are currently running side by side, fighting for second! Back to you!<br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus makes it to the turn first and takes second position, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. Down the straight-away and past the fifth dolphin being turned down, they race towards the meta post. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller charges hard and overtakes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they enter the turn, cutting him off by lashing him hard and driving hard to the left! <br />
<br />
As they make the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is looking back to see QUEBIUS in the Green Griller bearing down hard on his rear. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus HAS Hit SOME DEBRIS ON THE TRACK! HE BOUNCES UP AND IS THROWN OVER THE FRONT WALL OF THE CHARIOT!!! But, he recovers, maintaining his balance and keeps the team charging ahead. This little mishap has landed him in third position, as QUEBIUS in the Green Griller bounds forward in the fiasco! Now, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius makes an attempt to overtake ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and is successful as well. As they round the back turn MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is a little overconfident and allows QUEBIUS in the Green Griller to overtake him for the lead as well!<br />
<br />
As the sixth dolphin is turned, the officials finish removing the debris from the track and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller rounds the turn in first position, followed by MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, then PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Down the back stretch they go and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus makes his move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, lashing him and driving him into the spina wall. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius bounces up against the spina wall, but is maintaining his lead. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus drives harder and lashes harder, and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius gives up the third position to ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is bearing down on QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, but just can’t seem to break through for the lead. They round the bend and drive hard down the track. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus attempts to pull wide to the right to overtake MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, but his team is just not going to do it, so he pulls back in toward the spina to prevent losing his place in the lineup. <br />
<br />
As the seventh dolphin is turned down, all the charioteers know this is it...the last lap and the last chance. They race dramatically toward the meta post and make the curve at break-neck speed, all of them sliding through the curve, but the positions do not change. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes another attempt to overtake QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the back stretch, but cannot make it. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller launches a series of green water balloons at MALEOS! These kids today...<br />
<br />
They drive hard to the last turn and slide hard around the bend, all chariots fishtailing in the dust! Now, the finish line is in sight! JUST NOW MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a dash around QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and they are running neck to neck, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who have pulled up beside each other and are in a heated melee of their own.<br />
<br />
Charging hard they approach the finish line, everyone in the Circus is on their feet waiting in anticipation! Then, the crowd erupts like an exploding bomb as MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning noses ahead of QUEBIUS in the Green Griller to win by a few inches! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus manages to hold third position with PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius inches behind him for fourth!<br />
<br />
The Factio Albata is uncontrollable, and the Whites have enraged the Factio Praesina fans! Fights are erupting all over the Circus Maximus! It’s crazier than crazy!<br />
<br />
After a few moments, the passion subsides and Aedile Vitellius announces the winner:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''And the Victor of this year’s Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c. is:'''<br />
<br />
'''MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata!''' <br />
<br />
'''Congrats to the WHITES and to Dominus G. Decius Laterensis!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Governor L. Ulpius Atellus presents MALEOS of Alexandria with the victory prize and Aedile Vitellius crowns him with the corona. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning then remounts his chariot and makes a victory lap around the track to celebrate!<br />
<br />
Well, Gellia, it looks like this raps up the Circenses competition for this Ludi.<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, what a series of races it was! One can hardly wait for the next series!<br />
<br />
No, Gellia, they cannot.<br />
<br />
To sum up this event, the officials have certified the places and here are the just announced official results:<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictor.png|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning of Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place - QUEBIUS in the Green Griller of Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus of Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius of Faction Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
WAIT! We are receiving news that there will be a Final Exhibition Race in the tradition of the original Ludi Romani circenses!<br />
<br />
Gellia, can you confirm this?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, you are correct. The Aedilis curulis has just announced it and ALL the charioteers are moving back into the carcers to get ready, while the Circus staff prepares the track for this last exhibition. <br />
<br />
How is this going to work exactly, Gellia?<br />
<br />
Just like it did in the original race organized by Tarquinius Priscus. The Chariots will be mounted in Greek fashion with the driver and a warrior. A legionnaire of Legio II Sabina will be mounted on each chariot with the driver. The chariots will race one lap around the Circus, stop, the legionnaires will dismount and run the last lap. Whoever crosses the finish line first wins it! Okay, Atius, back to you!<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI ROMANI TRADITIONAL EXHIBITION RACE==<br />
<br />
<br />
It looks like they are ready...Aedile Vitellius stands up, the crowd quietens, the mappa is dropped...and THERE THEY GO!!!<br />
<br />
It’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in the lead, followed by MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, next we have QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum running side-by-side. Inches behind them are FLORIUS in Ballista, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and VELLOCATUS in Potentia! They are all fighting for the lead as they turn the first meta post in a ball of dusty confusion! <br />
<br />
Gellia, can you see anything!<br />
<br />
No, Attius, just dust and more dust!<br />
<br />
As they come down the back stretch, it looks like they are all crunching each other and several of the chariots are banging repeatedly into the spina wall...no accidents yet.<br />
<br />
They are approaching the second meta post. They are spreading out and make the second turn in a fanning formation...they are approaching the line and all are sliding to a halt. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning smacks into FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly! The legionnaire is ejected from MALEOS of Alexandria’s chariot, flies through the air, hits the sand, rolls and is on his feet running forward! MAN! What a show! Nothing stops these guys! Made of war, guts and glory!<br />
<br />
It looks like all of the legionnaries are now on foot and running hard down the lanes! That must be tough, Gellia?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it has to be. I can see them running in a mob, pushing and shoving each other, as they make it to the first meta post. They all look like they have plenty of fight in them, but they still have a good way to go.<br />
<br />
Yes, that back stretch is going to be a back breaker, Gellia. I can see that they are starting to slow down a bit, with a couple of legionnaires starting to fall behind a little.<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, they are slowing down a bit, but they are all well in the game. They are all starting to pace themselves down the straight part of the lanes.<br />
<br />
Gellia, I can see them coming toward the second meta post, and they...OHHH! Two of the legionnaires have stopped and are fighting with each other! <br />
<br />
Oh it looks like they...yes...they have “worked out their differences” and are now back in pursuit of the mob in front of them.<br />
<br />
They are all turning around the end of the spina...here come the last two...they are picking up the pace!<br />
<br />
They are all running hard now! IT’S A FULL SPRINT, PEOPLE!<br />
<br />
They are giving it all they can! The charioteers are on the sand screaming for their guy! They are urging them on to victory! They are approaching the finish line, and it’s...<br />
<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-lcvictortrad.png|right]]<br />
* '''The legionnaire with PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius in First Place!<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''the legionnaire with FLORIUS in Ballista comes across the line Second,''' <br />
* '''then the legionnaire with ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in Third Place,'''<br />
* '''followed by the legionnaire with ARAMACH in Firefly in Fourth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with AMADAN in Aurum in Fifth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning in Sixth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in Seventh,'''<br />
* '''And in Last Place, it’s the legionnaire with QUEBIUS in the Green Griller!''' <br />
<br />
<br />
THERE YOU HAVE IT...THE HISTORIC TRADITIONAL LUDI ROMANI CIRCENSES RACE!<br />
<br />
Aedile Vitellius is on the track in his chariot with the Consuls on board to drive out and present the palm of victory to the Victor! The crowd is cheering in this, the loudest place in the Eternal City at this moment!<br />
<br />
Factio Veneta will also be celebrating hard tonight...looks like its FREE pancakes with blueberry syrup ALL NIGHT LONG at the Factio Veneta Stables! WOO HOO!!!<br />
<br />
That’s all we have, people! I’m Servius Atius. And I am Julia Gellia. And this had been the official coverage of the Ludi Circenses of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! Take care and we’ll see you at the track on the sand in the Circus NEXT TIME!<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete omnes!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Ludi_circensesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses2014-09-17T15:29:19Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a chariot race and a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST FOUR ENTRIES FOR THE LUDI CIRCENSES AND TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENTS TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY RACE UP TO TWO CHARIOTS AND TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI CIRCENSES==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Please forward the following information on your entry:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
<br />
B. The name of your driver; <br />
C. The name of your chariot; <br />
<br />
D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
<br />
E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
<br />
F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
<br />
:Albata - The Whites<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
:Russata - The Reds <br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
<br />
===Tactics: Six (6) race tactics are possible:===<br />
<br />
A. To hurry in the last laps <br />
<br />
B. To pass the curves closely the "spina" of the circus. <br />
<br />
C. To support a constant pace <br />
<br />
D. To lash the rivals <br />
<br />
E. To push the rivals to the wall of the circus <br />
<br />
F. To hurry in the straight lines<br />
<br />
<br />
==QVARTER-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
<br />
SALVETE OMNES!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We have just received the unofficial report from the Circus Maximus for todays Ludi circenses Quarter-Finals races. Due to audio complications at the Circus, we lost our live feed and could not report the race-by-race action. But, we are back on the air again and here are the unofficial results, which should be certified by tomorrow and published publicly by the magistrates:<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race I===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race II===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race III===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus''' <br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus '''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race IV===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Team Veneta - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Tune in Tomorrow, where Iulia Gellia and I will be providing live coverage for the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals and Finals Races!<br />
<br />
See you tomorrow at the track on the spina in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
<br />
OPTIME VALETE!<br />
<br />
<br />
''Note: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis and Staff Intern at the Curule Aedile's Office).''<br />
<br />
<br />
==SEMI-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you again this afternoon live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We are here at the Circus Maximus, awaiting the official start of the Semi-Finals for the Ludi circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! As we celebrate the oldest of the Roman games, we go now to our correspondent inside the Circus, Julia Gellia. Julia, what is it looking like inside? The crowds out here are immense.<br />
<br />
Atius, the crowd inside is about the same. The citizens are making their way to their seats and are dressed in the colors of their factions. The seats are really beginning to fill up now. There are numerous factio banners waving and people are somewhat rowdy, but all in all, it looks like everyone is here to have a good time and WIN. I’m getting the word that you have just received the results of yesterday’s Quarter-Finals, so I’ll pass it back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, I have just been hand the official results and I think we have time to cover the results before the procession enters inside.<br />
<br />
In the Quarter-Finals Races, the officially certified results from yesterday are as follows:<br />
<br />
'''Race I'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina<br />
<br />
'''Race II'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Amadan the Celt, Amarach's younger brother-He may be not as tall and strong as Amarach, but he is very skilled in the art of chariot-driving, in spite of the fact that he looks a bit silly - always <br />
with a boyish smile on his face. Driving for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race III'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus <br />
<br />
2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race IV'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus<br />
<br />
Although the drivers are both veterans, the two Russata chariots owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, are new addidtions to the racing circuit here in the Circus Maximus.<br />
<br />
Also, this is the first Semi-Finals race for the Vitellians, Quintus and Tiberia, Children of the Aedilis curulis. It is unique to note, that Quintus’ chariot will be racing for Praesina, rather than the traditional Veneta line-up of the Vitellii! Good luck to both of them.<br />
<br />
So, we have the preceding charioteers that will advance to today’s races.<br />
<br />
Looks like this is shaping up to be a great day for racing here in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
We pause now for a word from the Aventine Guild of Bakers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Today’s races are being brought to you, in part, by the Aventine Guild of Bakers.'''<br />
<br />
'''Tired of eating stale bread? Does the mold bother you? Suffer no more. The Aventine Guild of Bakers uses only the finest wheat and barley in our loaves. We pride ourselves in offering you the best bread in the Eternal City. Always buy from local vendors in the Aventine, and buy daily for the freshest loaves. We have distribution points in the Forum Boarium, outside the Temple of Ceres, and mobile vendor carts on the Vicus Columnae Ligneae, Vicus Fortunati, Vicus Laci Tecti, Vicus Mundiciei, Vicus Portae Naevia, and the Vicus Silani Salientis. We also offer vendor shops on the Vicus Portae Trigeminae, Vicus Trium Viarum and Vicus Valeri.''' <br />
<br />
'''Remember, if it doesn’t say “Mons Aventinus,” it wasn’t made on the Aventine!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
And we’re back! This is Servius Atius and we are now inside the Circus Maximus awaiting the opening procession of the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals of the Ludi Romani. <br />
<br />
We’re here with some of the Veneta fans to get their reaction on the events today. So, would each of you tell us who you are and where you are from?<br />
<br />
I’m Tiberia Cornelia from Cora. I’m Tita Herennia and I am also from Cora. And I am Aulus Durmius from Signia. I’m Sextus Villius from Ferentinum.<br />
<br />
So, what do you guys expect to see from today’s Races?<br />
<br />
(Herennia) I think we will be in for some challenges from the Russata Team. They had a pretty tough show for the Quarter-Finals.<br />
<br />
(Cornelia) Yeah, the Albatans are going to present us with some challenges, but nothing the Blues can’t handle.<br />
<br />
(Villius) I have confidence in Veneta and their ability to win this thing outright!<br />
<br />
(Durmius) I’m really just here for the Falernian vendors, LOL!<br />
<br />
So, there you have it people! We will see what happens for Veneta! Good luck to you guys!<br />
<br />
Now, we focus our attention on the carcers, where the processional is about to begin.<br />
<br />
The herald is now announcing the competitors in Today’s Semi-Finals Races. Let’s listen:<br />
<br />
<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
<br />
<br />
“ Welcome to the Circus Maximus for the Semi-Finals Races of the Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! (Crowds erupt in loud cheering and jeering the opposing factiones)”<br />
<br />
“Today’s races consist of the following:”<br />
<br />
“In Race I, we have:”<br />
<br />
* '''In Carcer I – Florius, driving Ballista for Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer II – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefly for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer III – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer IV – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
“In Race II, we have:”<br />
<br />
* '''In Carcer V – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VI – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VII – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VIII – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
“Drivers, mount your chariots and await the mappa!”<br />
<br />
Well, folks, there’s the lineup. And, it looks like the procession is about to begin!<br />
<br />
(Cornicens and Tubacins are blasting a regal intro beat from the floor of the Circus)<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers are marching the Miles Gregari of Legio II Sabina, which is the Pontifex Maximus’ favored Legio. Man they do look mighty and powerful! It’s no wonder any on the outer reaches fear the ground upon which they have tread.<br />
<br />
Behind them is a special escort of the Priests of Iuppiter, carrying a gilded figurine of the god Iuppiter Optimus Maximus. As you know, these games, as well as the Plebeian Games, are dedicated to Iuppiter.<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats, however, these are a special troupe, not the ones we saw earlier in the Quarter-Finals. These are from around the Respublica and have been formed especially for this event, featuring new and upcoming young talent. For many of them, this is their first time performing before such a crowd.<br />
<br />
Now comes the procession of the charioteers. But wait, what’s this?!??!? <br />
<br />
Leading them is the Curule Aedile, L. Vitellius Triarius, himself, dressed in his senatorial toga, wearing sunglasses, waving to the crowd from his personal chariot, the Midnight Flyer, that big blue and chrome trimmed piece of spina elegance. It seems he has the song, “Promised Land” by Elvis Presslius, blaring on the externally-mounted speakers! The Veneta crowd is going wild! He is leading the charioteers down the straight-away and they are all waving wildly at the crowd who is responding like a hoard of crazed lunatics! What a show this is going to be! <br />
<br />
Followed by the Aedile and the charioteers are the Elected Officials of the Respublica entering on special chariots! Many of them, especially the Consuls, are driving chariots from their own stables! What a show these guys are putting on, and the fans are all about it! I might also mention, in honor of Iuppiter Pater, each of the chariots in Today’s procession are bearing a ceremonial lightning bolt.<br />
<br />
Everyone is taking their places and the charioteers are lining up in the carcers, preparing to launch from the gates.<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE I===<br />
<br />
<br />
The Curule Aedile rises, the crowd quietens, the mappa is raised, and...down it goes!<br />
<br />
The gates fly open and their off! It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Next is AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, closely followed by FLORIUS in Ballista. As they run down the sunny straight-away toward the meta post, it is brightly spewing its golden rays all over the Circus...a beautiful site! They are approaching the meta post for the first turn, and we will see how that goes. Here they go...<br />
<br />
Around the first turn, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus takes the lead over QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. They are spanning out and racing down the back side. Making the second turn and FLORIUS in Ballista overtakes AMARACH the Celt in Firefly. It’s anybody’s game as the first dolphin is turned on the top of the spina. Gellia, what is it like over on the spina?<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, it’s DUSTY over here, but we’re hanging in there. Our table is now officially covered in sand, but the audio is still working. They have just turned the second dolphin, and...can you still hear me...the sound over here is deafening! I’ll turn it back over to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, we can hear you! So back to the race as the third dolphin turns, it’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus still in the lead with FLORIUS in Ballista and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller running side by side and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly looking for an opportunity. <br />
<br />
As they approach the meta post, they turn and OHHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly inserts himself in between QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista. They are lashing each other with their whips! The dust is flying everywhere and the chariots are fighting for lead position. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus keeps turning around checking his position as they approach the opposing meta post.<br />
<br />
Around they go in a fury and here they come, flying past the curule chairs as the fourth dolphin is turned, and on to the next turn they go. Coming up on the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus checks backwards again, and OH NO! He has bumped the spina pretty hard, the chariot wobbles a little and then straightens out. Good luck on that one! Iuppiter must be watching over him!<br />
<br />
No, he’s not. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller has just taken the lead, cutting him off in another hard bump into the spina wall. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is furious! Now it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, and FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly in a dead heat for third as they round the turn.<br />
<br />
Here we go as the fifth dolphin drops and the battle is on. There seems to be a giant dust ball rolling around the track here in the Circus Maximus Today. Gellia, are you still with us?<br />
<br />
Yes, we are watching diligently as they are coming straight down the backside. HEY, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly just pulled around FLORIUS in Ballista and is bearing down hot and heavy on ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, who still is holding second at this time. Atius, back to you, they are coming up on the far turn and we just can’t see them from where we are at this point.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, we have them in a close turn AND FLORIUS in Ballista HAS JUST CUT IN FRONT OF ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus TO DOMINATE SECOND POSITION! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller must be worrying now, but it’s still anybody’s game. They are turning down the sixth dolphin now, so we enter the last lap of this race!<br />
<br />
We can see over in the carcers that the chariots for the next race are lining up now. The horses are snorting madly and bucking wildly out of control. They can feel the power of the track and are going mad waiting on the start. They just cannot wait to hit the dirt! Let’s see where we are now.<br />
<br />
Approaching the first meta post in this lap, the crowds are on their feet cheering wildly, the sound is absolutely deafening! Around they go to the back side. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
Atius, it is absolute chaos, absolute chaos! They have bunched together and are lashing each other and trying to drive each other into the spina! It’s wild, I say! They are going down the backside and it looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista are now fighting for first, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in second and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has fallen back to third position again. Back to you!<br />
<br />
Yes, here they come around the last meta post!<br />
<br />
Looks like it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead. OHHHH! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus just overtook FLORIUS in Ballista for second position! OHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has pulled around on the outside and is driving his team HARD, I mean HARD! <br />
<br />
AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has just overtaken FLORIUS in Ballista and is pushing hard against ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus! The fight is on! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly have their wheels tangled up and are trying in these last few seconds to break loose! They are bouncing into the spina repeatedly as one tangled mess! OHHH! They’re free and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly loses some control and veers off to the right and is slowing down. The remaining three are all about the win, driving hard and coming up fast on the finish line!<br />
<br />
THERE IT IS FOLKS! <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER!<br />
<br />
It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for the Win! <br />
<br />
Factio Praesina takes home the corona for this one! The Factio Praesina are going wild! What a race...WHAT...A...RACE...it has been!<br />
<br />
QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is now driving up to receive his corona from Aedile Vitellius, who congratulates him! He makes a victory lap around the Circus and then off the field. It’s time for the Second Race!<br />
<br />
We go now to Gellia, who is with Q. Vitellius Triarius and his sister, Tiberia. So, Quintus Vitellius, how does it feel to run your first Semi-Finals Race and get the win?<br />
<br />
Awesome, truly awesome. My dies natalis was a few days ago, and this just tops it off!<br />
<br />
And how old are you?<br />
<br />
XI.<br />
<br />
SO, let me ask your sister...Are you ready for Pankakis to win the next race? <br />
<br />
YES! But, if he does not, that will be okay. It’s about the thrill of the race more than the win for me, I think...It’s the anticipation!<br />
<br />
And you are how old?<br />
<br />
IX.<br />
<br />
So, where did you get the chariot name?<br />
<br />
My favorite Breakfast food. And the driver, Pankakis, well...he’s a Greek...and the name just paired well with the chariot, so I chose him to drive. He’s done this before in other places.<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, that’s the word from the Domus Vitellia! Back to you now.<br />
<br />
Thanks, Gellia.<br />
<br />
The officials have just released the results and it looks like this:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – FLORIUS in Ballista for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – AMARACH the Celt in Firefly for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE II===<br />
<br />
<br />
After a brief pause to rake the track and remove the debris thrown down by the fans, the spina staff has reorganized, knocked of the dust, and is now giving the signal to the officials that they are ready to begin.<br />
<br />
Everything gets quiet. Aedile Vitellius stands with mappa in hand, raises the mappa, and...it drops and the carcer gates fly open!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates it’s VELLOCATUS in Potentia, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum.<br />
<br />
Down the straight-away they go furiously! Approaching the first turn, it’s kind of messy, but they make it through. They round the turn onto the back stretch and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a cut to overtake VELLOCATUS in Potentia. It doesn’t work. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius anticipates the call and charges forward. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts it again. For the second time, it doesn’t work. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls to the outside and charges past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning who did not see him coming up from the rear. VELLOCATUS in Potentia runs hard for the next turn and clears the turn a good chariot length ahead of the rest. He is running his horses maybe a little too hard this early on, but, maybe he knows something we don’t. In any case the first dolphin falls with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in the lead, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. They make the next turn and it is a little bumpy for PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, as AMADAN the Celt in Aurum forces him into the spina wall, causing a large long fresh scrape around the corner of the spina wall end. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
I’m seeing dust and more dust. They have just passed us by. OH NO! One of the Circus staff has just fallen of the wall onto the track. They are racing to get him back up on the wall before the charioteers come back around. Two men are grabbing him as the second dolphin falls and they approach the curve. Looks like he has been successfully pulled back up and here they come. It’s PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius up front, followed by VELLOCATUS in Potentia. Looks like VELLOCATUS in Potentia took the lead somewhere along the way in all the confusion. Next is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Back to you Attius! <br />
<br />
The third dolphin has been turned down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is fighting for third as they approach the turn. Through the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning seizes the opportunity to pull ahead of AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! As they were entering the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning bore down hard left on AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, forcing AMADAN to pull back or loose a wheel to the spina.<br />
<br />
MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning clears the turn and plays catch up to the two opponents in front of him. As they proceed down the back stretch, it’s still PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius maintaining the lead, with VELLOCATUS in Potentia following closely behind. Gellia, can you see what is going on back there?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it’s crazy! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! They are running neck-to-neck down the back stretch. As they approach the back turn, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius races smoothly around the bend. OHHHH! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is attempting the same maneuver on VELLOCATUS in Potentia that he pulled off against AMADAN the Celt in Aurum on the other turn....can he do it....YES!!!! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has overtaken VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! As they race up the track, the officials are turning the fourth dolphin down. The crowd is going mad at this series of ever-changing events, especially the Factio Albata fans! <br />
<br />
Now through the turn and on the back side again, it is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and VELLOCATUS in Potentia competing for third. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging hard on the back bumper of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who is not about to give up his lead at this point. Back around to the front side, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but with no success. They are all still running strong. They make the next turn and BANG! <br />
<br />
AMADAN the Celt in Aurum has forced VELLOCATUS in Potentia into the spina...and hard! But, VELLOCATUS in Potentia maintains the lead over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is still trying to force PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius to give up his long-standing lead...AND HE DOES! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! No wait, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is lashing his opponent fiercely and it does the trick, thrusting PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius back into the lead! <br />
<br />
Now they are coming into the turn and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum is on the inside locking wheels with VELLOCATUS in Potentia on the outside! They are fighting each other to free the lock. BAM! The wheels come unlocked, but VELLOCATUS in Potentia is in a bad way! The chariot comes loose and so does the left wheel! VELLOCATUS in Potentia is fighting to keep the chariot from flipping over and is running off to the right out of harm’s way on one wheel! What a driver! He has successfully prevented a catastrophe, but it looks like he is done for the day. The remaining three competitors fly by the Officiants and the fifth dolphin is turned down.<br />
<br />
Making their way down and around, they are all bunched together. Gellia, can you see the results of the turn in all the dust?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is still in the lead and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum are fighting for second. It looks like AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning are rotating back and forth by a nose length for second position as the race down the back stretch. Back to you.<br />
<br />
Here they come around the meta post and its PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning out of the turn. But WAIT! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is experiencing something wrong! We cannot tell at this time what it is, but he is slowing down slightly. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning leaps forward taking the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum makes a move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but he averts the call and maintains second as the sixth dolphin is turned down. Off they go into the turn. <br />
<br />
It is still anybody’s guess as to which team will win at this point. Fighting their way down the back stretch, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has regained the lead over MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, with AMADAN the Celt in Aurum in third position. Back around the turn, they race down the front straight-away with no change as the seventh dolphins id turned down. This is it folks! The last lap of the race. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn. Will he attempt to take the lead? Yes, he lashes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn and forces himself in front of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead! <br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go! AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls up beside PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and is attempting to beat him to the curve... and he does! But, it looks like HE’S TAKEN THE CURVE TOO FAST! He starts to slide and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius slides through on the inside to take second position over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum. This mishap has allowed MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to pull ahead by about two chariot lengths. <br />
<br />
Toward the finish line they run...and run hard! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is charging fast to catch up with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Will he make it? NOOOOO! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning crosses the line by a head’s length to win! The Factio Albata Fans GO CRAZY! People are jumping up in the air and throwing things all over the Circus in celebration!<br />
<br />
The Official is making his way over to the Aedile with the official results. Aedile Vitellius stands and loudly yells:<br />
<br />
“ALBATA! ALBATA! ALBATA!” <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER AND IT IS THE COLOR WHITE!<br />
<br />
Looks like the final results for Race II are:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – AMADAN the Celt in Aurum for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – VELLOCATUS in Potentia for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The streets in Roma will not be safe tonight unless you are wearing WHITE...but, hey, most people are wearing white, right! ...Anyway...<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius and we are signing off with another successful round of races at the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
Stay tuned for the Circenses Finals later on today!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results for this event were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''<br />
<br />
<br />
==FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Julia Gellia, and I am here with Servius Atius for the Finals Coverage of the Ludi Circenses of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c. here in the Circus Maximus. Atius, what is your assessment of the crowds.<br />
<br />
Gellia, earlier after the Semi-Finals, I was out on the streets and the mood was very competitive. The fans are just waiting to see who the Victor will be in this series of races. The mood was elevated and they no one can seem to calm down after the events of the day. It has just been one of those exciting type of days. Oh look, they are beginning the procession now. Let’s watch.<br />
<br />
<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers come the Officiants. Well, I guess that wasn’t the procession. Just the Officials taking their positions around the track and on top of the spina wall. No here they come. There is a mass of cornicens and tubacins blaring a militaristic tune. <br />
<br />
Here comes the Curule Aedile and his staff in his chariot, followed by the Consuls in their own chariots. It is hard to see who is next in the processional. There is an immense amount of huge, black bubbles being generated from the Senior Consul’s chariot! They are everywhere and they are floating all over the Circus Maximus! The breeze in the Circus is elevating the bubbles rapidly now and we can see the next chariot...<br />
<br />
IT’S THE PRINCEPS SENATUS, Sulla, and he is riding in a specially-made chariot...THE FELIX! It carries a hospital bed and Sulla is on it waving to the crowd and throwing out free copies of his new book to the masses! The book is the latest on Respublica shelves...”The Idiot’s Guide to Writing Senate Consultae.” Looks like another great addition to the Idiot’s Guide series! BUT, the AMAZING THING IS...Sulla’s chariot is being pulled by hundreds of CATS!!! What a show! <br />
<br />
Next, we see several members of the Senate and Collegium Pontificum in their own chariots, including Gn. Iulius Caesar and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, who are shooting each other with chariot-mounted water cannons. Who needs fireworks! <br />
<br />
Here comes Senator Fabius, who is being carried on a litter, complete with a mini-bar containing small amphorae of the finest wines from around the Respublica. His litter is being transported by a dozen gladiators! <br />
<br />
Now, we have T. Iulius Sabinus, Senator and Pontifex Maximus, arriving with the Priests of Iuppiter, who are riding on a special elongated chariot, which is engulfing the Circus with clouds of frankincense! Smells GREAT in here today! If you have ever smelled those stables, you would understand the frankincense! <br />
<br />
Here we see following next Senator Venator in a wagon with servants throwing loaves of bread out to the crowd, no doubt from the Sodalitas and made from some of the recipes he has collected on his recent travels from villa to villa around the Respublica.<br />
<br />
Next, comes Augur Quadratus in his chariot, dressed in the armor of Augustus! His face is painted red! And, he is throwing denarii out to the crowds! They love him! What a Iuppiterian show...this guy! Iuppiterian...that is a word, isn’t it?<br />
<br />
As they make the final turn around the second spina and move to their respective positions to view the race, we notice Aedile Vitellius jump off his chariot, pick up what appears to be a gauntlet, and toss it to the Senior Consul...hmmm...she must have dropped it on the first pass around the track...oh well...<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats and entertainers from here in the city...no wait...these are from the Sarmatian troop visiting the city for the games! They will also be performing at the Theatre Marcellus all week!<br />
<br />
The Curule Staff Member, Governor L. Ulpius Atellus, is out on the track now and is making his way to the Aedile’s box to herald the announcement of the charioteers competing in this race. <br />
<br />
Okay, Ulpius is making the announcement now:<br />
<br />
In Today’s Finals Race, the competitors are:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''ATRECTUS, driving the chariot Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''MALEOS of Alexandria, driving the chariot White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''PANKAKIS, driving the chariot Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''QUEBIUS, driving the chariot the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===FINALS RACE===<br />
<br />
<br />
The crowd is roaring with excitement, as Aedile Vitellius steps up with the mappa. Receiving the go ahead from the officials on the track, he raises the mappa...it blows freely in the wind...he holds it there momentarily with anticipation...he waits...he checks his hourglass...the mappa continues to blow freely in the wind...he takes a sip of Falernian...he and Senator Fabius discuss the nice weather we are having...then he releases it and the carcer gates are flung open, beginning this last and final race!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates they come! Running side by side, they dash up the straight-away by the magistrates and fight for the prime position before entering the first turn. It’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in front, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning running side by side around the bend, followed by QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. Down the back stretch they go, kicking up some dust, but not as much as before. We understand that the track has been watered down to lower the dust level (not only by Pontifices Caesar and Lentulus, but the Circus staff), but there is still enough dust to make one feel they are here in the Circus. It just wouldn’t be right to be here with no dust!<br />
<br />
Around the curve they come and by the dolphin rack they fly as the first dolphin is turned down. No change in position as they round the next turn. OHHH! It looks like PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has pulled in front of MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to dominate second position. They are running hard down the back stretch and not pulling any fancy moves at this early point in the race. This is not the race to show off and risk a loss. It’s just plain, methodic racing AND GUTS at this point. They come around the back turn with no one getting scathed so far. <br />
<br />
Well, I spoke too soon. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is bumping ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus into the spina wall repeatedly. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is getting tired of this and begins to lash PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius over and over again, so PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius backs off. Now, folks we have a REAL chariot race!<br />
<br />
As the second dolphin drops, they race for the curve and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller finds a hole on the inside, slipping past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. On the back stretch now, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning charges QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and retakes the third position in the race. Charging hard toward PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts to overtake PANKAKIS in the turn, but does not make it. He remains in third position. <br />
<br />
Down the track and by the curule chairs they go as the third dolphin is turned down. Into the curve they go, around the meta post and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius are in a fierce competition for the front position. They begin to lash at each other and their whips get tangled. Fighting to free their whips slows them down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning CHARGES FORWARD TO TAKE THE LEAD! The race is on now! What a fortunate event for MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning! But, can he hold out? We’ll see. Gellia, what’s it looking like down there on the spina?<br />
<br />
Atius, we are just braving the dust! It looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is attempting to make and end run around ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but they have untangled their whips and are now charging ahead of him. They are going out of sight now, so back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
They are coming around the meta post now and firing around the curve like a round launched from a catapult! Down the track they run as the fourth dolphin is turned down. Toward the curve they go and WAIT! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is attempting to insert himself in between ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! He’s done it! They go around the curve side by side! Gellia, you’re nearest, did they make the turn!<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius! They made the turn and are currently running side by side, fighting for second! Back to you!<br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus makes it to the turn first and takes second position, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. Down the straight-away and past the fifth dolphin being turned down, they race towards the meta post. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller charges hard and overtakes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they enter the turn, cutting him off by lashing him hard and driving hard to the left! <br />
<br />
As they make the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is looking back to see QUEBIUS in the Green Griller bearing down hard on his rear. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus HAS Hit SOME DEBRIS ON THE TRACK! HE BOUNCES UP AND IS THROWN OVER THE FRONT WALL OF THE CHARIOT!!! But, he recovers, maintaining his balance and keeps the team charging ahead. This little mishap has landed him in third position, as QUEBIUS in the Green Griller bounds forward in the fiasco! Now, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius makes an attempt to overtake ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and is successful as well. As they round the back turn MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is a little overconfident and allows QUEBIUS in the Green Griller to overtake him for the lead as well!<br />
<br />
As the sixth dolphin is turned, the officials finish removing the debris from the track and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller rounds the turn in first position, followed by MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, then PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Down the back stretch they go and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus makes his move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, lashing him and driving him into the spina wall. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius bounces up against the spina wall, but is maintaining his lead. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus drives harder and lashes harder, and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius gives up the third position to ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is bearing down on QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, but just can’t seem to break through for the lead. They round the bend and drive hard down the track. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus attempts to pull wide to the right to overtake MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, but his team is just not going to do it, so he pulls back in toward the spina to prevent losing his place in the lineup. <br />
<br />
As the seventh dolphin is turned down, all the charioteers know this is it...the last lap and the last chance. They race dramatically toward the meta post and make the curve at break-neck speed, all of them sliding through the curve, but the positions do not change. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes another attempt to overtake QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the back stretch, but cannot make it. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller launches a series of green water balloons at MALEOS! These kids today...<br />
<br />
They drive hard to the last turn and slide hard around the bend, all chariots fishtailing in the dust! Now, the finish line is in sight! JUST NOW MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a dash around QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and they are running neck to neck, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who have pulled up beside each other and are in a heated melee of their own.<br />
<br />
Charging hard they approach the finish line, everyone in the Circus is on their feet waiting in anticipation! Then, the crowd erupts like an exploding bomb as MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning noses ahead of QUEBIUS in the Green Griller to win by a few inches! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus manages to hold third position with PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius inches behind him for fourth!<br />
<br />
The Factio Albata is uncontrollable, and the Whites have enraged the Factio Praesina fans! Fights are erupting all over the Circus Maximus! It’s crazier than crazy!<br />
<br />
After a few moments, the passion subsides and Aedile Vitellius announces the winner:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''And the Victor of this year’s Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c. is:'''<br />
<br />
'''MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata!''' <br />
<br />
'''Congrats to the WHITES and to Dominus G. Decius Laterensis!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Governor L. Ulpius Atellus presents MALEOS of Alexandria with the victory prize and Aedile Vitellius crowns him with the corona. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning then remounts his chariot and makes a victory lap around the track to celebrate!<br />
<br />
Well, Gellia, it looks like this raps up the Circenses competition for this Ludi.<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, what a series of races it was! One can hardly wait for the next series!<br />
<br />
No, Gellia, they cannot.<br />
<br />
To sum up this event, the officials have certified the places and here are the just announced official results:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning of Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place - QUEBIUS in the Green Griller of Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus of Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius of Faction Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
WAIT! We are receiving news that there will be a Final Exhibition Race in the tradition of the original Ludi Romani circenses!<br />
<br />
Gellia, can you confirm this?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, you are correct. The Aedilis curulis has just announced it and ALL the charioteers are moving back into the carcers to get ready, while the Circus staff prepares the track for this last exhibition. <br />
<br />
How is this going to work exactly, Gellia?<br />
<br />
Just like it did in the original race organized by Tarquinius Priscus. The Chariots will be mounted in Greek fashion with the driver and a warrior. A legionnaire of Legio II Sabina will be mounted on each chariot with the driver. The chariots will race one lap around the Circus, stop, the legionnaires will dismount and run the last lap. Whoever crosses the finish line first wins it! Okay, Atius, back to you!<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI ROMANI TRADITIONAL EXHIBITION RACE==<br />
<br />
<br />
It looks like they are ready...Aedile Vitellius stands up, the crowd quietens, the mappa is dropped...and THERE THEY GO!!!<br />
<br />
It’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in the lead, followed by MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, next we have QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum running side-by-side. Inches behind them are FLORIUS in Ballista, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and VELLOCATUS in Potentia! They are all fighting for the lead as they turn the first meta post in a ball of dusty confusion! <br />
<br />
Gellia, can you see anything!<br />
<br />
No, Attius, just dust and more dust!<br />
<br />
As they come down the back stretch, it looks like they are all crunching each other and several of the chariots are banging repeatedly into the spina wall...no accidents yet.<br />
<br />
They are approaching the second meta post. They are spreading out and make the second turn in a fanning formation...they are approaching the line and all are sliding to a halt. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning smacks into FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly! The legionnaire is ejected from MALEOS of Alexandria’s chariot, flies through the air, hits the sand, rolls and is on his feet running forward! MAN! What a show! Nothing stops these guys! Made of war, guts and glory!<br />
<br />
It looks like all of the legionnaries are now on foot and running hard down the lanes! That must be tough, Gellia?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it has to be. I can see them running in a mob, pushing and shoving each other, as they make it to the first meta post. They all look like they have plenty of fight in them, but they still have a good way to go.<br />
<br />
Yes, that back stretch is going to be a back breaker, Gellia. I can see that they are starting to slow down a bit, with a couple of legionnaires starting to fall behind a little.<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, they are slowing down a bit, but they are all well in the game. They are all starting to pace themselves down the straight part of the lanes.<br />
<br />
Gellia, I can see them coming toward the second meta post, and they...OHHH! Two of the legionnaires have stopped and are fighting with each other! <br />
<br />
Oh it looks like they...yes...they have “worked out their differences” and are now back in pursuit of the mob in front of them.<br />
<br />
They are all turning around the end of the spina...here come the last two...they are picking up the pace!<br />
<br />
They are all running hard now! IT’S A FULL SPRINT, PEOPLE!<br />
<br />
They are giving it all they can! The charioteers are on the sand screaming for their guy! They are urging them on to victory! They are approaching the finish line, and it’s...<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''The legionnaire with PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius in First Place!<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''the legionnaire with FLORIUS in Ballista comes across the line Second,''' <br />
* '''then the legionnaire with ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in Third Place,'''<br />
* '''followed by the legionnaire with ARAMACH in Firefly in Fourth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with AMADAN in Aurum in Fifth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning in Sixth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in Seventh,'''<br />
* '''And in Last Place, it’s the legionnaire with QUEBIUS in the Green Griller!''' <br />
<br />
<br />
THERE YOU HAVE IT...THE HISTORIC TRADITIONAL LUDI ROMANI CIRCENSES RACE!<br />
<br />
Aedile Vitellius is on the track in his chariot with the Consuls on board to drive out and present the palm of victory to the Victor! The crowd is cheering in this, the loudest place in the Eternal City at this moment!<br />
<br />
Factio Veneta will also be celebrating hard tonight...looks like its FREE pancakes with blueberry syrup ALL NIGHT LONG at the Factio Veneta Stables! WOO HOO!!!<br />
<br />
That’s all we have, people! I’m Servius Atius. And I am Julia Gellia. And this had been the official coverage of the Ludi Circenses of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! Take care and we’ll see you at the track on the sand in the Circus NEXT TIME!<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete omnes!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Ludi_circensesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses2014-09-17T15:10:22Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
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<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a chariot race and a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST FOUR ENTRIES FOR THE LUDI CIRCENSES AND TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENTS TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY RACE UP TO TWO CHARIOTS AND TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
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<br />
'''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
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<br />
==LUDI CIRCENSES==<br />
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===Please forward the following information on your entry:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
<br />
B. The name of your driver; <br />
C. The name of your chariot; <br />
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D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
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E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
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F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
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:Albata - The Whites<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
:Russata - The Reds <br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
<br />
===Tactics: Six (6) race tactics are possible:===<br />
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A. To hurry in the last laps <br />
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B. To pass the curves closely the "spina" of the circus. <br />
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C. To support a constant pace <br />
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D. To lash the rivals <br />
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E. To push the rivals to the wall of the circus <br />
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F. To hurry in the straight lines<br />
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==QVARTER-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
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SALVETE OMNES!<br />
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<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We have just received the unofficial report from the Circus Maximus for todays Ludi circenses Quarter-Finals races. Due to audio complications at the Circus, we lost our live feed and could not report the race-by-race action. But, we are back on the air again and here are the unofficial results, which should be certified by tomorrow and published publicly by the magistrates:<br />
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<br />
===Race I===<br />
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'''1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
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'''2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
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===Race II===<br />
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'''1st Place – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
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'''2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
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===Race III===<br />
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'''1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus''' <br />
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'''2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus '''<br />
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===Race IV===<br />
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'''1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Team Veneta - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
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'''2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
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Tune in Tomorrow, where Iulia Gellia and I will be providing live coverage for the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals and Finals Races!<br />
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See you tomorrow at the track on the spina in the Circus Maximus!<br />
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OPTIME VALETE!<br />
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<br />
''Note: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis and Staff Intern at the Curule Aedile's Office).''<br />
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<br />
==SEMI-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
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Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you again this afternoon live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We are here at the Circus Maximus, awaiting the official start of the Semi-Finals for the Ludi circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! As we celebrate the oldest of the Roman games, we go now to our correspondent inside the Circus, Julia Gellia. Julia, what is it looking like inside? The crowds out here are immense.<br />
<br />
Atius, the crowd inside is about the same. The citizens are making their way to their seats and are dressed in the colors of their factions. The seats are really beginning to fill up now. There are numerous factio banners waving and people are somewhat rowdy, but all in all, it looks like everyone is here to have a good time and WIN. I’m getting the word that you have just received the results of yesterday’s Quarter-Finals, so I’ll pass it back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, I have just been hand the official results and I think we have time to cover the results before the procession enters inside.<br />
<br />
In the Quarter-Finals Races, the officially certified results from yesterday are as follows:<br />
<br />
'''Race I'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina<br />
<br />
'''Race II'''<br />
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1st Place – Amadan the Celt, Amarach's younger brother-He may be not as tall and strong as Amarach, but he is very skilled in the art of chariot-driving, in spite of the fact that he looks a bit silly - always <br />
with a boyish smile on his face. Driving for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus<br />
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'''Race III'''<br />
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1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus <br />
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2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race IV'''<br />
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1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus<br />
<br />
Although the drivers are both veterans, the two Russata chariots owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, are new addidtions to the racing circuit here in the Circus Maximus.<br />
<br />
Also, this is the first Semi-Finals race for the Vitellians, Quintus and Tiberia, Children of the Aedilis curulis. It is unique to note, that Quintus’ chariot will be racing for Praesina, rather than the traditional Veneta line-up of the Vitellii! Good luck to both of them.<br />
<br />
So, we have the preceding charioteers that will advance to today’s races.<br />
<br />
Looks like this is shaping up to be a great day for racing here in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
We pause now for a word from the Aventine Guild of Bakers.<br />
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<br />
<br />
'''Today’s races are being brought to you, in part, by the Aventine Guild of Bakers.'''<br />
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'''Tired of eating stale bread? Does the mold bother you? Suffer no more. The Aventine Guild of Bakers uses only the finest wheat and barley in our loaves. We pride ourselves in offering you the best bread in the Eternal City. Always buy from local vendors in the Aventine, and buy daily for the freshest loaves. We have distribution points in the Forum Boarium, outside the Temple of Ceres, and mobile vendor carts on the Vicus Columnae Ligneae, Vicus Fortunati, Vicus Laci Tecti, Vicus Mundiciei, Vicus Portae Naevia, and the Vicus Silani Salientis. We also offer vendor shops on the Vicus Portae Trigeminae, Vicus Trium Viarum and Vicus Valeri.''' <br />
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'''Remember, if it doesn’t say “Mons Aventinus,” it wasn’t made on the Aventine!'''<br />
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<br />
<br />
And we’re back! This is Servius Atius and we are now inside the Circus Maximus awaiting the opening procession of the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals of the Ludi Romani. <br />
<br />
We’re here with some of the Veneta fans to get their reaction on the events today. So, would each of you tell us who you are and where you are from?<br />
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I’m Tiberia Cornelia from Cora. I’m Tita Herennia and I am also from Cora. And I am Aulus Durmius from Signia. I’m Sextus Villius from Ferentinum.<br />
<br />
So, what do you guys expect to see from today’s Races?<br />
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(Herennia) I think we will be in for some challenges from the Russata Team. They had a pretty tough show for the Quarter-Finals.<br />
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(Cornelia) Yeah, the Albatans are going to present us with some challenges, but nothing the Blues can’t handle.<br />
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(Villius) I have confidence in Veneta and their ability to win this thing outright!<br />
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(Durmius) I’m really just here for the Falernian vendors, LOL!<br />
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So, there you have it people! We will see what happens for Veneta! Good luck to you guys!<br />
<br />
Now, we focus our attention on the carcers, where the processional is about to begin.<br />
<br />
The herald is now announcing the competitors in Today’s Semi-Finals Races. Let’s listen:<br />
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<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
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<br />
“ Welcome to the Circus Maximus for the Semi-Finals Races of the Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! (Crowds erupt in loud cheering and jeering the opposing factiones)”<br />
<br />
“Today’s races consist of the following:”<br />
<br />
“In Race I, we have:”<br />
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* '''In Carcer I – Florius, driving Ballista for Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer II – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefly for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer III – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer IV – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
“In Race II, we have:”<br />
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* '''In Carcer V – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VI – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Albata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VII – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VIII – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
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“Drivers, mount your chariots and await the mappa!”<br />
<br />
Well, folks, there’s the lineup. And, it looks like the procession is about to begin!<br />
<br />
(Cornicens and Tubacins are blasting a regal intro beat from the floor of the Circus)<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers are marching the Miles Gregari of Legio II Sabina, which is the Pontifex Maximus’ favored Legio. Man they do look mighty and powerful! It’s no wonder any on the outer reaches fear the ground upon which they have tread.<br />
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Behind them is a special escort of the Priests of Iuppiter, carrying a gilded figurine of the god Iuppiter Optimus Maximus. As you know, these games, as well as the Plebeian Games, are dedicated to Iuppiter.<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats, however, these are a special troupe, not the ones we saw earlier in the Quarter-Finals. These are from around the Respublica and have been formed especially for this event, featuring new and upcoming young talent. For many of them, this is their first time performing before such a crowd.<br />
<br />
Now comes the procession of the charioteers. But wait, what’s this?!??!? <br />
<br />
Leading them is the Curule Aedile, L. Vitellius Triarius, himself, dressed in his senatorial toga, wearing sunglasses, waving to the crowd from his personal chariot, the Midnight Flyer, that big blue and chrome trimmed piece of spina elegance. It seems he has the song, “Promised Land” by Elvis Presslius, blaring on the externally-mounted speakers! The Veneta crowd is going wild! He is leading the charioteers down the straight-away and they are all waving wildly at the crowd who is responding like a hoard of crazed lunatics! What a show this is going to be! <br />
<br />
Followed by the Aedile and the charioteers are the Elected Officials of the Respublica entering on special chariots! Many of them, especially the Consuls, are driving chariots from their own stables! What a show these guys are putting on, and the fans are all about it! I might also mention, in honor of Iuppiter Pater, each of the chariots in Today’s procession are bearing a ceremonial lightning bolt.<br />
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Everyone is taking their places and the charioteers are lining up in the carcers, preparing to launch from the gates.<br />
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<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE I===<br />
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<br />
The Curule Aedile rises, the crowd quietens, the mappa is raised, and...down it goes!<br />
<br />
The gates fly open and their off! It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Next is AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, closely followed by FLORIUS in Ballista. As they run down the sunny straight-away toward the meta post, it is brightly spewing its golden rays all over the Circus...a beautiful site! They are approaching the meta post for the first turn, and we will see how that goes. Here they go...<br />
<br />
Around the first turn, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus takes the lead over QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. They are spanning out and racing down the back side. Making the second turn and FLORIUS in Ballista overtakes AMARACH the Celt in Firefly. It’s anybody’s game as the first dolphin is turned on the top of the spina. Gellia, what is it like over on the spina?<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, it’s DUSTY over here, but we’re hanging in there. Our table is now officially covered in sand, but the audio is still working. They have just turned the second dolphin, and...can you still hear me...the sound over here is deafening! I’ll turn it back over to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, we can hear you! So back to the race as the third dolphin turns, it’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus still in the lead with FLORIUS in Ballista and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller running side by side and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly looking for an opportunity. <br />
<br />
As they approach the meta post, they turn and OHHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly inserts himself in between QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista. They are lashing each other with their whips! The dust is flying everywhere and the chariots are fighting for lead position. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus keeps turning around checking his position as they approach the opposing meta post.<br />
<br />
Around they go in a fury and here they come, flying past the curule chairs as the fourth dolphin is turned, and on to the next turn they go. Coming up on the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus checks backwards again, and OH NO! He has bumped the spina pretty hard, the chariot wobbles a little and then straightens out. Good luck on that one! Iuppiter must be watching over him!<br />
<br />
No, he’s not. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller has just taken the lead, cutting him off in another hard bump into the spina wall. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is furious! Now it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, and FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly in a dead heat for third as they round the turn.<br />
<br />
Here we go as the fifth dolphin drops and the battle is on. There seems to be a giant dust ball rolling around the track here in the Circus Maximus Today. Gellia, are you still with us?<br />
<br />
Yes, we are watching diligently as they are coming straight down the backside. HEY, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly just pulled around FLORIUS in Ballista and is bearing down hot and heavy on ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, who still is holding second at this time. Atius, back to you, they are coming up on the far turn and we just can’t see them from where we are at this point.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, we have them in a close turn AND FLORIUS in Ballista HAS JUST CUT IN FRONT OF ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus TO DOMINATE SECOND POSITION! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller must be worrying now, but it’s still anybody’s game. They are turning down the sixth dolphin now, so we enter the last lap of this race!<br />
<br />
We can see over in the carcers that the chariots for the next race are lining up now. The horses are snorting madly and bucking wildly out of control. They can feel the power of the track and are going mad waiting on the start. They just cannot wait to hit the dirt! Let’s see where we are now.<br />
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Approaching the first meta post in this lap, the crowds are on their feet cheering wildly, the sound is absolutely deafening! Around they go to the back side. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
Atius, it is absolute chaos, absolute chaos! They have bunched together and are lashing each other and trying to drive each other into the spina! It’s wild, I say! They are going down the backside and it looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista are now fighting for first, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in second and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has fallen back to third position again. Back to you!<br />
<br />
Yes, here they come around the last meta post!<br />
<br />
Looks like it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead. OHHHH! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus just overtook FLORIUS in Ballista for second position! OHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has pulled around on the outside and is driving his team HARD, I mean HARD! <br />
<br />
AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has just overtaken FLORIUS in Ballista and is pushing hard against ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus! The fight is on! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly have their wheels tangled up and are trying in these last few seconds to break loose! They are bouncing into the spina repeatedly as one tangled mess! OHHH! They’re free and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly loses some control and veers off to the right and is slowing down. The remaining three are all about the win, driving hard and coming up fast on the finish line!<br />
<br />
THERE IT IS FOLKS! <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER!<br />
<br />
It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for the Win! <br />
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Factio Praesina takes home the corona for this one! The Factio Praesina are going wild! What a race...WHAT...A...RACE...it has been!<br />
<br />
QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is now driving up to receive his corona from Aedile Vitellius, who congratulates him! He makes a victory lap around the Circus and then off the field. It’s time for the Second Race!<br />
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We go now to Gellia, who is with Q. Vitellius Triarius and his sister, Tiberia. So, Quintus Vitellius, how does it feel to run your first Semi-Finals Race and get the win?<br />
<br />
Awesome, truly awesome. My dies natalis was a few days ago, and this just tops it off!<br />
<br />
And how old are you?<br />
<br />
XI.<br />
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SO, let me ask your sister...Are you ready for Pankakis to win the next race? <br />
<br />
YES! But, if he does not, that will be okay. It’s about the thrill of the race more than the win for me, I think...It’s the anticipation!<br />
<br />
And you are how old?<br />
<br />
IX.<br />
<br />
So, where did you get the chariot name?<br />
<br />
My favorite Breakfast food. And the driver, Pankakis, well...he’s a Greek...and the name just paired well with the chariot, so I chose him to drive. He’s done this before in other places.<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, that’s the word from the Domus Vitellia! Back to you now.<br />
<br />
Thanks, Gellia.<br />
<br />
The officials have just released the results and it looks like this:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – FLORIUS in Ballista for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – AMARACH the Celt in Firefly for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE II===<br />
<br />
<br />
After a brief pause to rake the track and remove the debris thrown down by the fans, the spina staff has reorganized, knocked of the dust, and is now giving the signal to the officials that they are ready to begin.<br />
<br />
Everything gets quiet. Aedile Vitellius stands with mappa in hand, raises the mappa, and...it drops and the carcer gates fly open!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates it’s VELLOCATUS in Potentia, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum.<br />
<br />
Down the straight-away they go furiously! Approaching the first turn, it’s kind of messy, but they make it through. They round the turn onto the back stretch and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a cut to overtake VELLOCATUS in Potentia. It doesn’t work. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius anticipates the call and charges forward. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts it again. For the second time, it doesn’t work. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls to the outside and charges past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning who did not see him coming up from the rear. VELLOCATUS in Potentia runs hard for the next turn and clears the turn a good chariot length ahead of the rest. He is running his horses maybe a little too hard this early on, but, maybe he knows something we don’t. In any case the first dolphin falls with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in the lead, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. They make the next turn and it is a little bumpy for PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, as AMADAN the Celt in Aurum forces him into the spina wall, causing a large long fresh scrape around the corner of the spina wall end. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
I’m seeing dust and more dust. They have just passed us by. OH NO! One of the Circus staff has just fallen of the wall onto the track. They are racing to get him back up on the wall before the charioteers come back around. Two men are grabbing him as the second dolphin falls and they approach the curve. Looks like he has been successfully pulled back up and here they come. It’s PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius up front, followed by VELLOCATUS in Potentia. Looks like VELLOCATUS in Potentia took the lead somewhere along the way in all the confusion. Next is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Back to you Attius! <br />
<br />
The third dolphin has been turned down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is fighting for third as they approach the turn. Through the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning seizes the opportunity to pull ahead of AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! As they were entering the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning bore down hard left on AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, forcing AMADAN to pull back or loose a wheel to the spina.<br />
<br />
MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning clears the turn and plays catch up to the two opponents in front of him. As they proceed down the back stretch, it’s still PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius maintaining the lead, with VELLOCATUS in Potentia following closely behind. Gellia, can you see what is going on back there?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it’s crazy! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! They are running neck-to-neck down the back stretch. As they approach the back turn, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius races smoothly around the bend. OHHHH! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is attempting the same maneuver on VELLOCATUS in Potentia that he pulled off against AMADAN the Celt in Aurum on the other turn....can he do it....YES!!!! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has overtaken VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! As they race up the track, the officials are turning the fourth dolphin down. The crowd is going mad at this series of ever-changing events, especially the Factio Albata fans! <br />
<br />
Now through the turn and on the back side again, it is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and VELLOCATUS in Potentia competing for third. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging hard on the back bumper of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who is not about to give up his lead at this point. Back around to the front side, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but with no success. They are all still running strong. They make the next turn and BANG! <br />
<br />
AMADAN the Celt in Aurum has forced VELLOCATUS in Potentia into the spina...and hard! But, VELLOCATUS in Potentia maintains the lead over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is still trying to force PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius to give up his long-standing lead...AND HE DOES! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! No wait, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is lashing his opponent fiercely and it does the trick, thrusting PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius back into the lead! <br />
<br />
Now they are coming into the turn and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum is on the inside locking wheels with VELLOCATUS in Potentia on the outside! They are fighting each other to free the lock. BAM! The wheels come unlocked, but VELLOCATUS in Potentia is in a bad way! The chariot comes loose and so does the left wheel! VELLOCATUS in Potentia is fighting to keep the chariot from flipping over and is running off to the right out of harm’s way on one wheel! What a driver! He has successfully prevented a catastrophe, but it looks like he is done for the day. The remaining three competitors fly by the Officiants and the fifth dolphin is turned down.<br />
<br />
Making their way down and around, they are all bunched together. Gellia, can you see the results of the turn in all the dust?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is still in the lead and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum are fighting for second. It looks like AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning are rotating back and forth by a nose length for second position as the race down the back stretch. Back to you.<br />
<br />
Here they come around the meta post and its PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning out of the turn. But WAIT! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is experiencing something wrong! We cannot tell at this time what it is, but he is slowing down slightly. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning leaps forward taking the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum makes a move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but he averts the call and maintains second as the sixth dolphin is turned down. Off they go into the turn. <br />
<br />
It is still anybody’s guess as to which team will win at this point. Fighting their way down the back stretch, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has regained the lead over MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, with AMADAN the Celt in Aurum in third position. Back around the turn, they race down the front straight-away with no change as the seventh dolphins id turned down. This is it folks! The last lap of the race. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn. Will he attempt to take the lead? Yes, he lashes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn and forces himself in front of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead! <br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go! AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls up beside PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and is attempting to beat him to the curve... and he does! But, it looks like HE’S TAKEN THE CURVE TOO FAST! He starts to slide and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius slides through on the inside to take second position over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum. This mishap has allowed MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to pull ahead by about two chariot lengths. <br />
<br />
Toward the finish line they run...and run hard! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is charging fast to catch up with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Will he make it? NOOOOO! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning crosses the line by a head’s length to win! The Factio Albata Fans GO CRAZY! People are jumping up in the air and throwing things all over the Circus in celebration!<br />
<br />
The Official is making his way over to the Aedile with the official results. Aedile Vitellius stands and loudly yells:<br />
<br />
“ALBATA! ALBATA! ALBATA!” <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER AND IT IS THE COLOR WHITE!<br />
<br />
Looks like the final results for Race II are:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – AMADAN the Celt in Aurum for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – VELLOCATUS in Potentia for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The streets in Roma will not be safe tonight unless you are wearing WHITE...but, hey, most people are wearing white, right! ...Anyway...<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius and we are signing off with another successful round of races at the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
Stay tuned for the Circenses Finals later on today!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results for this event were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''<br />
<br />
<br />
==FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Julia Gellia, and I am here with Servius Atius for the Finals Coverage of the Ludi Circenses of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c. here in the Circus Maximus. Atius, what is your assessment of the crowds.<br />
<br />
Gellia, earlier after the Semi-Finals, I was out on the streets and the mood was very competitive. The fans are just waiting to see who the Victor will be in this series of races. The mood was elevated and they no one can seem to calm down after the events of the day. It has just been one of those exciting type of days. Oh look, they are beginning the procession now. Let’s watch.<br />
<br />
<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers come the Officiants. Well, I guess that wasn’t the procession. Just the Officials taking their positions around the track and on top of the spina wall. No here they come. There is a mass of cornicens and tubacins blaring a militaristic tune. <br />
<br />
Here comes the Curule Aedile and his staff in his chariot, followed by the Consuls in their own chariots. It is hard to see who is next in the processional. There is an immense amount of huge, black bubbles being generated from the Senior Consul’s chariot! They are everywhere and they are floating all over the Circus Maximus! The breeze in the Circus is elevating the bubbles rapidly now and we can see the next chariot...<br />
<br />
IT’S THE PRINCEPS SENATUS, Sulla, and he is riding in a specially-made chariot...THE FELIX! It carries a hospital bed and Sulla is on it waving to the crowd and throwing out free copies of his new book to the masses! The book is the latest on Respublica shelves...”The Idiot’s Guide to Writing Senate Consultae.” Looks like another great addition to the Idiot’s Guide series! BUT, the AMAZING THING IS...Sulla’s chariot is being pulled by hundreds of CATS!!! What a show! <br />
<br />
Next, we see several members of the Senate and Collegium Pontificum in their own chariots, including Gn. Iulius Caesar and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, who are shooting each other with chariot-mounted water cannons. Who needs fireworks! <br />
<br />
Here comes Senator Fabius, who is being carried on a litter, complete with a mini-bar containing small amphorae of the finest wines from around the Respublica. His litter is being transported by a dozen gladiators! <br />
<br />
Now, we have T. Iulius Sabinus, Senator and Pontifex Maximus, arriving with the Priests of Iuppiter, who are riding on a special elongated chariot, which is engulfing the Circus with clouds of frankincense! Smells GREAT in here today! If you have ever smelled those stables, you would understand the frankincense! <br />
<br />
Here we see following next Senator Venator in a wagon with servants throwing loaves of bread out to the crowd, no doubt from the Sodalitas and made from some of the recipes he has collected on his recent travels from villa to villa around the Respublica.<br />
<br />
Next, comes Augur Quadratus in his chariot, dressed in the armor of Augustus! His face is painted red! And, he is throwing denarii out to the crowds! They love him! What a Iuppiterian show...this guy! Iuppiterian...that is a word, isn’t it?<br />
<br />
As they make the final turn around the second spina and move to their respective positions to view the race, we notice Aedile Vitellius jump off his chariot, pick up what appears to be a gauntlet, and toss it to the Senior Consul...hmmm...she must have dropped it on the first pass around the track...oh well...<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats and entertainers from here in the city...no wait...these are from the Sarmatian troop visiting the city for the games! They will also be performing at the Theatre Marcellus all week!<br />
<br />
The Curule Staff Member, Governor L. Ulpius Atellus, is out on the track now and is making his way to the Aedile’s box to herald the announcement of the charioteers competing in this race. <br />
<br />
Okay, Ulpius is making the announcement now:<br />
<br />
In Today’s Finals Race, the competitors are:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''ATRECTUS, driving the chariot Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''MALEOS of Alexandria, driving the chariot White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''PANKAKIS, driving the chariot Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''QUEBIUS, driving the chariot the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===FINALS RACE===<br />
<br />
<br />
The crowd is roaring with excitement, as Aedile Vitellius steps up with the mappa. Receiving the go ahead from the officials on the track, he raises the mappa...it blows freely in the wind...he holds it there momentarily with anticipation...he waits...he checks his hourglass...the mappa continues to blow freely in the wind...he takes a sip of Falernian...he and Senator Fabius discuss the nice weather we are having...then he releases it and the carcer gates are flung open, beginning this last and final race!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates they come! Running side by side, they dash up the straight-away by the magistrates and fight for the prime position before entering the first turn. It’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in front, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning running side by side around the bend, followed by QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. Down the back stretch they go, kicking up some dust, but not as much as before. We understand that the track has been watered down to lower the dust level (not only by Pontifices Caesar and Lentulus, but the Circus staff), but there is still enough dust to make one feel they are here in the Circus. It just wouldn’t be right to be here with no dust!<br />
<br />
Around the curve they come and by the dolphin rack they fly as the first dolphin is turned down. No change in position as they round the next turn. OHHH! It looks like PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has pulled in front of MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to dominate second position. They are running hard down the back stretch and not pulling any fancy moves at this early point in the race. This is not the race to show off and risk a loss. It’s just plain, methodic racing AND GUTS at this point. They come around the back turn with no one getting scathed so far. <br />
<br />
Well, I spoke too soon. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is bumping ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus into the spina wall repeatedly. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is getting tired of this and begins to lash PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius over and over again, so PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius backs off. Now, folks we have a REAL chariot race!<br />
<br />
As the second dolphin drops, they race for the curve and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller finds a hole on the inside, slipping past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. On the back stretch now, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning charges QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and retakes the third position in the race. Charging hard toward PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts to overtake PANKAKIS in the turn, but does not make it. He remains in third position. <br />
<br />
Down the track and by the curule chairs they go as the third dolphin is turned down. Into the curve they go, around the meta post and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius are in a fierce competition for the front position. They begin to lash at each other and their whips get tangled. Fighting to free their whips slows them down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning CHARGES FORWARD TO TAKE THE LEAD! The race is on now! What a fortunate event for MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning! But, can he hold out? We’ll see. Gellia, what’s it looking like down there on the spina?<br />
<br />
Atius, we are just braving the dust! It looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is attempting to make and end run around ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but they have untangled their whips and are now charging ahead of him. They are going out of sight now, so back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
They are coming around the meta post now and firing around the curve like a round launched from a catapult! Down the track they run as the fourth dolphin is turned down. Toward the curve they go and WAIT! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is attempting to insert himself in between ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! He’s done it! They go around the curve side by side! Gellia, you’re nearest, did they make the turn!<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius! They made the turn and are currently running side by side, fighting for second! Back to you!<br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus makes it to the turn first and takes second position, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. Down the straight-away and past the fifth dolphin being turned down, they race towards the meta post. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller charges hard and overtakes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they enter the turn, cutting him off by lashing him hard and driving hard to the left! <br />
<br />
As they make the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is looking back to see QUEBIUS in the Green Griller bearing down hard on his rear. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus HAS Hit SOME DEBRIS ON THE TRACK! HE BOUNCES UP AND IS THROWN OVER THE FRONT WALL OF THE CHARIOT!!! But, he recovers, maintaining his balance and keeps the team charging ahead. This little mishap has landed him in third position, as QUEBIUS in the Green Griller bounds forward in the fiasco! Now, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius makes an attempt to overtake ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and is successful as well. As they round the back turn MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is a little overconfident and allows QUEBIUS in the Green Griller to overtake him for the lead as well!<br />
<br />
As the sixth dolphin is turned, the officials finish removing the debris from the track and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller rounds the turn in first position, followed by MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, then PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Down the back stretch they go and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus makes his move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, lashing him and driving him into the spina wall. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius bounces up against the spina wall, but is maintaining his lead. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus drives harder and lashes harder, and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius gives up the third position to ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is bearing down on QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, but just can’t seem to break through for the lead. They round the bend and drive hard down the track. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus attempts to pull wide to the right to overtake MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, but his team is just not going to do it, so he pulls back in toward the spina to prevent losing his place in the lineup. <br />
<br />
As the seventh dolphin is turned down, all the charioteers know this is it...the last lap and the last chance. They race dramatically toward the meta post and make the curve at break-neck speed, all of them sliding through the curve, but the positions do not change. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes another attempt to overtake QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the back stretch, but cannot make it. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller launches a series of green water balloons at MALEOS! These kids today...<br />
<br />
They drive hard to the last turn and slide hard around the bend, all chariots fishtailing in the dust! Now, the finish line is in sight! JUST NOW MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a dash around QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and they are running neck to neck, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who have pulled up beside each other and are in a heated melee of their own.<br />
<br />
Charging hard they approach the finish line, everyone in the Circus is on their feet waiting in anticipation! Then, the crowd erupts like an exploding bomb as MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning noses ahead of QUEBIUS in the Green Griller to win by a few inches! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus manages to hold third position with PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius inches behind him for fourth!<br />
<br />
The Factio Albata is uncontrollable, and the Whites have enraged the Factio Praesina fans! Fights are erupting all over the Circus Maximus! It’s crazier than crazy!<br />
<br />
After a few moments, the passion subsides and Aedile Vitellius announces the winner:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''And the Victor of this year’s Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c. is:'''<br />
<br />
'''MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata!''' <br />
<br />
'''Congrats to the WHITES and to Dominus G. Decius Laterensis!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Governor L. Ulpius Atellus presents MALEOS of Alexandria with the victory prize and Aedile Vitellius crowns him with the corona. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning then remounts his chariot and makes a victory lap around the track to celebrate!<br />
<br />
Well, Gellia, it looks like this raps up the Circenses competition for this Ludi.<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, what a series of races it was! One can hardly wait for the next series!<br />
<br />
No, Gellia, they cannot.<br />
<br />
To sum up this event, the officials have certified the places and here are the just announced official results:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning of Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place - QUEBIUS in the Green Griller of Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus of Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius of Faction Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
WAIT! We are receiving news that there will be a Final Exhibition Race in the tradition of the original Ludi Romani circenses!<br />
<br />
Gellia, can you confirm this?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, you are correct. The Aedilis curulis has just announced it and ALL the charioteers are moving back into the carcers to get ready, while the Circus staff prepares the track for this last exhibition. <br />
<br />
How is this going to work exactly, Gellia?<br />
<br />
Just like it did in the original race organized by Tarquinius Priscus. The Chariots will be mounted in Greek fashion with the driver and a warrior. A legionnaire of Legio II Sabina will be mounted on each chariot with the driver. The chariots will race one lap around the Circus, stop, the legionnaires will dismount and run the last lap. Whoever crosses the finish line first wins it! Okay, Atius, back to you!<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI ROMANI TRADITIONAL EXHIBITION RACE==<br />
<br />
<br />
It looks like they are ready...Aedile Vitellius stands up, the crowd quietens, the mappa is dropped...and THERE THEY GO!!!<br />
<br />
It’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in the lead, followed by MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, next we have QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum running side-by-side. Inches behind them are FLORIUS in Ballista, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and VELLOCATUS in Potentia! They are all fighting for the lead as they turn the first meta post in a ball of dusty confusion! <br />
<br />
Gellia, can you see anything!<br />
<br />
No, Attius, just dust and more dust!<br />
<br />
As they come down the back stretch, it looks like they are all crunching each other and several of the chariots are banging repeatedly into the spina wall...no accidents yet.<br />
<br />
They are approaching the second meta post. They are spreading out and make the second turn in a fanning formation...they are approaching the line and all are sliding to a halt. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning smacks into FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly! The legionnaire is ejected from MALEOS of Alexandria’s chariot, flies through the air, hits the sand, rolls and is on his feet running forward! MAN! What a show! Nothing stops these guys! Made of war, guts and glory!<br />
<br />
It looks like all of the legionnaries are now on foot and running hard down the lanes! That must be tough, Gellia?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it has to be. I can see them running in a mob, pushing and shoving each other, as they make it to the first meta post. They all look like they have plenty of fight in them, but they still have a good way to go.<br />
<br />
Yes, that back stretch is going to be a back breaker, Gellia. I can see that they are starting to slow down a bit, with a couple of legionnaires starting to fall behind a little.<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, they are slowing down a bit, but they are all well in the game. They are all starting to pace themselves down the straight part of the lanes.<br />
<br />
Gellia, I can see them coming toward the second meta post, and they...OHHH! Two of the legionnaires have stopped and are fighting with each other! <br />
<br />
Oh it looks like they...yes...they have “worked out their differences” and are now back in pursuit of the mob in front of them.<br />
<br />
They are all turning around the end of the spina...here come the last two...they are picking up the pace!<br />
<br />
They are all running hard now! IT’S A FULL SPRINT, PEOPLE!<br />
<br />
They are giving it all they can! The charioteers are on the sand screaming for their guy! They are urging them on to victory! They are approaching the finish line, and it’s...<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''The legionnaire with PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius in First Place!<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''the legionnaire with FLORIUS in Ballista comes across the line Second,''' <br />
* '''then the legionnaire with ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in Third Place,'''<br />
* '''followed by the legionnaire with ARAMACH in Firefly in Fourth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with AMADAN in Aurum in Fifth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning in Sixth,'''<br />
* '''the legionnaire with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in Seventh,'''<br />
* '''And in Last Place, it’s the legionnaire with QUEBIUS in the Green Griller!''' <br />
<br />
<br />
THERE YOU HAVE IT...THE HISTORIC TRADITIONAL LUDI ROMANI CIRCENSES RACE!<br />
<br />
Aedile Vitellius is on the track in his chariot with the Consuls on board to drive out and present the palm of victory to the Victor! The crowd is cheering in this, the loudest place in the Eternal City at this moment!<br />
<br />
Factio Veneta will also be celebrating hard tonight...looks like its FREE pancakes with blueberry syrup ALL NIGHT LONG at the Factio Veneta Stables! WOO HOO!!!<br />
<br />
That’s all we have, people! I’m Servius Atius. And I am Julia Gellia. And this had been the official coverage of the Ludi Circenses of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! Take care and we’ll see you at the track on the sand in the Circus NEXT TIME!<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete omnes!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Ludi_circensesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses2014-09-17T13:20:51Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a chariot race and a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST FOUR ENTRIES FOR THE LUDI CIRCENSES AND TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENTS TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY RACE UP TO TWO CHARIOTS AND TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI CIRCENSES==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Please forward the following information on your entry:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
<br />
B. The name of your driver; <br />
C. The name of your chariot; <br />
<br />
D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
<br />
E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
<br />
F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
<br />
:Albata - The Whites<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
:Russata - The Reds <br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
<br />
===Tactics: Six (6) race tactics are possible:===<br />
<br />
A. To hurry in the last laps <br />
<br />
B. To pass the curves closely the "spina" of the circus. <br />
<br />
C. To support a constant pace <br />
<br />
D. To lash the rivals <br />
<br />
E. To push the rivals to the wall of the circus <br />
<br />
F. To hurry in the straight lines<br />
<br />
<br />
==QVARTER-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
<br />
SALVETE OMNES!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We have just received the unofficial report from the Circus Maximus for todays Ludi circenses Quarter-Finals races. Due to audio complications at the Circus, we lost our live feed and could not report the race-by-race action. But, we are back on the air again and here are the unofficial results, which should be certified by tomorrow and published publicly by the magistrates:<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race I===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race II===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race III===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus''' <br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus '''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race IV===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Team Veneta - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Tune in Tomorrow, where Iulia Gellia and I will be providing live coverage for the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals and Finals Races!<br />
<br />
See you tomorrow at the track on the spina in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
<br />
OPTIME VALETE!<br />
<br />
<br />
''Note: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis and Staff Intern at the Curule Aedile's Office).''<br />
<br />
<br />
==SEMI-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you again this afternoon live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We are here at the Circus Maximus, awaiting the official start of the Semi-Finals for the Ludi circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! As we celebrate the oldest of the Roman games, we go now to our correspondent inside the Circus, Julia Gellia. Julia, what is it looking like inside? The crowds out here are immense.<br />
<br />
Atius, the crowd inside is about the same. The citizens are making their way to their seats and are dressed in the colors of their factions. The seats are really beginning to fill up now. There are numerous factio banners waving and people are somewhat rowdy, but all in all, it looks like everyone is here to have a good time and WIN. I’m getting the word that you have just received the results of yesterday’s Quarter-Finals, so I’ll pass it back to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, I have just been hand the official results and I think we have time to cover the results before the procession enters inside.<br />
<br />
In the Quarter-Finals Races, the officially certified results from yesterday are as follows:<br />
<br />
'''Race I'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina<br />
<br />
'''Race II'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Amadan the Celt, Amarach's younger brother-He may be not as tall and strong as Amarach, but he is very skilled in the art of chariot-driving, in spite of the fact that he looks a bit silly - always <br />
with a boyish smile on his face. Driving for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race III'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus <br />
<br />
2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
'''Race IV'''<br />
<br />
1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
<br />
2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus<br />
<br />
Although the drivers are both veterans, the two Russata chariots owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, are new addidtions to the racing circuit here in the Circus Maximus.<br />
<br />
Also, this is the first Semi-Finals race for the Vitellians, Quintus and Tiberia, Children of the Aedilis curulis. It is unique to note, that Quintus’ chariot will be racing for Praesina, rather than the traditional Veneta line-up of the Vitellii! Good luck to both of them.<br />
<br />
So, we have the preceding charioteers that will advance to today’s races.<br />
<br />
Looks like this is shaping up to be a great day for racing here in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
We pause now for a word from the Aventine Guild of Bakers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Today’s races are being brought to you, in part, by the Aventine Guild of Bakers.'''<br />
<br />
'''Tired of eating stale bread? Does the mold bother you? Suffer no more. The Aventine Guild of Bakers uses only the finest wheat and barley in our loaves. We pride ourselves in offering you the best bread in the Eternal City. Always buy from local vendors in the Aventine, and buy daily for the freshest loaves. We have distribution points in the Forum Boarium, outside the Temple of Ceres, and mobile vendor carts on the Vicus Columnae Ligneae, Vicus Fortunati, Vicus Laci Tecti, Vicus Mundiciei, Vicus Portae Naevia, and the Vicus Silani Salientis. We also offer vendor shops on the Vicus Portae Trigeminae, Vicus Trium Viarum and Vicus Valeri.''' <br />
<br />
'''Remember, if it doesn’t say “Mons Aventinus,” it wasn’t made on the Aventine!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
And we’re back! This is Servius Atius and we are now inside the Circus Maximus awaiting the opening procession of the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals of the Ludi Romani. <br />
<br />
We’re here with some of the Veneta fans to get their reaction on the events today. So, would each of you tell us who you are and where you are from?<br />
<br />
I’m Tiberia Cornelia from Cora. I’m Tita Herennia and I am also from Cora. And I am Aulus Durmius from Signia. I’m Sextus Villius from Ferentinum.<br />
<br />
So, what do you guys expect to see from today’s Races?<br />
<br />
(Herennia) I think we will be in for some challenges from the Russata Team. They had a pretty tough show for the Quarter-Finals.<br />
<br />
(Cornelia) Yeah, the Albatans are going to present us with some challenges, but nothing the Blues can’t handle.<br />
<br />
(Villius) I have confidence in Veneta and their ability to win this thing outright!<br />
<br />
(Durmius) I’m really just here for the Falernian vendors, LOL!<br />
<br />
So, there you have it people! We will see what happens for Veneta! Good luck to you guys!<br />
<br />
Now, we focus our attention on the carcers, where the processional is about to begin.<br />
<br />
The herald is now announcing the competitors in Today’s Semi-Finals Races. Let’s listen:<br />
<br />
<br />
===OPENING CEREMONY===<br />
<br />
<br />
“ Welcome to the Circus Maximus for the Semi-Finals Races of the Ludi Circenses for the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.! (Crowds erupt in loud cheering and jeering the opposing factiones)”<br />
<br />
“Today’s races consist of the following:”<br />
<br />
“In Race I, we have:”<br />
<br />
* '''In Carcer I – Florius, driving Ballista for Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer II – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefly for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer III – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer IV – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
“In Race II, we have:”<br />
<br />
* '''In Carcer V – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VI – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Albata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VII – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
* '''In Carcer VIII – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
“Drivers, mount your chariots and await the mappa!”<br />
<br />
Well, folks, there’s the lineup. And, it looks like the procession is about to begin!<br />
<br />
(Cornicens and Tubacins are blasting a regal intro beat from the floor of the Circus)<br />
<br />
Out of the carcers are marching the Miles Gregari of Legio II Sabina, which is the Pontifex Maximus’ favored Legio. Man they do look mighty and powerful! It’s no wonder any on the outer reaches fear the ground upon which they have tread.<br />
<br />
Behind them is a special escort of the Priests of Iuppiter, carrying a gilded figurine of the god Iuppiter Optimus Maximus. As you know, these games, as well as the Plebeian Games, are dedicated to Iuppiter.<br />
<br />
Here come the acrobats, however, these are a special troupe, not the ones we saw earlier in the Quarter-Finals. These are from around the Respublica and have been formed especially for this event, featuring new and upcoming young talent. For many of them, this is their first time performing before such a crowd.<br />
<br />
Now comes the procession of the charioteers. But wait, what’s this?!??!? <br />
<br />
Leading them is the Curule Aedile, L. Vitellius Triarius, himself, dressed in his senatorial toga, wearing sunglasses, waving to the crowd from his personal chariot, the Midnight Flyer, that big blue and chrome trimmed piece of spina elegance. It seems he has the song, “Promised Land” by Elvis Presslius, blaring on the externally-mounted speakers! The Veneta crowd is going wild! He is leading the charioteers down the straight-away and they are all waving wildly at the crowd who is responding like a hoard of crazed lunatics! What a show this is going to be! <br />
<br />
Followed by the Aedile and the charioteers are the Elected Officials of the Respublica entering on special chariots! Many of them, especially the Consuls, are driving chariots from their own stables! What a show these guys are putting on, and the fans are all about it! I might also mention, in honor of Iuppiter Pater, each of the chariots in Today’s procession are bearing a ceremonial lightning bolt.<br />
<br />
Everyone is taking their places and the charioteers are lining up in the carcers, preparing to launch from the gates.<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE I===<br />
<br />
<br />
The Curule Aedile rises, the crowd quietens, the mappa is raised, and...down it goes!<br />
<br />
The gates fly open and their off! It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead, followed by ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus. Next is AMARACH the Celt in Firefly, closely followed by FLORIUS in Ballista. As they run down the sunny straight-away toward the meta post, it is brightly spewing its golden rays all over the Circus...a beautiful site! They are approaching the meta post for the first turn, and we will see how that goes. Here they go...<br />
<br />
Around the first turn, and ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus takes the lead over QUEBIUS in the Green Griller. They are spanning out and racing down the back side. Making the second turn and FLORIUS in Ballista overtakes AMARACH the Celt in Firefly. It’s anybody’s game as the first dolphin is turned on the top of the spina. Gellia, what is it like over on the spina?<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, it’s DUSTY over here, but we’re hanging in there. Our table is now officially covered in sand, but the audio is still working. They have just turned the second dolphin, and...can you still hear me...the sound over here is deafening! I’ll turn it back over to you, Atius.<br />
<br />
Yes, we can hear you! So back to the race as the third dolphin turns, it’s ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus still in the lead with FLORIUS in Ballista and QUEBIUS in the Green Griller running side by side and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly looking for an opportunity. <br />
<br />
As they approach the meta post, they turn and OHHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly inserts himself in between QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista. They are lashing each other with their whips! The dust is flying everywhere and the chariots are fighting for lead position. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus keeps turning around checking his position as they approach the opposing meta post.<br />
<br />
Around they go in a fury and here they come, flying past the curule chairs as the fourth dolphin is turned, and on to the next turn they go. Coming up on the turn, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus checks backwards again, and OH NO! He has bumped the spina pretty hard, the chariot wobbles a little and then straightens out. Good luck on that one! Iuppiter must be watching over him!<br />
<br />
No, he’s not. QUEBIUS in the Green Griller has just taken the lead, cutting him off in another hard bump into the spina wall. ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus is furious! Now it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, and FLORIUS in Ballista and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly in a dead heat for third as they round the turn.<br />
<br />
Here we go as the fifth dolphin drops and the battle is on. There seems to be a giant dust ball rolling around the track here in the Circus Maximus Today. Gellia, are you still with us?<br />
<br />
Yes, we are watching diligently as they are coming straight down the backside. HEY, AMARACH the Celt in Firefly just pulled around FLORIUS in Ballista and is bearing down hot and heavy on ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus, who still is holding second at this time. Atius, back to you, they are coming up on the far turn and we just can’t see them from where we are at this point.<br />
<br />
Yes, Gellia, we have them in a close turn AND FLORIUS in Ballista HAS JUST CUT IN FRONT OF ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus TO DOMINATE SECOND POSITION! QUEBIUS in the Green Griller must be worrying now, but it’s still anybody’s game. They are turning down the sixth dolphin now, so we enter the last lap of this race!<br />
<br />
We can see over in the carcers that the chariots for the next race are lining up now. The horses are snorting madly and bucking wildly out of control. They can feel the power of the track and are going mad waiting on the start. They just cannot wait to hit the dirt! Let’s see where we are now.<br />
<br />
Approaching the first meta post in this lap, the crowds are on their feet cheering wildly, the sound is absolutely deafening! Around they go to the back side. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
Atius, it is absolute chaos, absolute chaos! They have bunched together and are lashing each other and trying to drive each other into the spina! It’s wild, I say! They are going down the backside and it looks like QUEBIUS in the Green Griller and FLORIUS in Ballista are now fighting for first, ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus in second and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has fallen back to third position again. Back to you!<br />
<br />
Yes, here they come around the last meta post!<br />
<br />
Looks like it is QUEBIUS in the Green Griller in the lead. OHHHH! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus just overtook FLORIUS in Ballista for second position! OHHH! AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has pulled around on the outside and is driving his team HARD, I mean HARD! <br />
<br />
AMARACH the Celt in Firefly has just overtaken FLORIUS in Ballista and is pushing hard against ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus! The fight is on! ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly have their wheels tangled up and are trying in these last few seconds to break loose! They are bouncing into the spina repeatedly as one tangled mess! OHHH! They’re free and AMARACH the Celt in Firefly loses some control and veers off to the right and is slowing down. The remaining three are all about the win, driving hard and coming up fast on the finish line!<br />
<br />
THERE IT IS FOLKS! <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER!<br />
<br />
It’s QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for the Win! <br />
<br />
Factio Praesina takes home the corona for this one! The Factio Praesina are going wild! What a race...WHAT...A...RACE...it has been!<br />
<br />
QUEBIUS in the Green Griller is now driving up to receive his corona from Aedile Vitellius, who congratulates him! He makes a victory lap around the Circus and then off the field. It’s time for the Second Race!<br />
<br />
We go now to Gellia, who is with Q. Vitellius Triarius and his sister, Tiberia. So, Quintus Vitellius, how does it feel to run your first Semi-Finals Race and get the win?<br />
<br />
Awesome, truly awesome. My dies natalis was a few days ago, and this just tops it off!<br />
<br />
And how old are you?<br />
<br />
XI.<br />
<br />
SO, let me ask your sister...Are you ready for Pankakis to win the next race? <br />
<br />
YES! But, if he does not, that will be okay. It’s about the thrill of the race more than the win for me, I think...It’s the anticipation!<br />
<br />
And you are how old?<br />
<br />
IX.<br />
<br />
So, where did you get the chariot name?<br />
<br />
My favorite Breakfast food. And the driver, Pankakis, well...he’s a Greek...and the name just paired well with the chariot, so I chose him to drive. He’s done this before in other places.<br />
<br />
Well, Atius, that’s the word from the Domus Vitellia! Back to you now.<br />
<br />
Thanks, Gellia.<br />
<br />
The officials have just released the results and it looks like this:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – QUEBIUS in the Green Griller for Factio Praesina'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – ATRECTUS in Currus Bibulus for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – FLORIUS in Ballista for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – AMARACH the Celt in Firefly for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===SEMI-FINALS: RACE II===<br />
<br />
<br />
After a brief pause to rake the track and remove the debris thrown down by the fans, the spina staff has reorganized, knocked of the dust, and is now giving the signal to the officials that they are ready to begin.<br />
<br />
Everything gets quiet. Aedile Vitellius stands with mappa in hand, raises the mappa, and...it drops and the carcer gates fly open!<br />
<br />
Out of the gates it’s VELLOCATUS in Potentia, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum.<br />
<br />
Down the straight-away they go furiously! Approaching the first turn, it’s kind of messy, but they make it through. They round the turn onto the back stretch and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning makes a cut to overtake VELLOCATUS in Potentia. It doesn’t work. PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius anticipates the call and charges forward. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning attempts it again. For the second time, it doesn’t work. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls to the outside and charges past MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning who did not see him coming up from the rear. VELLOCATUS in Potentia runs hard for the next turn and clears the turn a good chariot length ahead of the rest. He is running his horses maybe a little too hard this early on, but, maybe he knows something we don’t. In any case the first dolphin falls with VELLOCATUS in Potentia in the lead, followed by PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. They make the next turn and it is a little bumpy for PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, as AMADAN the Celt in Aurum forces him into the spina wall, causing a large long fresh scrape around the corner of the spina wall end. Gellia, what are you seeing?<br />
<br />
I’m seeing dust and more dust. They have just passed us by. OH NO! One of the Circus staff has just fallen of the wall onto the track. They are racing to get him back up on the wall before the charioteers come back around. Two men are grabbing him as the second dolphin falls and they approach the curve. Looks like he has been successfully pulled back up and here they come. It’s PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius up front, followed by VELLOCATUS in Potentia. Looks like VELLOCATUS in Potentia took the lead somewhere along the way in all the confusion. Next is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Back to you Attius! <br />
<br />
The third dolphin has been turned down and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is fighting for third as they approach the turn. Through the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning seizes the opportunity to pull ahead of AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! As they were entering the turn, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning bore down hard left on AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, forcing AMADAN to pull back or loose a wheel to the spina.<br />
<br />
MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning clears the turn and plays catch up to the two opponents in front of him. As they proceed down the back stretch, it’s still PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius maintaining the lead, with VELLOCATUS in Potentia following closely behind. Gellia, can you see what is going on back there?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, it’s crazy! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! They are running neck-to-neck down the back stretch. As they approach the back turn, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius races smoothly around the bend. OHHHH! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is attempting the same maneuver on VELLOCATUS in Potentia that he pulled off against AMADAN the Celt in Aurum on the other turn....can he do it....YES!!!! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has overtaken VELLOCATUS in Potentia for second position! As they race up the track, the officials are turning the fourth dolphin down. The crowd is going mad at this series of ever-changing events, especially the Factio Albata fans! <br />
<br />
Now through the turn and on the back side again, it is AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and VELLOCATUS in Potentia competing for third. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging hard on the back bumper of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, who is not about to give up his lead at this point. Back around to the front side, MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but with no success. They are all still running strong. They make the next turn and BANG! <br />
<br />
AMADAN the Celt in Aurum has forced VELLOCATUS in Potentia into the spina...and hard! But, VELLOCATUS in Potentia maintains the lead over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is still trying to force PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius to give up his long-standing lead...AND HE DOES! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! No wait, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is lashing his opponent fiercely and it does the trick, thrusting PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius back into the lead! <br />
<br />
Now they are coming into the turn and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum is on the inside locking wheels with VELLOCATUS in Potentia on the outside! They are fighting each other to free the lock. BAM! The wheels come unlocked, but VELLOCATUS in Potentia is in a bad way! The chariot comes loose and so does the left wheel! VELLOCATUS in Potentia is fighting to keep the chariot from flipping over and is running off to the right out of harm’s way on one wheel! What a driver! He has successfully prevented a catastrophe, but it looks like he is done for the day. The remaining three competitors fly by the Officiants and the fifth dolphin is turned down.<br />
<br />
Making their way down and around, they are all bunched together. Gellia, can you see the results of the turn in all the dust?<br />
<br />
Yes, Atius, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is still in the lead and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning and AMADAN the Celt in Aurum are fighting for second. It looks like AMADAN the Celt in Aurum and MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning are rotating back and forth by a nose length for second position as the race down the back stretch. Back to you.<br />
<br />
Here they come around the meta post and its PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, then AMADAN the Celt in Aurum, then MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning out of the turn. But WAIT! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is experiencing something wrong! We cannot tell at this time what it is, but he is slowing down slightly. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning leaps forward taking the lead over PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius. AMADAN the Celt in Aurum makes a move on PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius, but he averts the call and maintains second as the sixth dolphin is turned down. Off they go into the turn. <br />
<br />
It is still anybody’s guess as to which team will win at this point. Fighting their way down the back stretch, PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius has regained the lead over MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning, with AMADAN the Celt in Aurum in third position. Back around the turn, they race down the front straight-away with no change as the seventh dolphins id turned down. This is it folks! The last lap of the race. MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning is charging PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn. Will he attempt to take the lead? Yes, he lashes PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius as they go into the turn and forces himself in front of PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning has taken the lead! <br />
<br />
Down the back stretch they go! AMADAN the Celt in Aurum pulls up beside PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius and is attempting to beat him to the curve... and he does! But, it looks like HE’S TAKEN THE CURVE TOO FAST! He starts to slide and PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius slides through on the inside to take second position over AMADAN the Celt in Aurum. This mishap has allowed MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning to pull ahead by about two chariot lengths. <br />
<br />
Toward the finish line they run...and run hard! PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius is charging fast to catch up with MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning. Will he make it? NOOOOO! MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning crosses the line by a head’s length to win! The Factio Albata Fans GO CRAZY! People are jumping up in the air and throwing things all over the Circus in celebration!<br />
<br />
The Official is making his way over to the Aedile with the official results. Aedile Vitellius stands and loudly yells:<br />
<br />
“ALBATA! ALBATA! ALBATA!” <br />
<br />
IT’S OVER AND IT IS THE COLOR WHITE!<br />
<br />
Looks like the final results for Race II are:<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''1st Place – MALEOS of Alexandria in White Lightning for Factio Albata'''<br />
<br />
* '''2nd Place – PANKAKIS in Blueberry Suripius for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
* '''3rd Place – AMADAN the Celt in Aurum for Factio Russata'''<br />
<br />
* '''4th Place – VELLOCATUS in Potentia for Factio Veneta'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The streets in Roma will not be safe tonight unless you are wearing WHITE...but, hey, most people are wearing white, right! ...Anyway...<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius and we are signing off with another successful round of races at the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
Stay tuned for the Circenses Finals later on today!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''NOTE: The race results for this event were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis).''</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Augustales_BimillenariiLudi Augustales Bimillenarii2014-09-17T05:14:44Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Augustus2000.jpg|450px|right]]<br />
In remembrance of Augustus' life and deeds, augur C. Claudius Quadratus reads the first section of the ''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'', Augustus' autobiography:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h8TG7E3MQ4&feature=youtu.be VIDEO: PRESENTATION OF THE RES GESTAE DIVI AUGUSTI]<br />
<br />
= LUDI ROMANI 2767 AUC held this year as part of Ludi Augustales =<br />
<br />
This year the Ludi Romani are held as part of the Ludi Augustales Bimillenarii from September 5th - 19th. The Official Page for the Games can be found by clicking here:<br />
<br />
* '''[http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c. LUDI ROMANI 2767 AUC INFORMATION PAGE]'''<br />
<br />
= Augustus commemorative contest - by C. Claudius Quadratus =<br />
<br />
== Certamen numismaticum Augusteum ==<br />
<br />
August 19, 2014, marks the 2000th anniversary of the death of Augustus. Nova Roma (at initiative of the procurator of '''Canada Citerior''', '''[[Gaius Claudius Quadratus (Nova Roma)|C. Claudius Quadratus]]''' ''augur'') will commemorate this event by holding a contest. The contest is open to all, but will only be announced on Nova Roman fora.<br />
<br />
=== Contest task ===<br />
<br />
*Write an original essay, not to exceed 1000 words, preferably (but not necessarily) in English, on ANY subject relating to the coinage of Octavian / Augustus.<br />
[[File:AgrippaAs.jpg|right|thumb|240px|An example of the ''As'' of Caligula portraying M. Agrippa, with legend M AGRIPPA L F COS III.]]<br />
<br />
=== Prizes ===<br />
<br />
'''Every entrant''' (!) who submits an essay in accordance with the rules will be awarded '''a genuine identifiable original ancient Roman coin'''. The entrant who, in the jury's opinion, submits the clearest and most informative essay will be awarded an ''As'' issued by Caligula bearing the image of Marcus Agrippa, including the legend M AGRIPPA L F COS III (one of the most famous Roman inscriptions that will be recognized by many of you). The value of the Agrippa coin exceeds $100.<br />
<br />
== Contest Rules ==<br />
<br />
*Essays must be original. Length: 500 - 1000 words.<br />
*Entries must be submitted to gattarocanadese@yahoo.ca during the period August 19, 2014 to September 16, 2014.<br />
*Entries '''must''' be submitted '''anonymously'''. '''Use an email address that does not identify you and do not include your name.''' The jury mustn't know your identity until after the essays have been read and judged.<br />
<br />
Results will be announced on September 23, 2014 - the birthday of Augustus.<br />
<br />
== Suggestions ==<br />
<br />
A useful and readily available resource is Roman Coins and their Values, by David R. Sear (The Millennium Edition, Vol. 1).<br />
If describing a particular coin, include a catalog reference - either to Sear or some other catalog such as The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. 1.<br />
<br />
Contact the organizer and jury '''[[Gaius Claudius Quadratus (Nova Roma)|C. Claudius Quadratus]]''' at gattarocanadese@yahoo.ca if you have any questions.<br />
<br />
<br />
= Augustus - Commemorations, Ceremonies and Rituals =<br />
<br />
== Announcement of the Festival ==<br />
<br />
EDICTUM AEDILIS PLEBIS TI. IULII NERVAE DE LUDIS AUGUSTALIBUS BIMILLENARIIS <br />
<br />
I. I hereby declare as an extraordinary festival and games the Ludi Augustales Bimillenarii (or Augustalia Bimillenaria), to honor and commemorate the 2000th anniversary of the death and deification of Imperator Caesar Augustus, this exceptionally significant man of Roman history, founder of the Empire, and preserver of many republican traditions and values of the mos maiorum. <br />
<br />
II. The games will be managed and organized by C. Claudius Quadratus, assisted by Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, and will be held between 19th August, the day of the 2000th anniversary of Augustus' death, and 23rd September, the birthday of Augustus. Not all days will host an event, but ceremonies and events may occur between this interval of the Augustalia Bimillenaria. <br />
<br />
III. I call upon my fellow aediles, the aediles curules, to issue a supporting statement, and in this case the games will be recorded as done under their and my joint authority. <br />
<br />
IV. Effective immediately. <br />
<br />
Datum est a.d. III Id. Sex. Sta. Cornelia C. Aemilio coss. MMDCCLXVII a.u.c. <br />
<br />
:Ti. Iulius Nerva <br />
:AEDILIS PLEBIS<br />
<br />
<br />
EDICTUM 2767-04: <br />
<br />
Edict of Aedilis Curulis L. Vitellius Triarius on the Lvdi Avgvstales:<br />
<br />
I. I, L. Vitellius Triarius, Curule Aedile, hereby fully support and endorse the <br />
<br />
:EDICTUM AEDILIS PLEBIS TI. IULII NERVAE DE LUDIS AUGUSTALIBUS BIMILLENARII<br />
<br />
issued by my fellow Aediles plebis, and fully support C. Claudius Quadratus as Editor of these games.<br />
<br />
II. Due to the coinciding dates, the Ludi Romani for this year will be held as part of the Ludi Augustales Bimillenarii, so that we may celebrate this extraordinary event fully. <br />
<br />
III. Events for the Ludi Romani will be included in the Ludi Augustales Bimillenarii as can be coordinated with the current schedule of events planned.<br />
<br />
Datum est a.d. XVIII Kal. Sep. Sta. Cornelia C. Aemilio coss. MMDCCLXVII a.u.c.<br />
<br />
:L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
:AEDILIS CURULIS<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:MMDCCLXVII]]<br />
[[Category:Ludi (Nova Roma)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Augustus commemorative ceremonies all over the world by Nova Roman provinces ==<br />
<br />
On 19th of August 2014, citizens of Nova Roma from various provinces will recite the: <br />
[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/home.html Res Gestae Divi Augusti] and/or commemorate Divus Augustus with a ritual:<br />
<br />
* Canada Citerior - C. Claudius Quadratus - initiator<br />
* Dacia - T. Iulius Sabinus<br />
* Ohio - C. Decius Laterensis<br />
* Carolina - S. Laelia Macra<br />
* Pannonia (Budapest and Szolnok) - Cn. Cornelius Lentulus and Pannonian citizens.<br />
* Pannonia - Boihaemum (Prague) - Ti. Iulius Nerva and Sex. Lucilius Tutor ([https://www.facebook.com/NovaRomaCivitasBoihaemum/photos/a.402271419890226.1073741828.401295776654457/602445146539518/?type=1&theater photo of the site of the ritual])<br />
* Alasca et Havaia - M. Pompeius Caninus<br />
* Virginia - F. Afranius Syagrius<br />
* America Transapplachiana - L. Vitellius Triarius<br />
<br />
== A prayer for everybody: a prayer you can use to honor Augustus ==<br />
<br />
Pontifex [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Cn. Cornelius Lentulus]] prepared a short ritual (prayer) for those who wish to honor Augustus in the proper way. Use the following text:<br />
<br />
:''Dive Auguste,''<br />
:''hoc die festivissimo et sanctissimo anniversarii bis millesimi mortis et divinitatis tuae,''<br />
:''te precamur quaesumusque,'' <br />
:''uti Novam Romam, populum Novum Romanum, rem publicam Novam Romanam,'' <br />
:''semper protegas et augeas,''<br />
:''utique Nova Roma rem publicam populi Romani Quiritium populumque Romanum'' <br />
:''restituat, restauret, reficiat, renovet,''<br />
:''uti te populus Romanus renatus denuo colere tibique sacra facere possit!''<br />
<br />
:''Quarum rerum ergo,'' <br />
:''macte hoc vino libando (ture ommovendo / libo dato etc.)''<br />
:''esto fito volens propitius''<br />
:''mihi, domo familiae!''<br />
<br />
[Wine (or incense or libum or whatever is sacrificed).]<br />
<br />
== Video Presentation on Roman Coins ==<br />
<br />
The Office of the Curule Aediles is proud to present a new video for the Ludi Augustales Bimillenarii, entitled '''The Roman Republican and Imperial Coinage of Octavius and Caesar Augustus'''. This video showcases a partial listing of these extraordinary coins, of which there were over 500 separate issues and variants of those issues during the reign of Augustus. <br />
<br />
Need inspiration for the Contest? Hopefully, this video will inspire your writing for a superb entry!<br />
<br />
*'''View the video presentation'''<br />
:[http://youtu.be/LQNSU1BZBuw '''CLICK HERE'''].<br />
<br />
== Homage to Augustus: ''Veneratio Augusto'' - by C. Claudius Quadratus ==<br />
<br />
A poem written by C. Claudius Quadratus augur, tribunus plebis:<br />
<br />
<br />
"Let us honor and praise the memory of Augustus!<br />
<br />
''Honoremus et laudemos memoriam Augusti!''<br />
<br />
He ended the turmoil of civil war and restored tranquility to the people.<br />
<br />
''Tumulti belli civilis finem fecit et tranquillitatem populo renovavit.''<br />
<br />
He brought lasting peace to the City and to the world.<br />
<br />
''Pacem diuturnam ad urbi orbique tulit.''<br />
<br />
He restored the temples of the immortal gods and beautified the City.<br />
<br />
''Aedes deorum immortalium refecit et urbem ornavit.''<br />
<br />
He strove for public and private morality.<br />
<br />
''Ad honestatem publicam et privatam contendit.''<br />
<br />
He overcame great adversity and exceeded all in generosity.<br />
<br />
''Magnas adversitates superavit et omnes liberalitate vicit.''<br />
<br />
May the peace of Augustus return to the world.<br />
<br />
''Pacem Augusti in orbem redeat!''"<br />
<br />
== Public ceremony and sacrifice to Augustus - by Cn. Cornelius Lentulus ==<br />
<br />
Cn. Lentulus pontifex, praefectus Italiae, leg. pr. pr. Pannoniae Quiritibus SPD<br />
<br />
On this special and unique day when Augustus, perhaps the most significant Rome who ever lived, celebrates the 2000th anniversary of his death and deification, I offered the following ceremony and sacrifice in the name of our Nova Roman Republic.<br />
<br />
PRAEFATIO<br />
<br />
Dive Auguste, duorum milium annorum deus, <br />
<br />
te hoc ture commovendo bonas preces precor, <br />
<br />
uti sis volens propitius<br />
<br />
populo Novo Romano Quiritibus, <br />
<br />
reique publicae populi Novi Romani Quiritium,<br />
<br />
mihi, domo, familiae!<br />
<br />
''(Incense is sacrificed.)''<br />
<br />
Dive Auguste, duorum milium annorum deus, <br />
<br />
uti te ture commovendo bonas preces bene precatus sum, <br />
<br />
eiusdem rei ergo macte vino inferio esto!<br />
<br />
''(Wine is sacrificed.)''<br />
<br />
PRECATIO<br />
<br />
Dive Auguste, <br />
<br />
te precamur quaesumusque, <br />
<br />
uti res nostra, res Romae reficiundae, <br />
<br />
regignundi ac renascentis populi Romani Quiritium,<br />
<br />
reique publicae populi Romani Quiritium renaturae<br />
<br />
in Pannonia et in praefectura Italia et ubique semper crescat, <br />
<br />
convalescat, continenter extendatur, augeatur;<br />
<br />
fiantque multo plures Novi Romani Quirites;<br />
<br />
motusque et consociatio <br />
<br />
ad rem Romanam reficiundam instituatur;<br />
<br />
utique Nova Roma et provincia Pannonia Nova Romana<br />
<br />
et praefectura Italia Nova Romana<br />
<br />
semper crescant, floreant et convalescant: <br />
<br />
pluresque cives habeant; <br />
<br />
utique Novae Romae, Pannoniae, Italiae, mihi, domo, familiae<br />
<br />
omnes eventus semper bonos faustosque esse siris;<br />
<br />
utique sis volens propitius<br />
<br />
populo Novo Romano Quiritibus, <br />
<br />
reique publicae populi Novi Romani Quiritium,<br />
<br />
praefecturaeque Italiae Novi Romani Quiritium, <br />
<br />
provinciaeque Pannoniae Novi Romani Quiritium,<br />
<br />
magistratibus, consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis plebis<br />
<br />
populi Novi Romani Quiritium, <br />
<br />
collegio pontificum, mihi, domo, familiae!<br />
<br />
SACRIFICIUM<br />
<br />
Quarum rerum ergo macte<br />
<br />
his duobus libis libandis<br />
<br />
hoc vino lacte melleque mixto libando, <br />
<br />
hoc ture ommovendo<br />
<br />
esto fito volens propitius<br />
<br />
renascenti populo Romano Quiritibus, <br />
<br />
mihi, domo, familiae!<br />
<br />
''(Two libums, wine mixed with milk and honey and incense are sacrificed.)''<br />
<br />
PIACULUM<br />
<br />
Dive Auguste, <br />
<br />
si quid tibi in hac caerimonia displicuit, <br />
<br />
hoc vino veniam abs te peto et vitium meum expio.<br />
<br />
Macte hoc vino inferio esto fito volens propitius expiatus!<br />
<br />
''(Wine is sacrificed.)''<br />
<br />
Valete in Pace Augusta 2000 annorum!<br />
<br />
CN. CORNELIVS LENTVLVS<br />
<br />
P O N T I F E X<br />
<br />
== Public rite to the Divine Augustus - by L. Vitelius Triarius ==<br />
<br />
For the Ludi Augustales Bimillenarii in Provincia America Transappalachiana, Republic of Nova Roma <br />
<br />
St. Cornelia C. Aemilio cos. a.d. XIV Kal. Sep. MMDCCLXVII a.u.c.AUG 19, 2014 (2767 AUC) <br />
<br />
Performed by L. Vitellius Triarius, Pontifex<br />
<br />
PUBLIC RITUS TO THE DIVINE AUGUSTUS <br />
<br />
[ABLUTIO] <br />
<br />
I washed both hands in clean water and, in capite velato, prayed: Haec aqua a corpore impuritates velut plumbo ad aurum mutando eluat. Purga mentem. Purga carnem. Purga animum. <br />
<br />
Ita est! May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold.<br />
Purify my mind. Purify my body. Purify my heart. It is so. <br />
<br />
''Dive Auguste!''<br />
<br />
''Dive Auguste!''<br />
<br />
''Dive Auguste!'' <br />
<br />
Divine Augustus!<br />
<br />
Divine Augustus!<br />
<br />
Divine Augustus!<br />
<br />
[PRAEFATIO] <br />
<br />
''Dive Auguste,''<br />
<br />
''te hoc ture commovendo'' <br />
<br />
''bonas preces precor,''<br />
<br />
''uti sis volens propitius'' <br />
<br />
''Novis Romanis, amicis meis,'' <br />
<br />
''mihi, domo, familiae!''<br />
<br />
(I offered incense) <br />
<br />
Divine Augustus,<br />
<br />
by offering you this incense <br />
<br />
I pray good prayers so <br />
<br />
that you be benevolent and propitious <br />
<br />
to the Nova Romans, to my friends, <br />
<br />
to me, to my household and to my family. <br />
<br />
[PRECATIO] <br />
<br />
''Dive Auguste,''<br />
<br />
''ut te ture commovendo'' <br />
<br />
''bonas preces precatus sum,'' <br />
<br />
''eiusdem rei ergo'' <br />
<br />
''macte vino inferio esto!'' <br />
<br />
(I offered wine) <br />
<br />
Divine Augustus,<br />
<br />
as by offering incense <br />
<br />
I have prayed good prayers, <br />
<br />
for the very same reason <br />
<br />
be thou blessed by this wine. <br />
<br />
[REDDITIO] <br />
<br />
''Dive Auguste,'' <br />
<br />
''in hoc potissimum die,'' <br />
<br />
''commemorat duo milia'' <br />
<br />
''et divinitatem, digno mortis,'' <br />
<br />
''rogo te, ut custodiant,'' <br />
<br />
''Novi Romani populi,'' <br />
<br />
''Novi Romani,'' <br />
<br />
''et dirige conatibus'' <br />
<br />
''ad restituendam libertatem'' <br />
<br />
''ad pristinum suum gloriam.''<br />
<br />
''Quarum rerum ergo,'' <br />
<br />
''macte hoc vino libando,'' <br />
<br />
''hoc ture ommovendo,'' <br />
<br />
''esto fito volens propitius'' <br />
<br />
''mihi, domo familiae! ''<br />
<br />
(I offered wine and incense) <br />
<br />
Divine Augustus,<br />
<br />
on this special day, <br />
<br />
commemorating the two thousandth <br />
<br />
anniversary of your death and divinity, <br />
<br />
we humbly ask you to watch over <br />
<br />
the Nova Roman peoples, <br />
<br />
the New Roman Republic, <br />
<br />
and guide our efforts <br />
<br />
to restore the Republic <br />
<br />
to its former glory.<br />
<br />
As of now, <br />
<br />
by the libation of this wine, <br />
<br />
by the offering of this incense, <br />
<br />
be benevolent and propitious <br />
<br />
to me, to my household and to my family! <br />
<br />
[PIACULUM] <br />
<br />
''Dive Auguste,''<br />
<br />
''Omnes Di Immortales quocumque nomine:'' <br />
<br />
''si quidquam vobis in hac caerimonia displiceat,'' <br />
<br />
''hoc vino inferio'' <br />
<br />
''veniam peto'' <br />
<br />
''et vitium meum expio.'' <br />
<br />
(I offered wine) <br />
<br />
Divine Augustus,<br />
<br />
All Gods Immortal, by whichever name: <br />
<br />
if something in this ceremony was unpleasant to you, <br />
<br />
by this wine <br />
<br />
I do apologize <br />
<br />
and expiate my mistake.</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Spotlight_on_the_Roman_DeitiesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities2014-09-17T04:16:48Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In the Spring we celebrated the Ludi Novi Romani, where we honored the major Roman gods and goddesses. This Ludi, we shall honor some of the lesser deities of Rome, as well as the Divine Augustus.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Daily Lararium Rite==<br />
<br />
In the ancient Roman world, it was traditional to make an offering twice daily, in the Morning and in the Evening. Given our modern schedules and commitments, this is not always possible, so this ritual should be used when you choose to offer one single daily ritual, instead of the Morning and Evening Rituals. You can use this sample format, adding your own prayers to the deity honored each day.<br />
<br />
<br />
(ABLUTIO)<br />
<br />
''Wash both hands in clean water and in capite velato pray:''<br />
<br />
May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
<br />
May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
<br />
Purify my mind. <br />
<br />
Purify my body. <br />
<br />
Purify my heart. <br />
<br />
It is so. <br />
<br />
<br />
(PRAEFATIO)<br />
<br />
Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! By offering you this incense, I pray good prayers so that you may be benevolent and propitious to me, my family, and my household.<br />
<br />
''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
<br />
(PRECATIO)<br />
<br />
Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! I offer incense and pray good prayers to you, Father Ianus, so that the incense find favor with You that all things beneficient and auspicious may be with us in beginning this day; Father Apollo, that You watch over the health and healing of me, my family, and my household, and grant us good health and long life; Mother Iuno, that You watch over our family and guide us down the correct path; Mother Vesta, that Your flames always guide us to the Gods, may Your flames always warm our home and our hearts, and may all be well this day and night in the House of the (Your Family Name); Manes, Lares et Penates, may You always preserve and maintain our house and household, and may You watch over us this day and bless us with a restful sleep this night. Genius of the Paterfamilias, may You guide us to all things joyous and fortunate this day, blessing us this night with fortuitous dreams of the coming day; and, that you be benevolent and propitious to me, to my family to my household. <br />
<br />
''Other prayers offered here.''<br />
<br />
''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
<br />
(REDDITIO) <br />
<br />
O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal, as by offering to you the incense virtuous prayers were well prayed. For the sake of this be honoured by this incense. <br />
<br />
''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
It is so.<br />
<br />
<br />
(PIACULUM) <br />
<br />
O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal by whatever name I may call you: if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, with the sacrificial incense I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
<br />
''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
<br />
It is done!<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ianus==<br />
<br />
Etruscan Ani: Pater Matutinus, "breaker of the day," the oldest God, the God of gods, the Good Creator, the beginner of all things. Light, the sun, opener of the heavenly gates. As Consiuius (The Sower) He is the spouse of Juturna, goddess of springs, and father of Fontus. Janus is also spouse of Venila, a Goddess of shallow seas who is sometimes considered the wife of Neptune. As Janus Quirinus he is a god of peace, that is, peace won by the vigilent Quirites. Janus Pater the creator of 1 January and 17 August. He is called Janus Bifrons (two-faced), Janus Patulcius (the opened door during wartime), and Janus Clusivus (the closed door during peace). A minor deity of same name is a guardian of doorways. <br />
<br />
Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors (ianua), beginnings and endings, and hence represented with a double-faced head, each looking in opposite directions. He was worshipped at the beginning of the harvest time, planting, marriage, birth, and other types of beginnings, especially the beginnings of important events in a person's life. Janus also represents the transition between primitive life and civilization, between the countryside and the city, peace and war, and the growing-up of young people. One tradition states that he came from Thessaly and that he was welcomed by Camese in Latium, where they shared a kingdom. They married and had several children, among which the river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber is named). When his wife died, Janus became the sole ruler of Latium. He sheltered Saturn when he was fleeing from Jupiter. Janus, as the first king of Latium, brought the people a time of peace and welfare; the Golden Age. He introduced money, cultivation of the fields, and the laws. After his death he was deified and became the protector of Rome. When Romulus and his associates stole the Sabine Virgins, the Sabines attacked the city. The daughter of one of the guards on the Capitoline Hill betrayed her fellow countrymen and guided the enemy into the city. They attempted to climb the hill but Janus made a hot spring erupt from the ground, and the would-be attackers fled from the city. <br />
<br />
Ever since, the gates of his temple were kept open in times of war so the god would be ready to intervene when necessary. In times of peace the gates were closed. His most famous sanctuary was a portal on the Forum Romanum through which the Roman legionaries went to war. He also had a temple on the Forum Olitorium, and in the first century another temple was built on the Forum of Nerva. This one had four portals, called Janus Quadrifons. When Rome became a republic, only one of the royal functions survived, namely that of rex sacrorum or rex sacrificulus. His priests regularly sacrificed to him. The month of January (the eleventh Roman month) is named after him. Janus was represented with two faces, originally one face was bearded while the other was not (probably a symbol of the sun and the moon). Later both faces were bearded. In his right hand he holds a key. The double-faced head appears on many Roman coins, and around the 2nd century BCE even with four faces. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Flora==<br />
<br />
The goddess of blossoming flowers of spring. She had a minor temple on the Quirinalis and was given a sanctuary near the Circus Maximus in 238 BCE. The festival of the Floralia, celebrated on April 28 -May 1, existed until the 4th century CE. The Ludi Florales held in Her honor became annual games in 173 BCE, and under the empire were extended until May 3 for the Floralia. They began with theatrical performances, followed by races, and ending with sacrifices to Flora. Hares and goats were set loose, and vetches, beans, and lupines were distributed to the spectators. Flora is identified with the Greek Chloris. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Saturnus==<br />
<br />
'''Saturnus (Saturn or Semino)''': The Roman god of agriculture concerned with the sowing of the seeds. Titan father of the Di consentes, God of the Abundant Earth and consort of Ops. Representing the father of the gods of the pre-Italic peoples, the Ausones, He brought an earlier form of agriculture to Italy, prior to Ceres instituting grain cultivation, and ruled the earth during the Golden Age. <br />
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His main festival is the Saturnalia on 17-23 Dec. At the foot of the Capitoline His temple served as the state treasury, the aerarium Saturni. He was later identified at Rome with the Greek Cronus. Many of the Neolithic megaliths and stone walls of Italy are attributed to the "Sons of Saturnus" who were giants. He is regarded as the father of Jupiter, Ceres, Juno and many others. His wife is the goddess Ops. Jupiter supposedly chased him away and he was taken in by the god Janus in Latium where he introduced agriculture and viniculture. This event heralded a period of peace, happiness and prosperity, the Golden Age. In memory of this Golden Age, each year the Saturnalia was observed on December 17 at his temple on the Forum Romanum. This temple, below the Capitoline Hill, contained the Royal Treasury and is one of the oldest in Rome. <br />
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The Saturnalia was one of the major events of the year. Originally only one day, it was later extended to seven days. During this festival, business was suspended, the roles of master and slaves were reversed, moral restrictions were loosened and gifts were exchanged. Offerings made in his honor were done with uncovered heads, contrary to the Roman tradition. In contrast to his festival, Saturn himself was never very popular. From the 3rd century on, he was identified with the Greek Cronus, and his cult became only marginally more popular. That he ruled over the Golden Age is an extension to the Greek myth. Saturday is named after him.<br />
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==Fontanus==<br />
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In ancient Roman religion, '''Fontanus/Fontus/Fons''' (plural Fontes, "Font" or "Source") was a god of wells and springs. A religious festival called the Fontinalia was held on October 13 in his honor. Throughout the city, fountains and wellheads were adorned with garlands.<br />
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Fons was the son of Juturna and Janus. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, was supposed to have been buried near the altar of Fons (ara Fontis) on the Janiculum. William Warde Fowler observed that between 259 and 241 BC, cults were founded for Juturna, Fons, and the Tempestates, all having to do with sources of water. As a god of pure water, Fons can be placed in opposition to Liber as a god of wine identified with Bacchus.<br />
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An inscription includes Fons among a series of deities who received expiatory sacrifices by the Arval Brothers in 224 AD, when several trees in the sacred grove of Dea Dia, their chief deity, had been struck by lightning and burnt. Fons received two wethers. Fons was not among the deities depicted on coinage of the Roman Republic.<br />
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In the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, Fons is located in the second of 16 celestial regions, with Jupiter, Quirinus, Mars, the Military Lar, Juno, Lympha, and the Novensiles.<br />
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===Fons Perennis===<br />
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Water as a source of regeneration played a role in the Mithraic mysteries, and inscriptions to Fons Perennis ("Eternal Spring" or "Never-Failing Stream") have been found in mithraea. In one of the scenes of the Mithraic cycle, the god strikes a rock, which then gushes water. A Mithraic text explains that the stream was a source of life-giving water and immortal refreshment. Dedications to "inanimate entities" from Mithraic narrative ritual, such as Fons Perennis and Petra Genetrix ("Generative Rock"), treat them as divine and capable of hearing, like the nymphs and healing powers to whom these are more often made.<br />
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==Volturnus==<br />
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A god of wind and water. The Roman god of the East Wind, equal to the Greek Eurus. A river deity associated with the river Volturnus in Campania (Italy), but it could also be an ancient name for the Tiber. The Volturnalia was observed on August 27. <br />
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The etymology of Volturnus is uncertain. It is thought to derive from volvere, "to roll along or wind around". <br />
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Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the cultus deorum. Volturnus is known to have been an agricultural God, and surviving fragments show he was specifically a river God. Like other ancient Gods, his cult was overshadowed and obscured by a religious reformation, probably in the 4th century BCE. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of Rome's earliest religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure." <br />
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The name Volturnus suggests a connection with the port of Volturnum (now Capua). Volturnum was a settlement of the Oscans, and later of the Etruscans. The city is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. The Romans built a fort at Volturum for provisioning the army, and in 194 BCE established a colony there. <br />
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Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome in the 2nd century BCE. Such removals of conquered Gods to Rome were commonplace. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. <br />
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No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a numen, and therefore never acquired personal characteristics. <br />
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Classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) believed Volturnus was the cult name for the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. His reasoning is straightforward: surviving fragments show Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, that river must have been the Tiber. Mommsen's view influenced generations of scholars, and is still presented as a fact in popular materials. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The God of the Tiber river was almost certainly named 'Tiberinus' by the Latins, while the Volturno is a river in Campania. Following an influential article by Joel Le Gall in 1953, the identification of Volturnus with Tiberinus was largely abandoned by the scholarly community. A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno. <br />
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Mommsen also identified Volturnus with Portunus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo." Portunus was a God of harbors.<br />
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Vertumnus was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort Voltumna, whom the Romans equated with Pomona, was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus and Varro – “though neither recognise the relation in this case." The correspondence has not gained acceptance. <br />
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Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts." From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with Vulturnus, one of the Venti. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur). Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds. However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind, and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought. <br />
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No consorts or children of Volturnus are known. Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<br />
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Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa Pompilius. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. Like other flamines minores, the Flamen Volturnalis could be either patrician or plebeian. <br />
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The festival of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on a.d. VI Kal. Sep. and belonged to the Numan calendar. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information." Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the Iuturnalia, a.d. III Id. Ian.<br />
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A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua. A representation of a man having a fish offered to him survives at Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus. Other scholars believe it represents Volturnus. More probably, it represents Volcanus. Small live fish were thrown into a fire as a sacrificial offering at the Volcanalia. <br />
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==Pales==<br />
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Pales was a Roman divinity of flocks and shepherds, and is described by some as a male, and by others as a female divinity; whence some modern writers have inferred that Pales was a combination of both sexes; but, such a monstrosity is altogether foreign to the religion of the Romans. (Verg. A. 3.1, 297, Georg. 3.1; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 5.35; Ov. Fast. 4.721, 746, 766; Dionys. A. R. 1.88 ; Athen. 8.361.) <br />
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The name seems to be connected with Palatinus, the centre of all the earliest legends of Rome, and the god himself was with the Romans the embodiment of the same idea as Pan among the Greeks. <br />
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The Parilia was the ancient Roman festival celebrated annually on April 21 in honour of the god and goddess Pales, the protectors of flocks and herds. According to later tradition, April 21 was the day on which Romulus began building the city of Rome and was thus celebrated as the dies natalis of the city. <br />
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Some of the rites performed at the festival of Pales would indeed seem to indicate, that the divinity was a female character; but besides the express statements to the contrary (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 3.1; Arnob. ad v. Gent. 3.23; Martian. cap. i. p. 27), there also are other reasons for believing that Pales was a male divinity. <br />
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The festival, basically a purification rite for herdsmen, beasts, and stalls, was at first celebrated by the early kings of Rome, later by the pontifex maximus, or chief priest. The Vestal Virgins opened the festival by distributing straw and the ashes and blood of sacrificial animals. Ritual cleaning, anointment, and adornment of herds and stalls followed, together with offerings of simple foods. On that day large fires were made through which they drove the cattle. The celebrants jumped over a bonfire three times to complete the purification, and an open-air feast ended the festival.<br />
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Another festival to Pales, apparently dedicated "to the two Pales" (Palibus duobus) was held on July 7. <br />
Marcus Atilius Regulus built a temple to Pales in Rome following his victory over the Salentini in 267 BC. It is generally thought to have been located on the Palatine Hill, but, being a victory monument, it may have been located on the route of the triumphal procession, either on the Campus Martius or the Aventine Hill. <br />
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==Furrina==<br />
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Furrina (not Furina), was an ancient Roman goddess whose function had become obscure by the time of Varro. Her cult dated to the earliest period of Roman religious history, since she was one of the fifteen deities who had their own flamen, the Furrinalis, one of the flamines minores. There is some evidence that Furrina was associated with water.<br />
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She is not considered to be the same deity as Furina, the Roman goddess of thieves and highway bandits. <br />
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Furrina was a goddess of springs, her name being related to the Indoeuropean root *bhr-u-n, Skr. bhurvan, indicating the moving or bubbling of water, cognate to Gothic brunna spring, Latin fervēre, from *fruur > furr by metathesis of the vowel, meaning to bubble or boil. Compare English "fervent", "effervescent" and Latin defruutum, boiled wine.<br />
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The goddess had a sacred spring and a shrine in Rome, located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Janiculum, on the right bank of the Tiber. The site has survived to the present day in the form of a grove, included within the gardens of Villa Sciarra. Excavations on the site conducted in 1910 identified a well and a system of underground channels, as well as some inscriptions dedicated to Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Agatis, and the nymphae furrinae. However these findings look to be of a later date (2nd century CE) and perhaps the well is not the original spring. Gaius Gracchus was killed in the Grove of Furrina.<br />
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According to Cicero another sanctuary dedicated to the cult of Furrina was located near Satricum. This place was not the most widely known one but a hamlet near Arpinum.<br />
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Furrina's festival was the Furrinalia on July 25. On the Roman calendar, festivals separated by an interval of three days were interconnected and belonged to the same function. In the second half of July, the two Lucaria occur on the 19th and 17th, with the Neptunalia on the 23rd and the Furrinalia on the 25th. This grouping is devoted to woods and running waters, which are intended as a shelter and a relief from the heat of the season, the canicula.<br />
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According to Martianus Capella, Furrina is a low ranking deity who has her seat just above the mountain peaks.<br />
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==Iuppiter==<br />
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Among the ancient Romans, Iuppiter was the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife). The Romans worshipped him especially as Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove. He had a temple on the Capitoline, together with Juno and Minerva, but he was the most prominent of this Capitoline triad. <br />
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His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came here to give their thanks. <br />
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Iuppiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger. Iuppiter is completely identical with the Greek Zeus.<br />
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===Iuppiter Latiaris and Feriae Latinae===<br />
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The cult of Iuppiter Latiaris was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the Mons Albanus on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of Alba Longa.<br />
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After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (nundinae). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt. The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome.<br />
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The feriae Latinae, or Latiar as they were known originally, were the common festival (panegyris) of the so-called Priscan Latins and of the Albans. Their restoration aimed at grounding Roman hegemony in this ancestral religious tradition of the Latins. The original cult was reinstated unchanged as is testified by some archaic features of the ritual: the exclusion of wine from the sacrifice the offers of milk and cheese and the ritual use of rocking among the games. <br />
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Rocking is one of the most ancient rites mimicking ascent to Heaven and is very widespread. At the Latiar the rocking took place on a tree and the winner was of course the one who had swung the highest. This rite was said to have been instituted by the Albans to commemorate the disappearance of king Latinus, in the battle against Mezentius king of Caere: the rite symbolised a search for him both on earth and in heaven. The rocking as well as the customary drinking of milk was also considered to commemorate and ritually reinstate infancy. The Romans in the last form of the rite brought the sacrificial ox from Rome and every participant was bestowed a portion of the meat, rite known as carnem petere. Other games were held in every participant borough. <br />
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In Rome a race of chariots (quadrigae) was held starting from the Capitol: the winner drank a liquor made with absynth. This competition has been compared to the Vedic rite of the vajapeya: in it seventeen chariots run a phoney race which must be won by the king in order to allow him to drink a cup of madhu, i. e. soma. The feasting lasted for at least four days, possibly six according to Niebuhr, one day for each of the six Latin and Alban decuriae. According to different records 47 or 53 boroughs took part in the festival (the listed names too differ in Pliny NH III 69 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus AR V 61). The Latiar became an important feature of Roman political life as they were feriae conceptivae, i. e. their date varied each year: the consuls and the highest magistrates were required to attend shortly after the beginning of the administration, originally on the Ides of March: the Feriae usually took place in early April. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the Latiar had to be wholly repeated. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the decemvirs. Wissowa remarks the inner linkage of the temple of the Mons Albanus with that of the Capitol apparent in the common association with the rite of the triumph: since 231 BC some triumphing commanders had triumphed there first with the same legal features as in Rome.<br />
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===The Games to Iuppiter===<br />
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The Ides of each month are sacred to Iuppiter, and there were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Iuppiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13. In the 3rd century BC, the epulum Iovis became similar to a lectisternium.<br />
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The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a dies ater, or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not nefas) the two Epula Iovis of September and November.<br />
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The games of September were named Ludi Magni; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual Ludi Romani and were held in the Circus Maximus after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus, and linked to the cult of Iuppiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the triumph, which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the triumphator and the pompa circensis resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).<br />
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The Ludi Plebei took place in November in the Circus Flaminius. Mommsen argued that the epulum of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient. The Ludi Plebei were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Iuppiter is attested by Cicero.<br />
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===The Temple of Iuppiter===<br />
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The temple of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus stood on the Capitoline Hill. Iuppiter was worshiped there as an individual deity, and with Juno and Minerva as part of the Capitoline Triad. The building was supposedly begun by king Tarquinius Priscus, completed by the last king (Tarquinius Superbus) and inaugurated in the early days of the Roman Republic (September 13, 509 BC). It was topped with the statues of four horses drawing a quadriga, with Iuppiter as charioteer. A large statue of Iuppiter stood within; on festival days, its face was painted red. In (or near) this temple was the Iuppiter Lapis: the Iuppiter Stone, on which oaths could be sworn.<br />
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Iuppiter was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove," that many people use today. <br />
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==Carmenta==<br />
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Carmentis or Carmenta, (one of the Camenae), goddess of childbirth and prophecy, a goddess of charms and spells. Her soothing words ease the pains of women in labor, heal the ills of childhood, foretell the futures of brides and that of their children. The main festivals of Carmentis, the Carmentalia occur on a.d. III Id. Ian. ‡ and a.d. XVIII Kal. Feb. ‡, the first day celebrating the dedication of her sacred grove by Numa Pompilius. However, each month rites are also performed for her. Carmentis was also the mother of Evander, who played a part in the story of Hercules in Italy. <br />
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The area of the city immediately south of the Capitoline Hill held significant importance in the early developments of the religio Romana. It was here, near the Tiber, in the sacred grove of Carmentis that King Numa Pompilius would meet with the nympha Egeria, who instructed him on how to consult with the Gods. Her cultus seems to have been one of the earliest in the City. <br />
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One aspect that we know about the cultus of Carmentis was that no leather was permitted inside her sacred grove. It meant that She was to be approached while barefoot, as was also the case in some rites performed for Ceres and other goddesses. Where we hear of worship made while barefoot it usually refers only to women, and the cultus of Carmentis was primarily a women's cultus. The prohibition against leather also meant that no blood sacrifices were to be performed in the sacred grove of Carmentis. One reason for that was that her cultus related to childbirth. We see the reason given for this with the ceremony to a person's genius or juno on his or her birthday, "For on the day when they had received life, they did not want to deprive another life." <br />
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This was even carried over into the celebrations held for the birth of the City at Parilia. "In the beginning, so it is said, they sacrificed no living creature, but thought that they should keep pure and bloodless the festival commemorating the birth of their country." Augures also, who rites were established by Numa, supposedly were not to perform blood sacrifices lest they should pollute themselves. Another aspect of her cultus was that it probably used milk rather than wine as a libation. That is not certain, but, first, her cultus supposedly went back to the time of Romulus. "Romulus poured libations of milk, not wine; proof of this lies in rites established by him that preserve this custom today." Also women were generally prohibited from using wine, and again the cultus of Carmentis was primarily performed by women. Another probable aspect was that her cultus would have prohibited use of iron inside her grove or for her rites. Such a prohibition is known in the case of rites held for Ceres, and it appe<br />
ars in the temple rules at other locations. Such a prohibition may refer to the antiquity of a cultus, where bronze implements were preferred as the material for ritual tools. On the other hand iron was specified in the cultus of Mars. Iron was associated with war and death and thus, like blood sacrifices, would have been inappropriate in a cultus concerned mainly with childbirth. We see these two prohibitions come together, along with another against performing rights for the dead, in a dedication inscription. <br />
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:"Into this locus nothing made of cast metal may be brought and no carcasses may be <br />
:projected over its altars, and no sacrifices may be made for deceased parents. If against <br />
:this rule a small altar is set up, then it will be permitted for a magistrate to hand down <br />
:any judgement and set whatever fines he may wish (ILS 4912)." <br />
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We may get some idea on what was permitted in her cultus by considering these various prohibitions. <br />
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:"Formerly what served to reconcile gods and men was spelt and pure salt's glistening grain. … A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites." <br />
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The more ancient a cultus, the simpler and more native offerings were to be used. Flowers and herbs, fruits and vegetables that were locally grown rather than exotic plants that were later introduced into Rome. This would have been the same with incense used in her rites. Not cinnamon or nard, myrrh or frankincense that came from distant lands. Instead bay laurel would have been used, and other trees among the arbores felices. This played in again with the prohibition against blood sacrifices in her cultus, since "it is forbidden to pollute laurel... even for making a fire at altars and shrines when divinities are to be propitiated." <br />
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Another tree that may have been used in her cultus was the "Sabine herb," a juniper, due to the association with Numa, a Sabine king, and its use in other women's rites. Grain, salt, milk, honey, and bread were offerings likely used in her cultus, and as in the culti deorum of other deities, the shape of breads used in rites for Carmentis may have been unique to her cultus. <br />
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Among all of the culti deorum celebrated at Rome under the Res Publica Libera, the cultus Carmentis seems to have been unique in its prohibition against all immolationes (blood sacrifices) and anything that would be associated with the slaughtering of animals. This was due to the nature of the cultus having been devoted to a goddess primarily associated with childbirth, and also due to its having been a very ancient cultus and one associated with Numa Pompilius. It was also characterized by the fact that mostly women participated in the cultus of Carmenta, with the exception of Carmentalia when the flamen Carmentalis led her rites, assisted by the Pontifices. Some of the other features of sacrifices made to her are not known, but we can refer to the nature of her cultus.<br />
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==Pomona==<br />
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Pomona was a Roman goddess who was the keeper of orchards and fruit trees, and her festival, which she shared with her husband Vertumnus, was always on August 13th. Pomona watches over and protects fruit trees and cares for their cultivation, and Her name is from the Latin ''pomum'', "fruit," specifically orchard fruit. "Pomme" is the French word for "apple". She was said to be a wood nymph.<br />
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Pomona was among the Numina, guardian spirits of Roman mythology, who watched over people, places, or homes. The Numina are, in essence, the holy spirits of place, from which the word "numinous" derives. Pomona protected and inspired the abundance of the fruitful gardens and orchards. She had her own priest in Rome, called the Flamen Pomonalis. A grove sacred to her was called the Pomonal, located not far from Ostia, the ancient port of Rome. <br />
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Unlike many other agricultural deities, Pomona is not associated with the harvest itself, but with the flourishing of fruit trees. She is usually portrayed bearing a cornucopia or a tray of blossoming fruit. She doesn’t appear to have had any Greek counterpart at all, and is uniquely Roman.<br />
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In Ovid's writings, Pomona is a virginal wood nymph who rejected several suitors before finally marrying Vertumnus - and the only reason she married him was because he disguised himself as an old woman, and then offered Pomona advice on who she should marry. Vertumnus turned out to be quite lusty, and so the two of them are responsible for the prolific nature of apple trees. Pomona doesn't appear very often in mythology.<br />
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Despite her being a rather obscure deity, Pomona's likeness appears many times in classical art, including paintings by Rubens and Rembrandt, and a number of sculptures. She is typically represented as a lovely maiden with an armful of fruit and a pruning knife in one hand. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Professor Sprout, the teacher of Herbology -- the study of magical plants -- is named Pomona.<br />
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A statue of Pomona a set atop the Pulitzer Fountain in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza in New York. There is a statue of Pomona in Reykjavik, Iceland: just north of the BSI Bus Station, in the little park bordered by Gamla Hringbraut and Laufasvegur streets. Pomona is briefly mentioned in C. S. Lewis's children's book Prince Caspian.<br />
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===A Pomonal Tale===<br />
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I know the ways of apple and almond, pear and pomegranate, the netted cherry and the sanguine mulberry. I know the secrets of grafting scion to stock, and the perfect moment of the ripeness of a peach. I have picked off beetles and set traps for caterpillars, chased away deer and outsmarted squirrels. I know how to encourage rooting by placing a wheat seed in the split stem of a cutting, and how to prune a rose to produce the most hips. I water my fruit-trees deeply and feed them well, and they reward me with luxuriant health and an abundant harvest, so that my walled orchard is truly Paradise.<br />
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Somehow, however, it got around that I was unmarried. Since apparently this was not to be borne by the men of my country, I was beseiged with suitors, plentiful and persistent. As if I have time! All the wild and uncultivated men of the world came to my door then, woodsmen and hunters, sheperds and satyrs—even Silenos, that tipsy old goat, made his bid for my hand, though him I turned him down with kindness.<br />
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You'd think they would put it together that I was unavailable. I believe now my refusals must have made me an irresistible challenge, but at the time all I knew was aggravation and frustration—couldn't they leave me to my work?<br />
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They were so hopeful.<br />
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A farm boy came one spring day, peeping over my fence, watching me as I worked. He finally got up his courage and asked if he could marry me, a ridiculous proposition. I turned him down gently, for I felt rather sorry for him. He was just so young!<br />
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Next a plowman came to observe me over the wall with his old eyes the color of earth, promising to be my faithful husband. He too, I sent away.<br />
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Then came a gardener, stationed in the same spot by the wall, watching me dig a new bed for the apple seedlings. How he could find me attractive at that time was beyond me—my face was pink and smirched, my hair knotted in a scarf any old way, fingernails dirty, clothes spattered with the muck I had been kneeling in—how marriageable could I possibly have seemed? But he, like all the others, asked for my hand in marriage, and incredulous, I said no.<br />
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"Lady", he said then, "it has been three times now that I have asked to be your husband. What will it take to win you?"<br />
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Oh really! Well. I looked at him warily and said, "Show me who you are."<br />
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Then the light shifted and I saw him clearly—a young man all in green, his body lean and lithe with hard work, his curling hair dark as the new-turned soil in spring, his hands capable and callused and generous, smiling at me with a gentle openness in his face. Well then. He was certainly pretty, and I'll even go so far as to admit I was tempted, but…<br />
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Then he asked what variety of apple I was planting in the bed I had turned. How did he know I was planting apples there? Did I think that dates were worth growing this far north, given how difficult it was to winter them over? Had I had any luck with persea-fruit? At that I tossed him a persea-fruit from a basket; then I brought him to my date palms, small but healthy in their sheltered spot on the south side of the wall. He showed me a trick to make sour cherries sweeter; I showed him how to double their yield. We agreed about grafting, argued about pruning, and discussed rootstocks for pears; then he told me of his love for the smell of the warm moist earth and the feel of the soil in his hands, the abiding wonder he felt each time he planted a seed, and the amazement and privilege he experienced in tending to flowering and fruiting life.<br />
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Well! Why hadn't he said that in the first place?<br />
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''Ref: http://www.thaliatook.com/AMGG/pomonatale.php''<br />
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==Portunus==<br />
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Father Portunus was an ancient Roman god, already on the archaic religion, to whom are granted the gates (porta), the harbours (portus), and more precisely the river harbour of Rome called portus Tiberinus, near the Forum Boarium where still today stands his temple. His name also is written Portumnus. As the twelve other deities which each has his own flamen, Portunus is a local god of Rome and certainly a river god. <br />
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He shares some characteristics with Janus, the god of the house-doors ("janua"), while "porta" is rather gate, or town-doors. Both have as emblem the keys, offerred on August 17, during the celebrations of the god Portunus, the Portunalia, to bless the homes. Portunus also is depicted with an anchor. <br />
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Portunus also has to watch over the wheat stocking in the warehouses of Rome, perhaps invoked during the food retailing (annona), as supposes his representation on the Benevent Arch, where Portunus is hailed by the emperor Trajanus, which increased the Ostia harbour in size and took care in free wheat retailing to the beneficiary Roman citizens. <br />
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Portunus is Mater Matuta's son, the goddess which protects the Roman matrons and is honoured during the Matralia on june 11th, since Mater Matuta (Aurora) was assimilated to the Greek goddess Leucothea (The white goddess), former Ino, who were the mother of the marine deity Palaemon, assimilated to Portunus. <br />
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The antiquity of Portunus, his early character into the cults of the city and his originality are inferred from his name, his yearly festival and his flamen. His temple, near the Forum Boarium "Cattle market", where also were celebrated the Portunalia on August 17, and the portus Tiberinus is still standing. <br />
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You can see it near the Aemilius pons (ponte Rotto). The street to the port, called vicus Lucceius, went by the Porta Flumentana, in the Servian Wall, then passed between the Temple of Portunus and the Portus Tiberinus. This was the place of the processions and the ceremonies of the Portunalia, each August 17 (a.d. XVI Kal. Septembres). <br />
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The Portunalia are celebrated on a.d. XVI Kal. Sep. ‡ , the day when the temple of Portunus was consecrated. "Portunalia dicta a Portuno, cui eo die aedes in portu Tiberino facta et feriae institutae" (The Portunalia are named after Portunus, to whom on that day a temple in the Tiber port was made and consecrated.) <br />
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'''Poetry and literature'''<br />
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Portunus is assimilated by poets, Vergil and Ovid, to the Greek marine deity ''Melicertes/Palaemon''. <br />
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:'''Leucothea Grais, Matuta vocabere nostris;''' <br />
:'''In Portus nato jus erit omne tuo:'''<br />
:'''Quem nos Portunum, sua lingua Palaemona dicet.'''<br />
:'''Ite, precor, nostris uterque locis!''' <br />
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For his epithet "Father", see Aeneid V,241: <br />
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:'''Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euntem''' <br />
:'''Impulit...''' <br />
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See also: <br />
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'''Orphic Hymn 75 to Palaemon''' (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.): <br />
<br />
:'''"To Palaimon, Fumigation from Manna. O nursed with Dionysos, doomed to keep thy dwelling in the widely spreading deep; with joyful aspect to my prayer incline, propitious come, and bless the rites divine; thy mystics through the earth and sea attend, and from old sea’s stormy waves defend: for ships their safety ever owe to thee, who wanderest with them through the raging sea. Come, guardian power, whom mortal tribes desire, and far avert the deep’s destructive ire."''' <br />
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'''Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4. 31''' ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.): <br />
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:'''"Shaggy Portunus sporting his blue-green beard... and Palaemon, the little charioteer on his dolphin."''' <br />
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==Quirinus==<br />
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==Augustus==</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Vulcan-birmingham-ltsnow.jpgFile:Vulcan-birmingham-ltsnow.jpg2014-09-16T20:28:39Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Vulcan-birmingham-ltsnow.jpg&quot;: Distributed and used under Creative Commons License CC BY-SA 3.0; Author David Gunnells at [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vulcan_statue_Birmingham_AL_2008_snow_retouched</p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/VolcanusVolcanus2014-09-16T20:25:29Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>{{LanguageBar|{{PAGENAME}}}}<br />
[[Image:vulcan-birmingham-ltsnow.jpg|frame|Photo of Vulcan dusted with light snow at Vulcan Park, Birmingham, Alabama, USA, by David Gunnells]]<br />
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==Overview==<br />
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'''Volcanus''', the God of the fire of the sky, the lightning and the fires caused by it, he is the raging fire (opposed to the domestic fire, ''Vesta''). He was equated to the Greek ''Haephestus'', God of the fire, forge and volcanos. As a Nature God, he was married to ''Maia'', Goddess of Spring. Equated to ''Haephestus'', he made Iuppiter's thunderbolts and married to ''Venus''. At his festival, the ''Volcanalia'' on August 23, fishes were throuwn into the hearth fires. The eruption of mount Vesuvius in 79 AD took place in the day of His festival. As God of metal workers, He also has a festival on May 23. As God of conflagration, His temples were built outside the pomerium, on the Campus Martius. But ''Volcanus'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets... <br />
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==Background==<br />
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Vulcan's oldest shrine in Rome, called the Vulcanal, was situated at the foot of the Capitoline Hill in the Forum Romanum, and was reputed to date to the archaic period of the kings of Rome,<ref>Samuel Ball Platner & Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome; Beard, Mary, John North and Simon Price, Religions of Rome Volume 2: A Sourcebook, 1998, Cambridge University Press</ref>and to have been established on the site by Titus Tatius,<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, II.50.3; Varro V.74.</ref>the Sabine co-king, with a traditional date in the 8th century BC. It was the view of the Etruscan haruspices that a temple of Vulcan should be located outside the city,<ref>Vitruvius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/1*.html#7 1.7]; see also Plutarch, ''Roman Questions'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Roman_Questions*/C.html#47 47].</ref>and the Vulcanal may originally have been on or outside the Pomerium (city limits) before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill.<ref>Dumezil</ref>The Volcanalia sacrifice was offered here to Vulcan, on August 23.<ref>Platner</ref>Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Martius, which was in existence by 214 BC.<Dumezil><ref>Livy, ''Ab Urbe condita'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0144:book=24:chapter=10 24.10.9].</ref><br />
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The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek black-god Hephaestus,<ref>Lar, ''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.</ref>and he became associated like his Greek counterpart with the constructive use of fire in metalworking. A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting that the two gods were already associated at this date. However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructive capacity, and a major concern of his worshippers was to encourage the god to avert harmful fires.<br />
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==Vulcanalia==<br />
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The festival of Vulcan, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23rd each year, when the summer heat placed crops and granaries most at risk of burning.<ref name=dumezil/><ref name=fowler>{{cite book |author=W. Warde Fowler |authorlink=William Warde Fowler |title=The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans |url=http://www.archive.org/details/romanfestivalsof00fowluoft |accessdate=2007-07-28 |year=1899 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=London |pages=123&ndash;124, 209&ndash;211 |isbn=0-548-15022-2 }}</ref>During the festival bonfires were created in honour of the god, into which live fish or small animals were thrown as a sacrifice, to be consumed in the place of humans.<ref>Sextus Pompeius Festus, ''On the Meaning of Words'', s.v. "''[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/Festus/p.htm piscatorii ludi]''"; Marcus Terentius Varro, ''On the Latin Language'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/varro.ll6.html 6.3].</ref> <br />
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The Volcanalia were part of the cycle of the four festivities of the second half of August (Consualia on August 21, Volcanalia on 23, Opiconsivia on 25 and Volturnalia on 27) related to the agrarian activities of that month and in symmetric correlation with those of the second half of July (Lucaria on July 19 and 21, Neptunalia on 23 and Furrinalia on 25). While the festivals of July dealt with untamed nature (woods) and waters (superficial waters the Neptunalia and underground waters the Furrinalia) at a time of danger caused by their relative deficiency, those of August were devoted to the results of human endeavour on nature with the storing of harvested grain (Consualia) and their relationship to human society and regality (Opiconsivia) which at that time were at risk and required protection from the dangers of the excessive strength of the two elements of fire (Volcanalia) and wind (Volturnalia) reinforced by dryness.<ref>In Dumézil's interpretation the Volturnalia were associated with the protection of riping grapes from a hot and dry southwestern wind named Volturnus, not with the river Tiber, as Mommsen had supposed, or Volturnus of Campania.</ref> <br />
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It is recorded that during the Vulcanalia people used to hang their cloths and fabrics under the sun.<ref>Paulinus of Nola, ''Letters'' XXXII, 139.</ref>This habit might reflect a theological connection between Vulcan and the divinized Sun.<ref>G. Dumezil ''Fetes romaines d'étè et d'automne'' Paris Gallimard 1975; It. transl. ''Feste Romane'' Genova Il Melangolo 1979 pp. 60 ff.</ref><br />
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Another custom observed on this day required that one should start working by the light of a candle, probably to propitiate a beneficial use of fire by the god.<ref>Pliny the Younger ''Letters'' III, 5.</ref>In addition to the Volcanalia of August 23rd, the date of May 23, which was the second of the two annual Tubilustria or ceremonies for the purification of trumpets, was sacred to Vulcan.<ref name=fowler/><ref>Ovid, ''Fasti'' [http://www.tonykline.co.uk/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkFive.htm#_Toc69367933 5.725&ndash;726].</ref><br />
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The ''Ludi Volcanalici'', was held just once on August 23, 20 BC, within the temple precinct of Vulcan, and used by Augustus to mark the treaty with Parthia and the return of the legionary standards that had been lost at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.<br />
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A flamen, one of the ''flamines minores'', named ''flamen Volcanalis'' was in charge of the cult of the god. The flamen Volcanalis officiated at a sacrifice to the goddess Maia, held every year on the Kalends of May.<ref>Macrobius ''Saturnalia'' I 12,18; Aulus Gellius ''Noctes Atticae'' XIII 23, 2.</ref><br />
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Vulcan was among the gods placated after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annals]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078:book=15:chapter=44 15.44.1].</ref>In response to the same fire, Domitian established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill. At the same time a red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that region of the city.<ref>''Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae'' 4914, translated by Robert K. Sheark; The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, Translated Documents of Greece and Rome, 1988, Cambridge University Press, p. 99</ref><br />
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==Theology==<br />
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The nature of the god is connected with religious ideas concerning fire.<br />
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The Roman concept of the god seems to associate him to both the destructive and the fertilizing powers of fire.<br />
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In the first aspect he is worshipped in the ''Volcanalia'' to avert its potential danger to harvested wheat. His cult is located outside the boundaries of the original city to avoid the risk of fires caused by the god in the city itself.<ref>Plutarch ''Questiones Romanae'' 47; Vitruvius ''De architectura'' I,7,1</ref><br />
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This power is, however, considered useful if directed against enemies and such a choice for the location of the god's cult could be interpreted in this way too. The same idea underlies the dedication of the arms of the defeated enemies,<ref>Servius ''Ad Aeneidem'' VIII 562.</ref>as well as those of the surviving general in a devotion ritual to the god.<ref>Livy ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri'' VIII 10.</ref><br />
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Through comparative interpretation this aspect has been connected by Dumézil to the third or defensive fire in the theory of the three Vedic sacrificial fires.<ref>G. Dumezil ''La religion romaine archaique'' Paris, 1974, part 2, chap. 2; It. tr. Milan 1977 pp. 277-280.</ref>In such theory three fires are necessary to the discharge of a religious ceremony: the hearth of the landlord, which has the function of establishing a referential on Earth in that precise location connecting it with Heaven; the sacrificial fire, which conveys the offer to Heaven; and the defensive fire, which is usually located on the southern boundary of the sacred space and has a protective function against evil influences. Since the territory of the city of Rome was seen as a magnified temple in itself, the three fires should be identified as the hearth of the landlord in the temple of Vesta (''aedes Vestae''); the sacrificial fires of each temple, shrine or altar; and the defensive fire in the temple of Vulcan.<br />
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Another meaning of Vulcan is related to male fertilizing power. In various Latin and Roman legends he is the father of famous characters, such as the founder of Praeneste Caeculus,<ref>Cato Censor ''Origines'' fragment 65, cited in ''Scholia Veronensia ad Aeneidem'' VII 681 p. 438, 16 ff. Hagen.</ref>Cacus,<ref>Vergil ''Aeneis'' VIII 198.</ref>a primordial being or king, later transformed into a monster that inhabited the site of the Aventine Hill in Rome, and Roman king Servius Tullius. In a variant of the story of the birth of Romulus the details are identical even though Vulcan is not explicitly mentioned.<ref>Plutarch ''Romulus'' II 3-6</ref><br />
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Some scholars think that he might be the unknown god who impregnated goddesses Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste and Feronia at Anxur. In this case he would be the father of Iuppiter.<ref>Jacqueline Champeaux ''Fortuna, I, Fortuna dans la religion romaine archaique'' Rome, 1982; A. Mastrocinque ''Romolo. La fondazione di Roma tra storia e leggenda'' Este, 1993.</ref>This view is though in conflict with that which links the goddess to Jupiter, as his daughter (''puer Jovis'') and his mother too, as ''primigenia'', meaning "primordial".<br />
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In all of the above-mentioned stories the god's fertilizing power is related to that of the fire of the house hearth.<br />
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In the case of Caeculus, his mother was impregnated by a spark that dropped on her womb from the hearth while she was sitting nearby.<ref>Vergil ''Aeneis'' VII 680.</ref>Servius Tullius's mother, Ocresia, was impregnated by a male sex organ that miraculously appeared in the ashes of the sacrificial ara, at the order of Tanaquil, Tarquinius Priscus's wife.<ref>Ovid ''Fasti'' VI 627.</ref>Pliny the Elder tells the same story, but states that the father was the Lar familiaris.<ref>Pliny the Elder ''Naturalis Historia'' XXXVI 204.</ref>The divinity of the child was recognized when his head was surrounded by flames and he remained unharmed.<ref>Ovid ''Fasti'' VI 625-636.</ref><br />
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Through the comparative analysis of these myths archaeologist Andrea Carandini opines that Cacus and Caca were the sons of Vulcan and of a local divine being or a virgin as in the case of Caeculus. Cacus and Caca would represent the metallurgic and the domestic fire, projections of Vulcan and of Vesta.<br />
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These legends date back to the time of preurban Latium. Their meaning is quite clear: at the divine level Vulcan impregnates a virgin goddess and generates Jupiter, the king of the gods; at the human level he impregnates a local virgin (perhaps of royal descent) and generates a king.<ref>Andrea Carandini ''La nascita di Roma'' Turin, 1997, p. 52.</ref><br />
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The first mention of a ritual connection between Vulcan and Vesta is the lectisternium of 217 BC. Other facts that seem to hint at this connection are the relative proximity of the two sanctuaries and Dionysius of Halicarnassus's testimony that both cults had been introduced to Rome by Titus Tatius to comply with a vow he had made in battle.<ref>Dionysius Halicarnasseus ''Antiquitates Romanae'' II 50, 3.</ref>Varro confirms the fact.<ref>Varro ''Lingua Latina '' V 73: see above.</ref><br />
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Vulcan is related to two equally ancient female goddesses Stata Mater,<ref>CIL VI, 00802, found in Rome.</ref>perhaps the goddess who stops fires and Maia.<ref>Aulus Gellius ''Noctes Atticae'' XII 23, 2: "Maiam Volcani".</ref><br />
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Herbert Jennings Rose interprets Maia as a goddess related to growth by connecting her name with IE root *MAG.<ref>H. J. Rose ''A dictionary of classical antiquities'' It. transl., Turin, 1995.</ref>Macrobius relates Cincius's opinion that Vulcan's female companion is Maia. Cincius justifies his view on the grounds that the ''flamen Volcanalis'' sacrificed to her at the Kalendae of May. In Piso's view the companion of the god is Maiestas.<ref>Macrobius ''Saturnalia'' I 12, 18.</ref><br />
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According to Gellius as well, Maia was associated with Vulcan; and he backs up his view by quoting the ritual prayers in use by Roman priests.<ref>A. Gell. ''Noct. Att.'' XIII, 23, 2</ref><ref>Maiestas and Maia, though, are possibly the same divine person: compare Ovid's explanations of the meaning of the name of the month May in his ''Fasti'': V 1-52 Maiestas; 81-106 Maia both as possible eponyms of May.</ref><br />
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The god is the patron of trades related to ovens (cooks, bakers, confectioners) as attested in the works of Plautus,<ref>Plautus ''Aulularia'' 359.</ref>Apuleius (the god is the cook at the wedding of Amor and Psyche)<ref>Apuleius ''Metamorphoses'' VI 24, 2.</ref>and in Vespa's short poem in the Anthologia Latina about the litigation between a cook and a baker.<ref>''Iudicium coci et pistoris iudice Vulcano''.</ref><br />
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==Sons of Vulcan==<br />
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According to Hyginus' Fabulae, the sons of Vulcan are Philammon, Cecrops, Erichthonius of Athens, Corynetes, Cercyon, Philottus and Spinther.<ref>Hyginus Fabulae 158.</ref><br />
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==Hypothesis on the origins of Vulcan==<br />
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The origin of the Roman god of fire Vulcan has been traced back to the Cretan god Velchanos by Gérard Capdeville, primarily under the suggestion of the close similarity of their names.<ref>G. Capdeville ''Volcanus. Rechérches comparatistes sur le cult de Vulcain'' Rome 1994. Reviewed by Bernard Sergent in ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'' '''216''' 1999 4 p. 475-481; Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge in ''Kernos'' 1996 '''9''' p. 434-436.</ref>Cretan Velchanos is a young god of Mediterranean or Near Eastern origin who has mastership of fire and is the companion of the Great Goddess. These traits are preserved in Latium only in his sons Cacus, Caeculus, Romulus and Servius Tullius. At Praeneste the uncles of Caeculus are known as Digiti,<ref>Solinus II 9; Arnobius ''Adversus Nationes'' III 41, 1; 43, 3.</ref>noun that connects them to the Cretan ''Dactyli''. <br />
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His theology would be reflected in the Greek myths of Theseus and the Minotaur and in those concerning the childhood of Zeus on Mount Ida. The Mediterranean Pregreek conception is apparent in the depiction of Velchanos as a young man sitting upon a fork of a tree on coins from Phaistos dating from 322 to 300 BC, showing him as a god of vegetation and springtime: the tree is the symbol of the union of Heaven and Earth and their generative power, i. e. the site of the union of the god and the goddess. Otherwise Earth would be symbolised in the tree and Heaven in the double axe of the god. Later Velchanos was depicted as a bull as testified in the myths of Pasiphae and Europa. The Greeks misunderstood the meaning of the bull as for them the symbol of Zeus was a bird: the cock, the cuckoo or the eagle. Theseus brought to Delos the dance named ''géranos'' (literally the dance of the crane) which Capdeville connects with ''Garanos'', a variant of the ''Recaranus'' of Italic myths. B. Sergent remarks that such an inquiry needs to include the ''Tarvos Trigaranos'' (the ''bull of the three horns'') of Gaul.<br />
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In Crete Velchanos was the god of initiatory practices of youngsters.<ref>G. Capdeville "Jeux athletiques et rituels de fondation" Publications de L' École Française de Rome 1993 p. 141-187.</ref><br />
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Another reflection of the tradition of the Cretan Velchanos-Zeus would be found in Argolid in the mysteries of Zeus Lykaios, which contemplated anthropophagy and may have inspired the Roman Lupercalia.<br />
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The theological profile of Velchanos looks identical to that of ''Jupiter Dolichenus'', a god of primarily Hittite ascendence in his identification with the bull, who has Sumero-Accadic, Aramaic and Hittito-Hurrite features as a god of tempest, according for example to the researches conducted in Syria by French scholar Paul Merlat. His cult enjoyed a period of popularity in the Roman Empire during the 2nd and 3rd centuries and the god had a temple in Rome on the Aventine Hill.<ref>Paul Merlat ''Jupiter Dolichenus, Essai d'intérpretation et de synthèse'' Paris PUF 1960 reviewed by Alfred Merlin "Jupiter Dolichenus" in ''Journal des savants'' 1960 '''4''' p. 160-166.</ref><br />
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==Vulcan and the foundation of Rome==<br />
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Vulcan was the supreme god of early Cretan religion, where the festival of the βελχάνια as well as a month Γ(digamma)ελχάνιοσ are attested: a gloss by Hesychius states that "Velchanos is Zeus among the Cretan".<ref>Hesychius Γ 315 Latte.</ref>He was the first god of the cavern of Mount Ida, where he had an oracle, and was honoured also in Cyprus. <br />
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His name is very similar to that of Latin god Volcanus, who himself was considered to be the father of Caeculus and Servius Tullius, not to mention Romulus in the version transmitted by Promathion, which is very similar to the legend of Servius.<br />
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The founder of Rome has a close relationship with this god as he founded the ''Volcanal'' and there he dedicated a quadriga with his own statue after his first victory. It is there too that a part of the tradition locates the place of his death: the site was marked by the Lapis Niger: Festus writes "Niger lapis in Comitio locum funestum significat, ut ali, Romuli morti destinatum...". On the day of the Volcanalia (August 23) a sacrifice was offered to Hora Quirini, paredra of Quirinus with whom the deified Romulus was identified. As the Consualia were mentioned first in connection with the founding of Rome in the episode of the abduction of the Sabine women, as the Volcanalia are celebrated two days later and two days before the ''Opiconsivia'', and as the name Volcanus resembles that of the ancient Cretan god honoured in the Βελχ?νια who presided over initiation rites, the Consualia must have a meaning of integration into the citizenship. This provides an explanation for the choice of the festival of the ''Parilia '' as the date of the foundation of Rome, since these are first of all the festival of the ''iuniores''. Festus writes: "Parilibus Romulus Vrbem condidit, quem diem festum praecipue habebant iuniores." The date of April 21 marked the starting point of the process of initiation of the future new citizens which concluded four months later on the ceremony of the Consualia, which involves athletic games and marriages.<ref>G. Capdeville "Jeux athlétiques et rituels de fondation" ''Publications de l'École Française de Rome'' 1993 p. 182-186.</ref><br />
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==Greek myths of Hephaestus==<br />
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Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, Vulcan came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry, and armor for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Iuppiter and Iuno, and the husband of Maia and Venus. His forge was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.<br />
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As the son of Jupiter, the king of the gods, and Juno, the queen of the gods, Vulcan should have been quite handsome, but baby Vulcan was small and ugly with a red, bawling face. Juno was so horrified that she hurled the tiny baby off the top of Mount Olympus.<br />
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Vulcan fell down for a day and a night, landing in the sea. Unfortunately, one of his legs broke as he hit the water, and never developed properly. Vulcan sank like a pebble to the cool blue depths where the sea-nymph, Thetis, found him and took him to her underwater grotto, and raised him as her own son.<br />
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Vulcan had a happy childhood with dolphins as his playmates and pearls as his toys. Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing.<br />
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Vulcan carefully shut this precious coal in a clamshell, took it back to his underwater grotto, and made a fire with it. On the first day after that, Vulcan stared at this fire for hours on end. On the second day, he discovered that when he made the fire hotter with bellows, certain stones sweated iron, silver or gold. On the third day he beat the cooled metal into shapes: bracelets, chains, swords and shields. Vulcan made pearl-handled knives and spoons for his foster mother, and for himself he made a silver chariot with bridles so that seahorses could transport him quickly. He even made slave-girls of gold to wait on him and do his bidding.<br />
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Later, Thetis left her underwater grotto to attend a dinner party on Mount Olympus wearing a beautiful necklace of silver and sapphires that Vulcan had made for her. Juno admired the necklace and asked where she could get one. Thetis became flustered, causing Juno to become suspicious; and, at last, the queen god discovered the truth: the baby she had once rejected had grown into a talented blacksmith.<br />
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Iuno was furious and demanded that Vulcan return home, a demand that he refused. However he did send Iuno a beautifully constructed chair made of silver and gold, inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Iuno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast. The more she shrieked and struggled the more firmly the mechanical throne gripped her; the chair was a cleverly designed trap.<ref>https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog, Lives of the Necromancers, William Godwin, 1876, p. 37</ref> <br />
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For three days Iuno sat fuming, still trapped in Vulcan's chair; she could not sleep, she could not stretch, she could not eat. It was Iuppiter who finally saved the day: he promised that if Vulcan released Juno he would give him a wife, Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. Vulcan agreed and married Venus. He later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. It was said that whenever Venus is unfaithful, Vulcan grows angry and beats the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rise up from the top of the mountain, to create a volcanic eruption.<br />
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According to Virgil, Vulcan was the father of Caeculus.<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Verg.+A.+7.678 7.678&ndash;681]; Maurus Servius Honoratus on ''Aeneid'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Serv.+A.+7.678&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053 7.678].</ref><br />
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To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Iuppiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. He also made the thrones for the other gods on Mount Olympus.<br />
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==Sanctuaries==<br />
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The main and most ancient sanctuary of Vulcan in Rome was the ''Volcanal'', located in the ''area Volcani'', an open-air space at the foot of the Capitolium, in the northwestern corner of the Roman Forum, with an area dedicated to the god and a perennial fire. It was one of the most ancient Roman shrines.<ref>Cf. above note 10, 11 and 12.</ref><br />
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According to Roman tradition the sanctuary had been dedicated by Romulus. He had placed on the site a bronze quadriga dedicated to the god, a war trophy from the Fidenates. According to Plutarch, though, the war in question was that against Cameria, that occurred sixteen years after the foundation of Rome.<ref>Plutarch ''Romulus'' 24.</ref>There Romulus would have also dedicated to Vulcan a statue of himself and an inscription in Greek characters listing his successes.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus ''Roman Antitquitites'' II 54, 2.</ref>Plutarch states that Romulus was represented crowned by Victory.<ref>Plutarch ''Romulus'' 24.</ref>Moreover he would have planted a sacred lotus tree<ref>The Italic lotus, ''diospyrus lotus'', or ''melilotus'', Columella ''De Re Rustica'' VII 9; Galen.</ref>in the sanctuary that was still living at the time of Pliny the Elder and was said to be as old as the city.<ref>Pliny the Elder ''Naturalis Historia'' XVI 236.</ref>The hypothesis has been presented that the ''Volcanal'' was founded when the Forum was still outside the town walls.<ref>G. Dumézil ''La religione romana arcaica'' Milano Rizzoli 1977 p. 285.</ref> <br />
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The ''Volcanal'' was perhaps used as a cremation site as suggested by the early use of the Forum as a burial site.<ref>Von Duhn ''Altitalische Gräberkunde'' as cited by Samuel Ball Platner & Thomas Ashby, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'' London 1928 p. 583-4.</ref>Livy mentions it twice, in 189 and 181 BC, for the prodigies of a rain of blood.<ref>Livy Ab Urbe Condita Libri XL 19, 2.</ref><br />
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The ''area Volcani'' was probably a ''locus substructus''. It was five meters higher than the Comitium<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus ''Antiquitates Romanae'' II 50, 2.</ref>and from it the kings and the magistrates of the beginnings of the republic addressed the people, before the building of the rostra.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus ''Antiquitates Romanae'' XI 39, 1.</ref><br />
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On the Volcanal there was also a statue of Horatius Cocles<ref>Plutarch ''Publicola'', 16</ref>that had been moved here from the Comitium, ''locus inferior'', after it had been struck by lightning. Aulus Gellius writes that some haruspices were summoned to expiate the prodigy and they had it moved to a lower site, where sunlight never reached, out of their hatred for the Romans. The fraud was revealed, however, and the haruspices were executed. Later it was found that the statue should be placed on a higher site, thus it was placed in the ''area Volcani''.<ref>Aulus Gellius ''Noct. Att.'' IV, 5; Gellius writes that the episode was recorded in the XI book of the Annales Maximi and by Verrius Flaccus, ''Memorabilia'' I.</ref><br />
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In 304 BC a sacellum to Concordia was built in the ''area Volcani'': it was dedicated by Aedilis curulis, Cnaeus Flavius.<ref>Livy ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri'' IX 46.</ref><br />
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According to Samuel Ball Platner, in the course of time the ''Volcanal'' would have been more and more encroached upon by the surrounding buildings until it was totally covered over. Nonetheless the cult was still alive in the first half of the imperial era, as is testified by the finding of a dedica of Augustus's dating from 9 BC.<ref>CIL VI 457.</ref><br />
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At the beginning of the 20th century, behind the Arch of Septimius Severus were found some ancient tufaceous foundations that probably belonged to the Volcanal and traces of a rocky platform, 3.95 meters long and 2.80 meters wide, that had been covered with concrete and painted in red. Into its upper surface are dug several narrow channels and in front of it are the remains of a draining channel made of tufaceous slabs. The hypothesis has been suggested that this was Vulcan's ''area'' itself. The rock shows signs of damages and repairs. On the surface there are some hollows, either round or square, that bear resemblance to graves and were interpreted as such in the past,<ref>Richter BRT iv 15-16.</ref>particularly by Von Duhn. After the discovery of cremation tombs in the Forum the latter scholar maintained that the Volcanal was originally the site where corpses were cremated.<ref>Von Duhn ''Italische Gräberkunde'' i. 413 sqq.</ref><br />
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Another temple was erected to the god before 215 BC in the Campus Martius, near the Circus Flaminius, where games in his honour were held during the festival of the Volcanalia.<ref>G. Dumézil ''La religione romana arcaica'' Milano Rizzoli 1977 p. 285.</ref><br />
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==Vulcan outside Rome==<br />
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At Ostia Antica the cult of the god, as well as his ''sacerdos'', was the most important of the town. The sacerdos was named ''pontifex Vulcani et aedium sacrarum'': he had under his jurisdiction all the sacred buildings in town and could give or withhold the authorisation to erect new statues to Eastern divinities. He was chosen for life, perhaps by the council of the ''decuriones'', and his position was the equivalent of the pontifex maximus in Rome. It was the highest administrative position in the town of Ostia. <br />
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He was selected from among people who had already held public office in Ostia or in the imperial administration. The pontifex was the sole authority who had a number of subordinate officials to help discharge his duties, namely three ''praetores'' and two or three ''aediles''. These were religious offices, different from civil offices of similar name.<ref>C. Pavolini ''La vita quotidiana a Ostia'' Roma-Bari ,1986</ref><br />
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On the grounds of a fragmentary inscrption found at Annaba (ancient Hippo Regius), it is considered possible that the writer Suetonius had held this office.<ref>AE 1953, 00073; G. Gaggero Introduction to Suetonius's ''Life of the twelve Caesars'' Milan 1994</ref><br />
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From Strabone<ref>Strabone ''Geografia. L'Italia'' V,4,6, Milan 1988</ref>we know that at Pozzuoli there was an area called in Greek ''agora' of Hephaistos'' (Lat. Forum Vulcani). The place is a plain where many sulphurous vapour outlets are located (currently ''Solfatara'').<br />
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Pliny the Elder records that near Modena fire came out from soil ''statis Vulcano diebus'', on fixed days devoted to Vulcan.<ref>Pliny the Elder ''Nat. Hist.'' II, 240</ref><br />
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==Legacy==<br />
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Vulcan is the patron god of the English steel-making city of Sheffield. His statue sits on top of Sheffield Town Hall. <br />
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A Vulcan statue located in Birmingham, Alabama, is the largest cast iron statue in the world.<ref>http://www.visitvulcan.com/history.html, History of Vulcan Park, 2008-02-24; [http://web.archive.org/web/20080215192202/http://www.visitvulcan.com/history.html]</ref><br />
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The word ''volcano'' is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn originates from Vulcan.<br />
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A 12 foot tall and 1200 pound [http://sai.calu.edu/caltimes/index.php/2009/10/21/new-vulcan-statue-unveiled Vulcan statue] at California University of Pennsylvania (CAL U) serves as the school’s mascot. Photograph of the CAL U [http://www.flickr.com/photos/greg-buretz/5940097720/ statue of Vulcan].<br />
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In 2013, Reuters reported that name "Vulcan" was being been promoted as a name for "newly discovered" moons of Pluto<ref>Gray, Kevin, "Vulcan has big lead in bid to name Pluto's newly discovered moons," [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/21/entertainment-us-space-pluto-moon-idUSBRE91K00620130221], 25 February 2013, 20 February 2013</ref>The moons had been discovered in 2011 and 2012, bringing the count of known moons of Pluto to five. Though the name ''Vulcan'' won a popular vote, the International Astronomical Union decided in June 2013 to finalize the names as Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra.<ref>[http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/07/international-astronomical-union-decides-against-naming-pluto-moon-vulcan/277484/ International Astronomical Union Decides Against Naming Pluto Moon 'Vulcan'], [http://www.theatlantic.com theatlantic.com].</ref><br />
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Vulcan is a playable character in Smite, an online MOBA where Gods fight each other.<br />
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==Prayers to Volcanus==<br />
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===PRAYER I===<br />
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'''"Holy Vulcanus, foremost of those who cherish this place, to You we pray for peace. Grant Your ultimate assistance to the tired and worn, and, if no one here merits punishment for some noxious crime, may You have mercy on all their souls and allow them to reach Your purifying fountains. Three times they invoke Your name, three times they pour rich incense upon the focal fire, and strew the altar with auspicious boughs in Your honor."'''<ref>Grattius Faliscus Gynegetica 437-42</ref><br />
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===PRAYER II===<br />
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Soon, I pray, Vulcan, memories of whispered rumors of disgrace and loud quarrels of complaint You will no longer hold against the children of Mars; we are also the children of Your sweet wife Venus, spare us, Father.<ref>Martial Epigrammata 5.7.5 To Vulcan</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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<references/><br />
[[Category:Roman Gods]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Vulcan-birmingham-ltsnow.jpgFile:Vulcan-birmingham-ltsnow.jpg2014-09-16T20:19:39Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/VolcanusVolcanus2014-09-16T20:18:20Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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[[Image:vulcan-birmingham-ltsnow.jpg|frame|Photo of Vulcan dusted with light snow at Vulcan Park, Birmingham, Alabama, USA, by David Gunnells]]<br />
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==Overview==<br />
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'''Volcanus''', the God of the fire of the sky, the lightning and the fires caused by it, he is the raging fire (opposed to the domestic fire, ''Vesta''). He was equated to the Greek ''Haephestus'', God of the fire, forge and volcanos. As a Nature God, he was married to ''Maia'', Goddess of Spring. Equated to ''Haephestus'', he made Iuppiter's thunderbolts and married to ''Venus''. At his festival, the ''Volcanalia'' on August 23, fishes were throuwn into the hearth fires. The eruption of mount Vesuvius in 79 AD took place in the day of His festival. As God of metal workers, He also has a festival on May 23. As God of conflagration, His temples were built outside the pomerium, on the Campus Martius. But ''Volcanus'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets... <br />
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==Background==<br />
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Vulcan's oldest shrine in Rome, called the Vulcanal, was situated at the foot of the Capitoline Hill in the Forum Romanum, and was reputed to date to the archaic period of the kings of Rome,<ref>Samuel Ball Platner & Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome; Beard, Mary, John North and Simon Price, Religions of Rome Volume 2: A Sourcebook, 1998, Cambridge University Press</ref>and to have been established on the site by Titus Tatius,<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, II.50.3; Varro V.74.</ref>the Sabine co-king, with a traditional date in the 8th century BC. It was the view of the Etruscan haruspices that a temple of Vulcan should be located outside the city,<ref>Vitruvius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/1*.html#7 1.7]; see also Plutarch, ''Roman Questions'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Roman_Questions*/C.html#47 47].</ref>and the Vulcanal may originally have been on or outside the Pomerium (city limits) before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill.<ref>Dumezil</ref>The Volcanalia sacrifice was offered here to Vulcan, on August 23.<ref>Platner</ref>Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Martius, which was in existence by 214 BC.<Dumezil><ref>Livy, ''Ab Urbe condita'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0144:book=24:chapter=10 24.10.9].</ref><br />
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The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek black-god Hephaestus,<ref>Lar, ''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.</ref>and he became associated like his Greek counterpart with the constructive use of fire in metalworking. A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting that the two gods were already associated at this date. However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructive capacity, and a major concern of his worshippers was to encourage the god to avert harmful fires.<br />
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==Vulcanalia==<br />
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The festival of Vulcan, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23rd each year, when the summer heat placed crops and granaries most at risk of burning.<ref name=dumezil/><ref name=fowler>{{cite book |author=W. Warde Fowler |authorlink=William Warde Fowler |title=The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans |url=http://www.archive.org/details/romanfestivalsof00fowluoft |accessdate=2007-07-28 |year=1899 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=London |pages=123&ndash;124, 209&ndash;211 |isbn=0-548-15022-2 }}</ref>During the festival bonfires were created in honour of the god, into which live fish or small animals were thrown as a sacrifice, to be consumed in the place of humans.<ref>Sextus Pompeius Festus, ''On the Meaning of Words'', s.v. "''[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/Festus/p.htm piscatorii ludi]''"; Marcus Terentius Varro, ''On the Latin Language'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/varro.ll6.html 6.3].</ref> <br />
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The Volcanalia were part of the cycle of the four festivities of the second half of August (Consualia on August 21, Volcanalia on 23, Opiconsivia on 25 and Volturnalia on 27) related to the agrarian activities of that month and in symmetric correlation with those of the second half of July (Lucaria on July 19 and 21, Neptunalia on 23 and Furrinalia on 25). While the festivals of July dealt with untamed nature (woods) and waters (superficial waters the Neptunalia and underground waters the Furrinalia) at a time of danger caused by their relative deficiency, those of August were devoted to the results of human endeavour on nature with the storing of harvested grain (Consualia) and their relationship to human society and regality (Opiconsivia) which at that time were at risk and required protection from the dangers of the excessive strength of the two elements of fire (Volcanalia) and wind (Volturnalia) reinforced by dryness.<ref>In Dumézil's interpretation the Volturnalia were associated with the protection of riping grapes from a hot and dry southwestern wind named Volturnus, not with the river Tiber, as Mommsen had supposed, or Volturnus of Campania.</ref> <br />
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It is recorded that during the Vulcanalia people used to hang their cloths and fabrics under the sun.<ref>Paulinus of Nola, ''Letters'' XXXII, 139.</ref>This habit might reflect a theological connection between Vulcan and the divinized Sun.<ref>G. Dumezil ''Fetes romaines d'étè et d'automne'' Paris Gallimard 1975; It. transl. ''Feste Romane'' Genova Il Melangolo 1979 pp. 60 ff.</ref><br />
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Another custom observed on this day required that one should start working by the light of a candle, probably to propitiate a beneficial use of fire by the god.<ref>Pliny the Younger ''Letters'' III, 5.</ref>In addition to the Volcanalia of August 23rd, the date of May 23, which was the second of the two annual Tubilustria or ceremonies for the purification of trumpets, was sacred to Vulcan.<ref name=fowler/><ref>Ovid, ''Fasti'' [http://www.tonykline.co.uk/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkFive.htm#_Toc69367933 5.725&ndash;726].</ref><br />
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The ''Ludi Volcanalici'', was held just once on August 23, 20 BC, within the temple precinct of Vulcan, and used by Augustus to mark the treaty with Parthia and the return of the legionary standards that had been lost at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.<br />
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A flamen, one of the ''flamines minores'', named ''flamen Volcanalis'' was in charge of the cult of the god. The flamen Volcanalis officiated at a sacrifice to the goddess Maia, held every year on the Kalends of May.<ref>Macrobius ''Saturnalia'' I 12,18; Aulus Gellius ''Noctes Atticae'' XIII 23, 2.</ref><br />
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Vulcan was among the gods placated after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annals]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078:book=15:chapter=44 15.44.1].</ref>In response to the same fire, Domitian established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill. At the same time a red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that region of the city.<ref>''Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae'' 4914, translated by Robert K. Sheark; The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, Translated Documents of Greece and Rome, 1988, Cambridge University Press, p. 99</ref><br />
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==Theology==<br />
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The nature of the god is connected with religious ideas concerning fire.<br />
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The Roman concept of the god seems to associate him to both the destructive and the fertilizing powers of fire.<br />
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In the first aspect he is worshipped in the ''Volcanalia'' to avert its potential danger to harvested wheat. His cult is located outside the boundaries of the original city to avoid the risk of fires caused by the god in the city itself.<ref>Plutarch ''Questiones Romanae'' 47; Vitruvius ''De architectura'' I,7,1</ref><br />
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This power is, however, considered useful if directed against enemies and such a choice for the location of the god's cult could be interpreted in this way too. The same idea underlies the dedication of the arms of the defeated enemies,<ref>Servius ''Ad Aeneidem'' VIII 562.</ref>as well as those of the surviving general in a devotion ritual to the god.<ref>Livy ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri'' VIII 10.</ref><br />
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Through comparative interpretation this aspect has been connected by Dumézil to the third or defensive fire in the theory of the three Vedic sacrificial fires.<ref>G. Dumezil ''La religion romaine archaique'' Paris, 1974, part 2, chap. 2; It. tr. Milan 1977 pp. 277-280.</ref>In such theory three fires are necessary to the discharge of a religious ceremony: the hearth of the landlord, which has the function of establishing a referential on Earth in that precise location connecting it with Heaven; the sacrificial fire, which conveys the offer to Heaven; and the defensive fire, which is usually located on the southern boundary of the sacred space and has a protective function against evil influences. Since the territory of the city of Rome was seen as a magnified temple in itself, the three fires should be identified as the hearth of the landlord in the temple of Vesta (''aedes Vestae''); the sacrificial fires of each temple, shrine or altar; and the defensive fire in the temple of Vulcan.<br />
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Another meaning of Vulcan is related to male fertilizing power. In various Latin and Roman legends he is the father of famous characters, such as the founder of Praeneste Caeculus,<ref>Cato Censor ''Origines'' fragment 65, cited in ''Scholia Veronensia ad Aeneidem'' VII 681 p. 438, 16 ff. Hagen.</ref>Cacus,<ref>Vergil ''Aeneis'' VIII 198.</ref>a primordial being or king, later transformed into a monster that inhabited the site of the Aventine Hill in Rome, and Roman king Servius Tullius. In a variant of the story of the birth of Romulus the details are identical even though Vulcan is not explicitly mentioned.<ref>Plutarch ''Romulus'' II 3-6</ref><br />
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Some scholars think that he might be the unknown god who impregnated goddesses Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste and Feronia at Anxur. In this case he would be the father of Iuppiter.<ref>Jacqueline Champeaux ''Fortuna, I, Fortuna dans la religion romaine archaique'' Rome, 1982; A. Mastrocinque ''Romolo. La fondazione di Roma tra storia e leggenda'' Este, 1993.</ref>This view is though in conflict with that which links the goddess to Jupiter, as his daughter (''puer Jovis'') and his mother too, as ''primigenia'', meaning "primordial".<br />
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In all of the above-mentioned stories the god's fertilizing power is related to that of the fire of the house hearth.<br />
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In the case of Caeculus, his mother was impregnated by a spark that dropped on her womb from the hearth while she was sitting nearby.<ref>Vergil ''Aeneis'' VII 680.</ref>Servius Tullius's mother, Ocresia, was impregnated by a male sex organ that miraculously appeared in the ashes of the sacrificial ara, at the order of Tanaquil, Tarquinius Priscus's wife.<ref>Ovid ''Fasti'' VI 627.</ref>Pliny the Elder tells the same story, but states that the father was the Lar familiaris.<ref>Pliny the Elder ''Naturalis Historia'' XXXVI 204.</ref>The divinity of the child was recognized when his head was surrounded by flames and he remained unharmed.<ref>Ovid ''Fasti'' VI 625-636.</ref><br />
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Through the comparative analysis of these myths archaeologist Andrea Carandini opines that Cacus and Caca were the sons of Vulcan and of a local divine being or a virgin as in the case of Caeculus. Cacus and Caca would represent the metallurgic and the domestic fire, projections of Vulcan and of Vesta.<br />
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These legends date back to the time of preurban Latium. Their meaning is quite clear: at the divine level Vulcan impregnates a virgin goddess and generates Jupiter, the king of the gods; at the human level he impregnates a local virgin (perhaps of royal descent) and generates a king.<ref>Andrea Carandini ''La nascita di Roma'' Turin, 1997, p. 52.</ref><br />
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The first mention of a ritual connection between Vulcan and Vesta is the lectisternium of 217 BC. Other facts that seem to hint at this connection are the relative proximity of the two sanctuaries and Dionysius of Halicarnassus's testimony that both cults had been introduced to Rome by Titus Tatius to comply with a vow he had made in battle.<ref>Dionysius Halicarnasseus ''Antiquitates Romanae'' II 50, 3.</ref>Varro confirms the fact.<ref>Varro ''Lingua Latina '' V 73: see above.</ref><br />
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Vulcan is related to two equally ancient female goddesses Stata Mater,<ref>CIL VI, 00802, found in Rome.</ref>perhaps the goddess who stops fires and Maia.<ref>Aulus Gellius ''Noctes Atticae'' XII 23, 2: "Maiam Volcani".</ref><br />
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Herbert Jennings Rose interprets Maia as a goddess related to growth by connecting her name with IE root *MAG.<ref>H. J. Rose ''A dictionary of classical antiquities'' It. transl., Turin, 1995.</ref>Macrobius relates Cincius's opinion that Vulcan's female companion is Maia. Cincius justifies his view on the grounds that the ''flamen Volcanalis'' sacrificed to her at the Kalendae of May. In Piso's view the companion of the god is Maiestas.<ref>Macrobius ''Saturnalia'' I 12, 18.</ref><br />
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According to Gellius as well, Maia was associated with Vulcan; and he backs up his view by quoting the ritual prayers in use by Roman priests.<ref>A. Gell. ''Noct. Att.'' XIII, 23, 2</ref><ref>Maiestas and Maia, though, are possibly the same divine person: compare Ovid's explanations of the meaning of the name of the month May in his ''Fasti'': V 1-52 Maiestas; 81-106 Maia both as possible eponyms of May.</ref><br />
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The god is the patron of trades related to ovens (cooks, bakers, confectioners) as attested in the works of Plautus,<ref>Plautus ''Aulularia'' 359.</ref>Apuleius (the god is the cook at the wedding of Amor and Psyche)<ref>Apuleius ''Metamorphoses'' VI 24, 2.</ref>and in Vespa's short poem in the Anthologia Latina about the litigation between a cook and a baker.<ref>''Iudicium coci et pistoris iudice Vulcano''.</ref><br />
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==Sons of Vulcan==<br />
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According to Hyginus' Fabulae, the sons of Vulcan are Philammon, Cecrops, Erichthonius of Athens, Corynetes, Cercyon, Philottus and Spinther.<ref>Hyginus Fabulae 158.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Hypothesis on the origins of Vulcan==<br />
<br />
The origin of the Roman god of fire Vulcan has been traced back to the Cretan god Velchanos by Gérard Capdeville, primarily under the suggestion of the close similarity of their names.<ref>G. Capdeville ''Volcanus. Rechérches comparatistes sur le cult de Vulcain'' Rome 1994. Reviewed by Bernard Sergent in ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'' '''216''' 1999 4 p. 475-481; Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge in ''Kernos'' 1996 '''9''' p. 434-436.</ref>Cretan Velchanos is a young god of Mediterranean or Near Eastern origin who has mastership of fire and is the companion of the Great Goddess. These traits are preserved in Latium only in his sons Cacus, Caeculus, Romulus and Servius Tullius. At Praeneste the uncles of Caeculus are known as Digiti,<ref>Solinus II 9; Arnobius ''Adversus Nationes'' III 41, 1; 43, 3.</ref>noun that connects them to the Cretan ''Dactyli''. <br />
<br />
His theology would be reflected in the Greek myths of Theseus and the Minotaur and in those concerning the childhood of Zeus on Mount Ida. The Mediterranean Pregreek conception is apparent in the depiction of Velchanos as a young man sitting upon a fork of a tree on coins from Phaistos dating from 322 to 300 BC, showing him as a god of vegetation and springtime: the tree is the symbol of the union of Heaven and Earth and their generative power, i. e. the site of the union of the god and the goddess. Otherwise Earth would be symbolised in the tree and Heaven in the double axe of the god. Later Velchanos was depicted as a bull as testified in the myths of Pasiphae and Europa. The Greeks misunderstood the meaning of the bull as for them the symbol of Zeus was a bird: the cock, the cuckoo or the eagle. Theseus brought to Delos the dance named ''géranos'' (literally the dance of the crane) which Capdeville connects with ''Garanos'', a variant of the ''Recaranus'' of Italic myths. B. Sergent remarks that such an inquiry needs to include the ''Tarvos Trigaranos'' (the ''bull of the three horns'') of Gaul.<br />
<br />
In Crete Velchanos was the god of initiatory practices of youngsters.<ref>G. Capdeville "Jeux athletiques et rituels de fondation" Publications de L' École Française de Rome 1993 p. 141-187.</ref><br />
<br />
Another reflection of the tradition of the Cretan Velchanos-Zeus would be found in Argolid in the mysteries of Zeus Lykaios, which contemplated anthropophagy and may have inspired the Roman Lupercalia.<br />
<br />
The theological profile of Velchanos looks identical to that of ''Jupiter Dolichenus'', a god of primarily Hittite ascendence in his identification with the bull, who has Sumero-Accadic, Aramaic and Hittito-Hurrite features as a god of tempest, according for example to the researches conducted in Syria by French scholar Paul Merlat. His cult enjoyed a period of popularity in the Roman Empire during the 2nd and 3rd centuries and the god had a temple in Rome on the Aventine Hill.<ref>Paul Merlat ''Jupiter Dolichenus, Essai d'intérpretation et de synthèse'' Paris PUF 1960 reviewed by Alfred Merlin "Jupiter Dolichenus" in ''Journal des savants'' 1960 '''4''' p. 160-166.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Vulcan and the foundation of Rome==<br />
<br />
Vulcan was the supreme god of early Cretan religion, where the festival of the βελχάνια as well as a month Γ(digamma)ελχάνιοσ are attested: a gloss by Hesychius states that "Velchanos is Zeus among the Cretan".<ref>Hesychius Γ 315 Latte.</ref>He was the first god of the cavern of Mount Ida, where he had an oracle, and was honoured also in Cyprus. <br />
<br />
His name is very similar to that of Latin god Volcanus, who himself was considered to be the father of Caeculus and Servius Tullius, not to mention Romulus in the version transmitted by Promathion, which is very similar to the legend of Servius.<br />
<br />
The founder of Rome has a close relationship with this god as he founded the ''Volcanal'' and there he dedicated a quadriga with his own statue after his first victory. It is there too that a part of the tradition locates the place of his death: the site was marked by the Lapis Niger: Festus writes "Niger lapis in Comitio locum funestum significat, ut ali, Romuli morti destinatum...". On the day of the Volcanalia (August 23) a sacrifice was offered to Hora Quirini, paredra of Quirinus with whom the deified Romulus was identified. As the Consualia were mentioned first in connection with the founding of Rome in the episode of the abduction of the Sabine women, as the Volcanalia are celebrated two days later and two days before the ''Opiconsivia'', and as the name Volcanus resembles that of the ancient Cretan god honoured in the Βελχ?νια who presided over initiation rites, the Consualia must have a meaning of integration into the citizenship. This provides an explanation for the choice of the festival of the ''Parilia '' as the date of the foundation of Rome, since these are first of all the festival of the ''iuniores''. Festus writes: "Parilibus Romulus Vrbem condidit, quem diem festum praecipue habebant iuniores." The date of April 21 marked the starting point of the process of initiation of the future new citizens which concluded four months later on the ceremony of the Consualia, which involves athletic games and marriages.<ref>G. Capdeville "Jeux athlétiques et rituels de fondation" ''Publications de l'École Française de Rome'' 1993 p. 182-186.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Greek myths of Hephaestus==<br />
<br />
Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, Vulcan came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry, and armor for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Iuppiter and Iuno, and the husband of Maia and Venus. His forge was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.<br />
<br />
As the son of Jupiter, the king of the gods, and Juno, the queen of the gods, Vulcan should have been quite handsome, but baby Vulcan was small and ugly with a red, bawling face. Juno was so horrified that she hurled the tiny baby off the top of Mount Olympus.<br />
<br />
Vulcan fell down for a day and a night, landing in the sea. Unfortunately, one of his legs broke as he hit the water, and never developed properly. Vulcan sank like a pebble to the cool blue depths where the sea-nymph, Thetis, found him and took him to her underwater grotto, and raised him as her own son.<br />
<br />
Vulcan had a happy childhood with dolphins as his playmates and pearls as his toys. Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing.<br />
<br />
Vulcan carefully shut this precious coal in a clamshell, took it back to his underwater grotto, and made a fire with it. On the first day after that, Vulcan stared at this fire for hours on end. On the second day, he discovered that when he made the fire hotter with bellows, certain stones sweated iron, silver or gold. On the third day he beat the cooled metal into shapes: bracelets, chains, swords and shields. Vulcan made pearl-handled knives and spoons for his foster mother, and for himself he made a silver chariot with bridles so that seahorses could transport him quickly. He even made slave-girls of gold to wait on him and do his bidding.<br />
<br />
Later, Thetis left her underwater grotto to attend a dinner party on Mount Olympus wearing a beautiful necklace of silver and sapphires that Vulcan had made for her. Juno admired the necklace and asked where she could get one. Thetis became flustered, causing Juno to become suspicious; and, at last, the queen god discovered the truth: the baby she had once rejected had grown into a talented blacksmith.<br />
<br />
Iuno was furious and demanded that Vulcan return home, a demand that he refused. However he did send Iuno a beautifully constructed chair made of silver and gold, inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Iuno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast. The more she shrieked and struggled the more firmly the mechanical throne gripped her; the chair was a cleverly designed trap.<ref>https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog, Lives of the Necromancers, William Godwin, 1876, p. 37</ref> <br />
<br />
For three days Iuno sat fuming, still trapped in Vulcan's chair; she could not sleep, she could not stretch, she could not eat. It was Iuppiter who finally saved the day: he promised that if Vulcan released Juno he would give him a wife, Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. Vulcan agreed and married Venus. He later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. It was said that whenever Venus is unfaithful, Vulcan grows angry and beats the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rise up from the top of the mountain, to create a volcanic eruption.<br />
<br />
According to Virgil, Vulcan was the father of Caeculus.<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Verg.+A.+7.678 7.678&ndash;681]; Maurus Servius Honoratus on ''Aeneid'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Serv.+A.+7.678&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053 7.678].</ref><br />
<br />
To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Iuppiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. He also made the thrones for the other gods on Mount Olympus.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Sanctuaries==<br />
<br />
The main and most ancient sanctuary of Vulcan in Rome was the ''Volcanal'', located in the ''area Volcani'', an open-air space at the foot of the Capitolium, in the northwestern corner of the Roman Forum, with an area dedicated to the god and a perennial fire. It was one of the most ancient Roman shrines.<ref>Cf. above note 10, 11 and 12.</ref><br />
<br />
According to Roman tradition the sanctuary had been dedicated by Romulus. He had placed on the site a bronze quadriga dedicated to the god, a war trophy from the Fidenates. According to Plutarch, though, the war in question was that against Cameria, that occurred sixteen years after the foundation of Rome.<ref>Plutarch ''Romulus'' 24.</ref>There Romulus would have also dedicated to Vulcan a statue of himself and an inscription in Greek characters listing his successes.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus ''Roman Antitquitites'' II 54, 2.</ref>Plutarch states that Romulus was represented crowned by Victory.<ref>Plutarch ''Romulus'' 24.</ref>Moreover he would have planted a sacred lotus tree<ref>The Italic lotus, ''diospyrus lotus'', or ''melilotus'', Columella ''De Re Rustica'' VII 9; Galen.</ref>in the sanctuary that was still living at the time of Pliny the Elder and was said to be as old as the city.<ref>Pliny the Elder ''Naturalis Historia'' XVI 236.</ref>The hypothesis has been presented that the ''Volcanal'' was founded when the Forum was still outside the town walls.<ref>G. Dumézil ''La religione romana arcaica'' Milano Rizzoli 1977 p. 285.</ref> <br />
<br />
The ''Volcanal'' was perhaps used as a cremation site as suggested by the early use of the Forum as a burial site.<ref>Von Duhn ''Altitalische Gräberkunde'' as cited by Samuel Ball Platner & Thomas Ashby, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'' London 1928 p. 583-4.</ref>Livy mentions it twice, in 189 and 181 BC, for the prodigies of a rain of blood.<ref>Livy Ab Urbe Condita Libri XL 19, 2.</ref><br />
<br />
The ''area Volcani'' was probably a ''locus substructus''. It was five meters higher than the Comitium<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus ''Antiquitates Romanae'' II 50, 2.</ref>and from it the kings and the magistrates of the beginnings of the republic addressed the people, before the building of the rostra.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus ''Antiquitates Romanae'' XI 39, 1.</ref><br />
<br />
On the Volcanal there was also a statue of Horatius Cocles<ref>Plutarch ''Publicola'', 16</ref>that had been moved here from the Comitium, ''locus inferior'', after it had been struck by lightning. Aulus Gellius writes that some haruspices were summoned to expiate the prodigy and they had it moved to a lower site, where sunlight never reached, out of their hatred for the Romans. The fraud was revealed, however, and the haruspices were executed. Later it was found that the statue should be placed on a higher site, thus it was placed in the ''area Volcani''.<ref>Aulus Gellius ''Noct. Att.'' IV, 5; Gellius writes that the episode was recorded in the XI book of the Annales Maximi and by Verrius Flaccus, ''Memorabilia'' I.</ref><br />
<br />
In 304 BC a sacellum to Concordia was built in the ''area Volcani'': it was dedicated by Aedilis curulis, Cnaeus Flavius.<ref>Livy ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri'' IX 46.</ref><br />
<br />
According to Samuel Ball Platner, in the course of time the ''Volcanal'' would have been more and more encroached upon by the surrounding buildings until it was totally covered over. Nonetheless the cult was still alive in the first half of the imperial era, as is testified by the finding of a dedica of Augustus's dating from 9 BC.<ref>CIL VI 457.</ref><br />
<br />
At the beginning of the 20th century, behind the Arch of Septimius Severus were found some ancient tufaceous foundations that probably belonged to the Volcanal and traces of a rocky platform, 3.95 meters long and 2.80 meters wide, that had been covered with concrete and painted in red. Into its upper surface are dug several narrow channels and in front of it are the remains of a draining channel made of tufaceous slabs. The hypothesis has been suggested that this was Vulcan's ''area'' itself. The rock shows signs of damages and repairs. On the surface there are some hollows, either round or square, that bear resemblance to graves and were interpreted as such in the past,<ref>Richter BRT iv 15-16.</ref>particularly by Von Duhn. After the discovery of cremation tombs in the Forum the latter scholar maintained that the Volcanal was originally the site where corpses were cremated.<ref>Von Duhn ''Italische Gräberkunde'' i. 413 sqq.</ref><br />
<br />
Another temple was erected to the god before 215 BC in the Campus Martius, near the Circus Flaminius, where games in his honour were held during the festival of the Volcanalia.<ref>G. Dumézil ''La religione romana arcaica'' Milano Rizzoli 1977 p. 285.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Vulcan outside Rome==<br />
<br />
At Ostia Antica the cult of the god, as well as his ''sacerdos'', was the most important of the town. The sacerdos was named ''pontifex Vulcani et aedium sacrarum'': he had under his jurisdiction all the sacred buildings in town and could give or withhold the authorisation to erect new statues to Eastern divinities. He was chosen for life, perhaps by the council of the ''decuriones'', and his position was the equivalent of the pontifex maximus in Rome. It was the highest administrative position in the town of Ostia. <br />
<br />
He was selected from among people who had already held public office in Ostia or in the imperial administration. The pontifex was the sole authority who had a number of subordinate officials to help discharge his duties, namely three ''praetores'' and two or three ''aediles''. These were religious offices, different from civil offices of similar name.<ref>C. Pavolini ''La vita quotidiana a Ostia'' Roma-Bari ,1986</ref><br />
<br />
On the grounds of a fragmentary inscrption found at Annaba (ancient Hippo Regius), it is considered possible that the writer Suetonius had held this office.<ref>AE 1953, 00073; G. Gaggero Introduction to Suetonius's ''Life of the twelve Caesars'' Milan 1994</ref><br />
<br />
From Strabone<ref>Strabone ''Geografia. L'Italia'' V,4,6, Milan 1988</ref>we know that at Pozzuoli there was an area called in Greek ''agora' of Hephaistos'' (Lat. Forum Vulcani). The place is a plain where many sulphurous vapour outlets are located (currently ''Solfatara'').<br />
<br />
Pliny the Elder records that near Modena fire came out from soil ''statis Vulcano diebus'', on fixed days devoted to Vulcan.<ref>Pliny the Elder ''Nat. Hist.'' II, 240</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
<br />
Vulcan is the patron god of the English steel-making city of Sheffield. His statue sits on top of Sheffield Town Hall. <br />
<br />
A Vulcan statue located in Birmingham, Alabama, is the largest cast iron statue in the world.<ref>http://www.visitvulcan.com/history.html, History of Vulcan Park, 2008-02-24; [http://web.archive.org/web/20080215192202/http://www.visitvulcan.com/history.html]</ref><br />
<br />
The word ''volcano'' is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn originates from Vulcan.<br />
<br />
A 12 foot tall and 1200 pound [http://sai.calu.edu/caltimes/index.php/2009/10/21/new-vulcan-statue-unveiled Vulcan statue] at California University of Pennsylvania (CAL U) serves as the school’s mascot. Photograph of the CAL U [http://www.flickr.com/photos/greg-buretz/5940097720/ statue of Vulcan].<br />
<br />
In 2013, Reuters reported that name "Vulcan" was being been promoted as a name for "newly discovered" moons of Pluto<ref>Gray, Kevin, "Vulcan has big lead in bid to name Pluto's newly discovered moons," [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/21/entertainment-us-space-pluto-moon-idUSBRE91K00620130221], 25 February 2013, 20 February 2013</ref>The moons had been discovered in 2011 and 2012, bringing the count of known moons of Pluto to five. Though the name ''Vulcan'' won a popular vote, the International Astronomical Union decided in June 2013 to finalize the names as Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra.<ref>[http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/07/international-astronomical-union-decides-against-naming-pluto-moon-vulcan/277484/ International Astronomical Union Decides Against Naming Pluto Moon 'Vulcan'], [http://www.theatlantic.com theatlantic.com].</ref><br />
<br />
Vulcan is a playable character in Smite, an online MOBA where Gods fight each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:Roman Gods]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Ludi_circensesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses2014-09-16T18:40:24Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a chariot race and a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST FOUR ENTRIES FOR THE LUDI CIRCENSES AND TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENTS TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY RACE UP TO TWO CHARIOTS AND TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI CIRCENSES==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Please forward the following information on your entry:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
<br />
B. The name of your driver; <br />
C. The name of your chariot; <br />
<br />
D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
<br />
E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
<br />
F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
<br />
:Albata - The Whites<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
:Russata - The Reds <br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
<br />
===Tactics: Six (6) race tactics are possible:===<br />
<br />
A. To hurry in the last laps <br />
<br />
B. To pass the curves closely the "spina" of the circus. <br />
<br />
C. To support a constant pace <br />
<br />
D. To lash the rivals <br />
<br />
E. To push the rivals to the wall of the circus <br />
<br />
F. To hurry in the straight lines<br />
<br />
<br />
==QVARTER-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
<br />
SALVETE OMNES!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We have just received the unofficial report from the Circus Maximus for todays Ludi circenses Quarter-Finals races. Due to audio complications at the Circus, we lost our live feed and could not report the race-by-race action. But, we are back on the air again and here are the unofficial results, which should be certified by tomorrow and published publicly by the magistrates:<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race I===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Florius, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race II===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race III===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus''' <br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus '''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race IV===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Team Veneta - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Tune in Tomorrow, where Iulia Gellia and I will be providing live coverage for the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals and Finals Races!<br />
<br />
See you tomorrow at the track on the spina in the Circus Maximus!<br />
<br />
<br />
OPTIME VALETE!<br />
<br />
<br />
''Note: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis and Staff Intern at the Curule Aedile's Office).''</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Ludi_circensesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses2014-09-16T15:11:36Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a chariot race and a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST FOUR ENTRIES FOR THE LUDI CIRCENSES AND TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENTS TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY RACE UP TO TWO CHARIOTS AND TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==LUDI CIRCENSES==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Please forward the following information on your entry:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
<br />
B. The name of your driver; <br />
C. The name of your chariot; <br />
<br />
D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
<br />
E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
<br />
F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
<br />
:Albata - The Whites<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
:Russata - The Reds <br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
<br />
===Tactics: Six (6) race tactics are possible:===<br />
<br />
A. To hurry in the last laps <br />
<br />
B. To pass the curves closely the "spina" of the circus. <br />
<br />
C. To support a constant pace <br />
<br />
D. To lash the rivals <br />
<br />
E. To push the rivals to the wall of the circus <br />
<br />
F. To hurry in the straight lines<br />
<br />
<br />
==QVARTER-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
<br />
<br />
SALVETE OMNES!<br />
<br />
<br />
This is Servius Atius, reporting to you live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
<br />
We have just received the unofficial report from the Circus Maximus for todays Ludi circenses Quarter-Finals races. Due to audio complications at the Circus, we lost our live feed and could not report the race-by-race action. But, we are back on the air again and here are the unofficial results, which should be certified by tomorrow and published publicly by the magistrates:<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race I===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Florus, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race II===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race III===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus''' <br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus '''<br />
<br />
<br />
===Race IV===<br />
<br />
'''1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Team Veneta - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
'''2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Tune in Tomorrow, where Iulia Gellia and I will be providing live coverage for the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals and Finals Races!<br />
<br />
See you tomorrow at the track on the spina in the Circus Maximus!<br />
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OPTIME VALETE!<br />
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''Note: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis and Staff Intern at the Curule Aedile's Office).''</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Ludi_circensesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Ludi circenses2014-09-16T15:08:20Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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==About the Contest==<br />
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Salvete omnes,<br />
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This year's Ludi Romani will feature a chariot race and a gladiatorial series.<br />
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EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST FOUR ENTRIES FOR THE LUDI CIRCENSES AND TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENTS TO OCCUR.<br />
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YOU MAY RACE UP TO TWO CHARIOTS AND TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
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Optime valete,<br />
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L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
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Aedilis curulis<br />
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==Rules==<br />
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'''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
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==LUDI CIRCENSES==<br />
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===Please forward the following information on your entry:===<br />
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A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
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B. The name of your driver; <br />
C. The name of your chariot; <br />
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D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
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E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
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F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
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:Albata - The Whites<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
:Russata - The Reds <br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
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===Tactics: Six (6) race tactics are possible:===<br />
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A. To hurry in the last laps <br />
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B. To pass the curves closely the "spina" of the circus. <br />
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C. To support a constant pace <br />
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D. To lash the rivals <br />
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E. To push the rivals to the wall of the circus <br />
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F. To hurry in the straight lines<br />
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==QVARTER-FINALS RESVLTS==<br />
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SALVETE OMNES!<br />
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This is Servius Atius, reporting to you live from Roma, the Eternal City! <br />
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We have just received the unofficial report from the Circus Maximus for todays Ludi circenses Quarter-Finals races. Due to audio complications at the Circus, we lost our live feed and could not report the race-by-race action. But, we are back on the air again and here are the unofficial results, which should be certified by tomorrow and published publicly by the magistrates:<br />
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'''Race I'''<br />
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1st Place – Florus, driving Ballista for Team Russata – M. Cornelius Rutilus, Dominus<br />
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2nd Place – Pankakis, driving Blueberry Suripius for Team Veneta – Ti. Vitellia Triaria, Domina<br />
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'''Race II'''<br />
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1st Place – Amadan the Celt, driving Aurum for Team Russata and also owned by Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus<br />
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2nd Place – Maleos of Alexandria, driving White Lightning for Team Albata – G. Decius Laterensis, Dominus<br />
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'''Race III'''<br />
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1st Place – Amarach the Celt, driving Firefy for Team Russata – Pub. Annæus Constantinus Placidus, Dominus <br />
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2nd Place – Atrectus, driving Currus Bibulus for Team Veneta – M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus <br />
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'''Race IV'''<br />
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1st Place – Vellocatus, driving Potentia for Team Veneta - M. Pompeius Caninus, Dominus<br />
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2nd Place – Quebius, driving the Green Griller for Team Praesina – Q. Vitellius Triarius, Dominus<br />
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Tune in Tomorrow, where Iulia Gellia and I will be providing live coverage for the Ludi circenses Semi-Finals and Finals Races!<br />
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See you tomorrow at the track on the spina in the Circus Maximus!<br />
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OPTIME VALETE!<br />
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''Note: The race results were randomly generated through the Virtual Racing Assistant (VRA) Program by the Aedilis curulis, assisted, witnessed and verified by Ti. Vitellius Triarius (eldest son of the Aedilis curulis and Staff Intern at the Curule Aedile's Office).''</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Spotlight_on_the_Roman_DeitiesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities2014-09-16T14:30:30Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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In the Spring we celebrated the Ludi Novi Romani, where we honored the major Roman gods and goddesses. This Ludi, we shall honor some of the lesser deities of Rome, as well as the Divine Augustus.<br />
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==Daily Lararium Rite==<br />
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In the ancient Roman world, it was traditional to make an offering twice daily, in the Morning and in the Evening. Given our modern schedules and commitments, this is not always possible, so this ritual should be used when you choose to offer one single daily ritual, instead of the Morning and Evening Rituals. You can use this sample format, adding your own prayers to the deity honored each day.<br />
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(ABLUTIO)<br />
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''Wash both hands in clean water and in capite velato pray:''<br />
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May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
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May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
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Purify my mind. <br />
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Purify my body. <br />
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Purify my heart. <br />
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It is so. <br />
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(PRAEFATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! By offering you this incense, I pray good prayers so that you may be benevolent and propitious to me, my family, and my household.<br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(PRECATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! I offer incense and pray good prayers to you, Father Ianus, so that the incense find favor with You that all things beneficient and auspicious may be with us in beginning this day; Father Apollo, that You watch over the health and healing of me, my family, and my household, and grant us good health and long life; Mother Iuno, that You watch over our family and guide us down the correct path; Mother Vesta, that Your flames always guide us to the Gods, may Your flames always warm our home and our hearts, and may all be well this day and night in the House of the (Your Family Name); Manes, Lares et Penates, may You always preserve and maintain our house and household, and may You watch over us this day and bless us with a restful sleep this night. Genius of the Paterfamilias, may You guide us to all things joyous and fortunate this day, blessing us this night with fortuitous dreams of the coming day; and, that you be benevolent and propitious to me, to my family to my household. <br />
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''Other prayers offered here.''<br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(REDDITIO) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal, as by offering to you the incense virtuous prayers were well prayed. For the sake of this be honoured by this incense. <br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is so.<br />
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(PIACULUM) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal by whatever name I may call you: if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, with the sacrificial incense I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is done!<br />
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==Ianus==<br />
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Etruscan Ani: Pater Matutinus, "breaker of the day," the oldest God, the God of gods, the Good Creator, the beginner of all things. Light, the sun, opener of the heavenly gates. As Consiuius (The Sower) He is the spouse of Juturna, goddess of springs, and father of Fontus. Janus is also spouse of Venila, a Goddess of shallow seas who is sometimes considered the wife of Neptune. As Janus Quirinus he is a god of peace, that is, peace won by the vigilent Quirites. Janus Pater the creator of 1 January and 17 August. He is called Janus Bifrons (two-faced), Janus Patulcius (the opened door during wartime), and Janus Clusivus (the closed door during peace). A minor deity of same name is a guardian of doorways. <br />
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Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors (ianua), beginnings and endings, and hence represented with a double-faced head, each looking in opposite directions. He was worshipped at the beginning of the harvest time, planting, marriage, birth, and other types of beginnings, especially the beginnings of important events in a person's life. Janus also represents the transition between primitive life and civilization, between the countryside and the city, peace and war, and the growing-up of young people. One tradition states that he came from Thessaly and that he was welcomed by Camese in Latium, where they shared a kingdom. They married and had several children, among which the river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber is named). When his wife died, Janus became the sole ruler of Latium. He sheltered Saturn when he was fleeing from Jupiter. Janus, as the first king of Latium, brought the people a time of peace and welfare; the Golden Age. He introduced money, cultivation of the fields, and the laws. After his death he was deified and became the protector of Rome. When Romulus and his associates stole the Sabine Virgins, the Sabines attacked the city. The daughter of one of the guards on the Capitoline Hill betrayed her fellow countrymen and guided the enemy into the city. They attempted to climb the hill but Janus made a hot spring erupt from the ground, and the would-be attackers fled from the city. <br />
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Ever since, the gates of his temple were kept open in times of war so the god would be ready to intervene when necessary. In times of peace the gates were closed. His most famous sanctuary was a portal on the Forum Romanum through which the Roman legionaries went to war. He also had a temple on the Forum Olitorium, and in the first century another temple was built on the Forum of Nerva. This one had four portals, called Janus Quadrifons. When Rome became a republic, only one of the royal functions survived, namely that of rex sacrorum or rex sacrificulus. His priests regularly sacrificed to him. The month of January (the eleventh Roman month) is named after him. Janus was represented with two faces, originally one face was bearded while the other was not (probably a symbol of the sun and the moon). Later both faces were bearded. In his right hand he holds a key. The double-faced head appears on many Roman coins, and around the 2nd century BCE even with four faces. <br />
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==Flora==<br />
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The goddess of blossoming flowers of spring. She had a minor temple on the Quirinalis and was given a sanctuary near the Circus Maximus in 238 BCE. The festival of the Floralia, celebrated on April 28 -May 1, existed until the 4th century CE. The Ludi Florales held in Her honor became annual games in 173 BCE, and under the empire were extended until May 3 for the Floralia. They began with theatrical performances, followed by races, and ending with sacrifices to Flora. Hares and goats were set loose, and vetches, beans, and lupines were distributed to the spectators. Flora is identified with the Greek Chloris. <br />
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==Saturnus==<br />
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'''Saturnus (Saturn or Semino)''': The Roman god of agriculture concerned with the sowing of the seeds. Titan father of the Di consentes, God of the Abundant Earth and consort of Ops. Representing the father of the gods of the pre-Italic peoples, the Ausones, He brought an earlier form of agriculture to Italy, prior to Ceres instituting grain cultivation, and ruled the earth during the Golden Age. <br />
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His main festival is the Saturnalia on 17-23 Dec. At the foot of the Capitoline His temple served as the state treasury, the aerarium Saturni. He was later identified at Rome with the Greek Cronus. Many of the Neolithic megaliths and stone walls of Italy are attributed to the "Sons of Saturnus" who were giants. He is regarded as the father of Jupiter, Ceres, Juno and many others. His wife is the goddess Ops. Jupiter supposedly chased him away and he was taken in by the god Janus in Latium where he introduced agriculture and viniculture. This event heralded a period of peace, happiness and prosperity, the Golden Age. In memory of this Golden Age, each year the Saturnalia was observed on December 17 at his temple on the Forum Romanum. This temple, below the Capitoline Hill, contained the Royal Treasury and is one of the oldest in Rome. <br />
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The Saturnalia was one of the major events of the year. Originally only one day, it was later extended to seven days. During this festival, business was suspended, the roles of master and slaves were reversed, moral restrictions were loosened and gifts were exchanged. Offerings made in his honor were done with uncovered heads, contrary to the Roman tradition. In contrast to his festival, Saturn himself was never very popular. From the 3rd century on, he was identified with the Greek Cronus, and his cult became only marginally more popular. That he ruled over the Golden Age is an extension to the Greek myth. Saturday is named after him.<br />
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==Fontanus==<br />
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In ancient Roman religion, '''Fontanus/Fontus/Fons''' (plural Fontes, "Font" or "Source") was a god of wells and springs. A religious festival called the Fontinalia was held on October 13 in his honor. Throughout the city, fountains and wellheads were adorned with garlands.<br />
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Fons was the son of Juturna and Janus. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, was supposed to have been buried near the altar of Fons (ara Fontis) on the Janiculum. William Warde Fowler observed that between 259 and 241 BC, cults were founded for Juturna, Fons, and the Tempestates, all having to do with sources of water. As a god of pure water, Fons can be placed in opposition to Liber as a god of wine identified with Bacchus.<br />
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An inscription includes Fons among a series of deities who received expiatory sacrifices by the Arval Brothers in 224 AD, when several trees in the sacred grove of Dea Dia, their chief deity, had been struck by lightning and burnt. Fons received two wethers. Fons was not among the deities depicted on coinage of the Roman Republic.<br />
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In the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, Fons is located in the second of 16 celestial regions, with Jupiter, Quirinus, Mars, the Military Lar, Juno, Lympha, and the Novensiles.<br />
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===Fons Perennis===<br />
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Water as a source of regeneration played a role in the Mithraic mysteries, and inscriptions to Fons Perennis ("Eternal Spring" or "Never-Failing Stream") have been found in mithraea. In one of the scenes of the Mithraic cycle, the god strikes a rock, which then gushes water. A Mithraic text explains that the stream was a source of life-giving water and immortal refreshment. Dedications to "inanimate entities" from Mithraic narrative ritual, such as Fons Perennis and Petra Genetrix ("Generative Rock"), treat them as divine and capable of hearing, like the nymphs and healing powers to whom these are more often made.<br />
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==Volturnus==<br />
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A god of wind and water. The Roman god of the East Wind, equal to the Greek Eurus. A river deity associated with the river Volturnus in Campania (Italy), but it could also be an ancient name for the Tiber. The Volturnalia was observed on August 27. <br />
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The etymology of Volturnus is uncertain. It is thought to derive from volvere, "to roll along or wind around". <br />
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Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the cultus deorum. Volturnus is known to have been an agricultural God, and surviving fragments show he was specifically a river God. Like other ancient Gods, his cult was overshadowed and obscured by a religious reformation, probably in the 4th century BCE. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of Rome's earliest religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure." <br />
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The name Volturnus suggests a connection with the port of Volturnum (now Capua). Volturnum was a settlement of the Oscans, and later of the Etruscans. The city is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. The Romans built a fort at Volturum for provisioning the army, and in 194 BCE established a colony there. <br />
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Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome in the 2nd century BCE. Such removals of conquered Gods to Rome were commonplace. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. <br />
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No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a numen, and therefore never acquired personal characteristics. <br />
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Classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) believed Volturnus was the cult name for the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. His reasoning is straightforward: surviving fragments show Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, that river must have been the Tiber. Mommsen's view influenced generations of scholars, and is still presented as a fact in popular materials. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The God of the Tiber river was almost certainly named 'Tiberinus' by the Latins, while the Volturno is a river in Campania. Following an influential article by Joel Le Gall in 1953, the identification of Volturnus with Tiberinus was largely abandoned by the scholarly community. A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno. <br />
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Mommsen also identified Volturnus with Portunus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo." Portunus was a God of harbors.<br />
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Vertumnus was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort Voltumna, whom the Romans equated with Pomona, was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus and Varro – “though neither recognise the relation in this case." The correspondence has not gained acceptance. <br />
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Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts." From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with Vulturnus, one of the Venti. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur). Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds. However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind, and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought. <br />
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No consorts or children of Volturnus are known. Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<br />
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Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa Pompilius. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. Like other flamines minores, the Flamen Volturnalis could be either patrician or plebeian. <br />
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The festival of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on a.d. VI Kal. Sep. and belonged to the Numan calendar. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information." Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the Iuturnalia, a.d. III Id. Ian.<br />
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A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua. A representation of a man having a fish offered to him survives at Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus. Other scholars believe it represents Volturnus. More probably, it represents Volcanus. Small live fish were thrown into a fire as a sacrificial offering at the Volcanalia. <br />
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==Pales==<br />
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Pales was a Roman divinity of flocks and shepherds, and is described by some as a male, and by others as a female divinity; whence some modern writers have inferred that Pales was a combination of both sexes; but, such a monstrosity is altogether foreign to the religion of the Romans. (Verg. A. 3.1, 297, Georg. 3.1; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 5.35; Ov. Fast. 4.721, 746, 766; Dionys. A. R. 1.88 ; Athen. 8.361.) <br />
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The name seems to be connected with Palatinus, the centre of all the earliest legends of Rome, and the god himself was with the Romans the embodiment of the same idea as Pan among the Greeks. <br />
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The Parilia was the ancient Roman festival celebrated annually on April 21 in honour of the god and goddess Pales, the protectors of flocks and herds. According to later tradition, April 21 was the day on which Romulus began building the city of Rome and was thus celebrated as the dies natalis of the city. <br />
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Some of the rites performed at the festival of Pales would indeed seem to indicate, that the divinity was a female character; but besides the express statements to the contrary (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 3.1; Arnob. ad v. Gent. 3.23; Martian. cap. i. p. 27), there also are other reasons for believing that Pales was a male divinity. <br />
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The festival, basically a purification rite for herdsmen, beasts, and stalls, was at first celebrated by the early kings of Rome, later by the pontifex maximus, or chief priest. The Vestal Virgins opened the festival by distributing straw and the ashes and blood of sacrificial animals. Ritual cleaning, anointment, and adornment of herds and stalls followed, together with offerings of simple foods. On that day large fires were made through which they drove the cattle. The celebrants jumped over a bonfire three times to complete the purification, and an open-air feast ended the festival.<br />
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Another festival to Pales, apparently dedicated "to the two Pales" (Palibus duobus) was held on July 7. <br />
Marcus Atilius Regulus built a temple to Pales in Rome following his victory over the Salentini in 267 BC. It is generally thought to have been located on the Palatine Hill, but, being a victory monument, it may have been located on the route of the triumphal procession, either on the Campus Martius or the Aventine Hill. <br />
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==Furrina==<br />
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Furrina (not Furina), was an ancient Roman goddess whose function had become obscure by the time of Varro. Her cult dated to the earliest period of Roman religious history, since she was one of the fifteen deities who had their own flamen, the Furrinalis, one of the flamines minores. There is some evidence that Furrina was associated with water.<br />
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She is not considered to be the same deity as Furina, the Roman goddess of thieves and highway bandits. <br />
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Furrina was a goddess of springs, her name being related to the Indoeuropean root *bhr-u-n, Skr. bhurvan, indicating the moving or bubbling of water, cognate to Gothic brunna spring, Latin fervēre, from *fruur > furr by metathesis of the vowel, meaning to bubble or boil. Compare English "fervent", "effervescent" and Latin defruutum, boiled wine.<br />
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The goddess had a sacred spring and a shrine in Rome, located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Janiculum, on the right bank of the Tiber. The site has survived to the present day in the form of a grove, included within the gardens of Villa Sciarra. Excavations on the site conducted in 1910 identified a well and a system of underground channels, as well as some inscriptions dedicated to Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Agatis, and the nymphae furrinae. However these findings look to be of a later date (2nd century CE) and perhaps the well is not the original spring. Gaius Gracchus was killed in the Grove of Furrina.<br />
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According to Cicero another sanctuary dedicated to the cult of Furrina was located near Satricum. This place was not the most widely known one but a hamlet near Arpinum.<br />
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Furrina's festival was the Furrinalia on July 25. On the Roman calendar, festivals separated by an interval of three days were interconnected and belonged to the same function. In the second half of July, the two Lucaria occur on the 19th and 17th, with the Neptunalia on the 23rd and the Furrinalia on the 25th. This grouping is devoted to woods and running waters, which are intended as a shelter and a relief from the heat of the season, the canicula.<br />
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According to Martianus Capella, Furrina is a low ranking deity who has her seat just above the mountain peaks.<br />
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==Iuppiter==<br />
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Among the ancient Romans, Iuppiter was the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife). The Romans worshipped him especially as Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove. He had a temple on the Capitoline, together with Juno and Minerva, but he was the most prominent of this Capitoline triad. <br />
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His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came here to give their thanks. <br />
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Iuppiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger. Iuppiter is completely identical with the Greek Zeus.<br />
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===Iuppiter Latiaris and Feriae Latinae===<br />
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The cult of Iuppiter Latiaris was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the Mons Albanus on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of Alba Longa.<br />
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After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (nundinae). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt. The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome.<br />
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The feriae Latinae, or Latiar as they were known originally, were the common festival (panegyris) of the so-called Priscan Latins and of the Albans. Their restoration aimed at grounding Roman hegemony in this ancestral religious tradition of the Latins. The original cult was reinstated unchanged as is testified by some archaic features of the ritual: the exclusion of wine from the sacrifice the offers of milk and cheese and the ritual use of rocking among the games. <br />
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Rocking is one of the most ancient rites mimicking ascent to Heaven and is very widespread. At the Latiar the rocking took place on a tree and the winner was of course the one who had swung the highest. This rite was said to have been instituted by the Albans to commemorate the disappearance of king Latinus, in the battle against Mezentius king of Caere: the rite symbolised a search for him both on earth and in heaven. The rocking as well as the customary drinking of milk was also considered to commemorate and ritually reinstate infancy. The Romans in the last form of the rite brought the sacrificial ox from Rome and every participant was bestowed a portion of the meat, rite known as carnem petere. Other games were held in every participant borough. <br />
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In Rome a race of chariots (quadrigae) was held starting from the Capitol: the winner drank a liquor made with absynth. This competition has been compared to the Vedic rite of the vajapeya: in it seventeen chariots run a phoney race which must be won by the king in order to allow him to drink a cup of madhu, i. e. soma. The feasting lasted for at least four days, possibly six according to Niebuhr, one day for each of the six Latin and Alban decuriae. According to different records 47 or 53 boroughs took part in the festival (the listed names too differ in Pliny NH III 69 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus AR V 61). The Latiar became an important feature of Roman political life as they were feriae conceptivae, i. e. their date varied each year: the consuls and the highest magistrates were required to attend shortly after the beginning of the administration, originally on the Ides of March: the Feriae usually took place in early April. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the Latiar had to be wholly repeated. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the decemvirs. Wissowa remarks the inner linkage of the temple of the Mons Albanus with that of the Capitol apparent in the common association with the rite of the triumph: since 231 BC some triumphing commanders had triumphed there first with the same legal features as in Rome.<br />
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===The Games to Iuppiter===<br />
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The Ides of each month are sacred to Iuppiter, and there were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Iuppiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13. In the 3rd century BC, the epulum Iovis became similar to a lectisternium.<br />
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The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a dies ater, or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not nefas) the two Epula Iovis of September and November.<br />
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The games of September were named Ludi Magni; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual Ludi Romani and were held in the Circus Maximus after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus, and linked to the cult of Iuppiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the triumph, which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the triumphator and the pompa circensis resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).<br />
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The Ludi Plebei took place in November in the Circus Flaminius. Mommsen argued that the epulum of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient. The Ludi Plebei were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Iuppiter is attested by Cicero.<br />
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===The Temple of Iuppiter===<br />
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The temple of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus stood on the Capitoline Hill. Iuppiter was worshiped there as an individual deity, and with Juno and Minerva as part of the Capitoline Triad. The building was supposedly begun by king Tarquinius Priscus, completed by the last king (Tarquinius Superbus) and inaugurated in the early days of the Roman Republic (September 13, 509 BC). It was topped with the statues of four horses drawing a quadriga, with Iuppiter as charioteer. A large statue of Iuppiter stood within; on festival days, its face was painted red. In (or near) this temple was the Iuppiter Lapis: the Iuppiter Stone, on which oaths could be sworn.<br />
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Iuppiter was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove," that many people use today. <br />
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==Carmenta==<br />
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Carmentis or Carmenta, (one of the Camenae), goddess of childbirth and prophecy, a goddess of charms and spells. Her soothing words ease the pains of women in labor, heal the ills of childhood, foretell the futures of brides and that of their children. The main festivals of Carmentis, the Carmentalia occur on a.d. III Id. Ian. ‡ and a.d. XVIII Kal. Feb. ‡, the first day celebrating the dedication of her sacred grove by Numa Pompilius. However, each month rites are also performed for her. Carmentis was also the mother of Evander, who played a part in the story of Hercules in Italy. <br />
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The area of the city immediately south of the Capitoline Hill held significant importance in the early developments of the religio Romana. It was here, near the Tiber, in the sacred grove of Carmentis that King Numa Pompilius would meet with the nympha Egeria, who instructed him on how to consult with the Gods. Her cultus seems to have been one of the earliest in the City. <br />
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One aspect that we know about the cultus of Carmentis was that no leather was permitted inside her sacred grove. It meant that She was to be approached while barefoot, as was also the case in some rites performed for Ceres and other goddesses. Where we hear of worship made while barefoot it usually refers only to women, and the cultus of Carmentis was primarily a women's cultus. The prohibition against leather also meant that no blood sacrifices were to be performed in the sacred grove of Carmentis. One reason for that was that her cultus related to childbirth. We see the reason given for this with the ceremony to a person's genius or juno on his or her birthday, "For on the day when they had received life, they did not want to deprive another life." <br />
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This was even carried over into the celebrations held for the birth of the City at Parilia. "In the beginning, so it is said, they sacrificed no living creature, but thought that they should keep pure and bloodless the festival commemorating the birth of their country." Augures also, who rites were established by Numa, supposedly were not to perform blood sacrifices lest they should pollute themselves. Another aspect of her cultus was that it probably used milk rather than wine as a libation. That is not certain, but, first, her cultus supposedly went back to the time of Romulus. "Romulus poured libations of milk, not wine; proof of this lies in rites established by him that preserve this custom today." Also women were generally prohibited from using wine, and again the cultus of Carmentis was primarily performed by women. Another probable aspect was that her cultus would have prohibited use of iron inside her grove or for her rites. Such a prohibition is known in the case of rites held for Ceres, and it appe<br />
ars in the temple rules at other locations. Such a prohibition may refer to the antiquity of a cultus, where bronze implements were preferred as the material for ritual tools. On the other hand iron was specified in the cultus of Mars. Iron was associated with war and death and thus, like blood sacrifices, would have been inappropriate in a cultus concerned mainly with childbirth. We see these two prohibitions come together, along with another against performing rights for the dead, in a dedication inscription. <br />
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:"Into this locus nothing made of cast metal may be brought and no carcasses may be <br />
:projected over its altars, and no sacrifices may be made for deceased parents. If against <br />
:this rule a small altar is set up, then it will be permitted for a magistrate to hand down <br />
:any judgement and set whatever fines he may wish (ILS 4912)." <br />
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We may get some idea on what was permitted in her cultus by considering these various prohibitions. <br />
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:"Formerly what served to reconcile gods and men was spelt and pure salt's glistening grain. … A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites." <br />
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The more ancient a cultus, the simpler and more native offerings were to be used. Flowers and herbs, fruits and vegetables that were locally grown rather than exotic plants that were later introduced into Rome. This would have been the same with incense used in her rites. Not cinnamon or nard, myrrh or frankincense that came from distant lands. Instead bay laurel would have been used, and other trees among the arbores felices. This played in again with the prohibition against blood sacrifices in her cultus, since "it is forbidden to pollute laurel... even for making a fire at altars and shrines when divinities are to be propitiated." <br />
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Another tree that may have been used in her cultus was the "Sabine herb," a juniper, due to the association with Numa, a Sabine king, and its use in other women's rites. Grain, salt, milk, honey, and bread were offerings likely used in her cultus, and as in the culti deorum of other deities, the shape of breads used in rites for Carmentis may have been unique to her cultus. <br />
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Among all of the culti deorum celebrated at Rome under the Res Publica Libera, the cultus Carmentis seems to have been unique in its prohibition against all immolationes (blood sacrifices) and anything that would be associated with the slaughtering of animals. This was due to the nature of the cultus having been devoted to a goddess primarily associated with childbirth, and also due to its having been a very ancient cultus and one associated with Numa Pompilius. It was also characterized by the fact that mostly women participated in the cultus of Carmenta, with the exception of Carmentalia when the flamen Carmentalis led her rites, assisted by the Pontifices. Some of the other features of sacrifices made to her are not known, but we can refer to the nature of her cultus.<br />
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==Pomona==<br />
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Pomona was a Roman goddess who was the keeper of orchards and fruit trees, and her festival, which she shared with her husband Vertumnus, was always on August 13th. Pomona watches over and protects fruit trees and cares for their cultivation, and Her name is from the Latin ''pomum'', "fruit," specifically orchard fruit. "Pomme" is the French word for "apple". She was said to be a wood nymph.<br />
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Pomona was among the Numina, guardian spirits of Roman mythology, who watched over people, places, or homes. The Numina are, in essence, the holy spirits of place, from which the word "numinous" derives. Pomona protected and inspired the abundance of the fruitful gardens and orchards. She had her own priest in Rome, called the Flamen Pomonalis. A grove sacred to her was called the Pomonal, located not far from Ostia, the ancient port of Rome. <br />
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Unlike many other agricultural deities, Pomona is not associated with the harvest itself, but with the flourishing of fruit trees. She is usually portrayed bearing a cornucopia or a tray of blossoming fruit. She doesn’t appear to have had any Greek counterpart at all, and is uniquely Roman.<br />
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In Ovid's writings, Pomona is a virginal wood nymph who rejected several suitors before finally marrying Vertumnus - and the only reason she married him was because he disguised himself as an old woman, and then offered Pomona advice on who she should marry. Vertumnus turned out to be quite lusty, and so the two of them are responsible for the prolific nature of apple trees. Pomona doesn't appear very often in mythology.<br />
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Despite her being a rather obscure deity, Pomona's likeness appears many times in classical art, including paintings by Rubens and Rembrandt, and a number of sculptures. She is typically represented as a lovely maiden with an armful of fruit and a pruning knife in one hand. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Professor Sprout, the teacher of Herbology -- the study of magical plants -- is named Pomona.<br />
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A statue of Pomona a set atop the Pulitzer Fountain in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza in New York. There is a statue of Pomona in Reykjavik, Iceland: just north of the BSI Bus Station, in the little park bordered by Gamla Hringbraut and Laufasvegur streets. Pomona is briefly mentioned in C. S. Lewis's children's book Prince Caspian.<br />
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===A Pomonal Tale===<br />
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I know the ways of apple and almond, pear and pomegranate, the netted cherry and the sanguine mulberry. I know the secrets of grafting scion to stock, and the perfect moment of the ripeness of a peach. I have picked off beetles and set traps for caterpillars, chased away deer and outsmarted squirrels. I know how to encourage rooting by placing a wheat seed in the split stem of a cutting, and how to prune a rose to produce the most hips. I water my fruit-trees deeply and feed them well, and they reward me with luxuriant health and an abundant harvest, so that my walled orchard is truly Paradise.<br />
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Somehow, however, it got around that I was unmarried. Since apparently this was not to be borne by the men of my country, I was beseiged with suitors, plentiful and persistent. As if I have time! All the wild and uncultivated men of the world came to my door then, woodsmen and hunters, sheperds and satyrs—even Silenos, that tipsy old goat, made his bid for my hand, though him I turned him down with kindness.<br />
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You'd think they would put it together that I was unavailable. I believe now my refusals must have made me an irresistible challenge, but at the time all I knew was aggravation and frustration—couldn't they leave me to my work?<br />
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They were so hopeful.<br />
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A farm boy came one spring day, peeping over my fence, watching me as I worked. He finally got up his courage and asked if he could marry me, a ridiculous proposition. I turned him down gently, for I felt rather sorry for him. He was just so young!<br />
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Next a plowman came to observe me over the wall with his old eyes the color of earth, promising to be my faithful husband. He too, I sent away.<br />
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Then came a gardener, stationed in the same spot by the wall, watching me dig a new bed for the apple seedlings. How he could find me attractive at that time was beyond me—my face was pink and smirched, my hair knotted in a scarf any old way, fingernails dirty, clothes spattered with the muck I had been kneeling in—how marriageable could I possibly have seemed? But he, like all the others, asked for my hand in marriage, and incredulous, I said no.<br />
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"Lady", he said then, "it has been three times now that I have asked to be your husband. What will it take to win you?"<br />
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Oh really! Well. I looked at him warily and said, "Show me who you are."<br />
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Then the light shifted and I saw him clearly—a young man all in green, his body lean and lithe with hard work, his curling hair dark as the new-turned soil in spring, his hands capable and callused and generous, smiling at me with a gentle openness in his face. Well then. He was certainly pretty, and I'll even go so far as to admit I was tempted, but…<br />
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Then he asked what variety of apple I was planting in the bed I had turned. How did he know I was planting apples there? Did I think that dates were worth growing this far north, given how difficult it was to winter them over? Had I had any luck with persea-fruit? At that I tossed him a persea-fruit from a basket; then I brought him to my date palms, small but healthy in their sheltered spot on the south side of the wall. He showed me a trick to make sour cherries sweeter; I showed him how to double their yield. We agreed about grafting, argued about pruning, and discussed rootstocks for pears; then he told me of his love for the smell of the warm moist earth and the feel of the soil in his hands, the abiding wonder he felt each time he planted a seed, and the amazement and privilege he experienced in tending to flowering and fruiting life.<br />
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Well! Why hadn't he said that in the first place?<br />
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''Ref: http://www.thaliatook.com/AMGG/pomonatale.php''<br />
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==Portunus==<br />
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==Quirinus==<br />
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==Augustus==</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Spotlight_on_the_Roman_DeitiesLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Spotlight on the Roman Deities2014-09-16T14:28:42Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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In the Spring we celebrated the Ludi Novi Romani, where we honored the major Roman gods and goddesses. This Ludi, we shall honor some of the lesser deities of Rome, as well as the Divine Augustus.<br />
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==Daily Lararium Rite==<br />
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In the ancient Roman world, it was traditional to make an offering twice daily, in the Morning and in the Evening. Given our modern schedules and commitments, this is not always possible, so this ritual should be used when you choose to offer one single daily ritual, instead of the Morning and Evening Rituals. You can use this sample format, adding your own prayers to the deity honored each day.<br />
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(ABLUTIO)<br />
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''Wash both hands in clean water and in capite velato pray:''<br />
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May this water cast out all impurities from my substance as from lead to gold. <br />
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May this water cleanse my body of impurities, as the rain cleanses the air. <br />
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Purify my mind. <br />
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Purify my body. <br />
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Purify my heart. <br />
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It is so. <br />
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(PRAEFATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! By offering you this incense, I pray good prayers so that you may be benevolent and propitious to me, my family, and my household.<br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(PRECATIO)<br />
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Be you well and blessed, O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods immortal! I offer incense and pray good prayers to you, Father Ianus, so that the incense find favor with You that all things beneficient and auspicious may be with us in beginning this day; Father Apollo, that You watch over the health and healing of me, my family, and my household, and grant us good health and long life; Mother Iuno, that You watch over our family and guide us down the correct path; Mother Vesta, that Your flames always guide us to the Gods, may Your flames always warm our home and our hearts, and may all be well this day and night in the House of the (Your Family Name); Manes, Lares et Penates, may You always preserve and maintain our house and household, and may You watch over us this day and bless us with a restful sleep this night. Genius of the Paterfamilias, may You guide us to all things joyous and fortunate this day, blessing us this night with fortuitous dreams of the coming day; and, that you be benevolent and propitious to me, to my family to my household. <br />
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''Other prayers offered here.''<br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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(REDDITIO) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal, as by offering to you the incense virtuous prayers were well prayed. For the sake of this be honoured by this incense. <br />
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''Incense is offered in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is so.<br />
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(PIACULUM) <br />
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O Father Ianus, O Household Gods, and all Gods Immortal by whatever name I may call you: if anything in this ceremony was displeasing to you, with the sacrificial incense I ask forgiveness and expiate my fault. <br />
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''Incense is placed in the focus of the altar.''<br />
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It is done!<br />
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==Ianus==<br />
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Etruscan Ani: Pater Matutinus, "breaker of the day," the oldest God, the God of gods, the Good Creator, the beginner of all things. Light, the sun, opener of the heavenly gates. As Consiuius (The Sower) He is the spouse of Juturna, goddess of springs, and father of Fontus. Janus is also spouse of Venila, a Goddess of shallow seas who is sometimes considered the wife of Neptune. As Janus Quirinus he is a god of peace, that is, peace won by the vigilent Quirites. Janus Pater the creator of 1 January and 17 August. He is called Janus Bifrons (two-faced), Janus Patulcius (the opened door during wartime), and Janus Clusivus (the closed door during peace). A minor deity of same name is a guardian of doorways. <br />
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Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors (ianua), beginnings and endings, and hence represented with a double-faced head, each looking in opposite directions. He was worshipped at the beginning of the harvest time, planting, marriage, birth, and other types of beginnings, especially the beginnings of important events in a person's life. Janus also represents the transition between primitive life and civilization, between the countryside and the city, peace and war, and the growing-up of young people. One tradition states that he came from Thessaly and that he was welcomed by Camese in Latium, where they shared a kingdom. They married and had several children, among which the river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber is named). When his wife died, Janus became the sole ruler of Latium. He sheltered Saturn when he was fleeing from Jupiter. Janus, as the first king of Latium, brought the people a time of peace and welfare; the Golden Age. He introduced money, cultivation of the fields, and the laws. After his death he was deified and became the protector of Rome. When Romulus and his associates stole the Sabine Virgins, the Sabines attacked the city. The daughter of one of the guards on the Capitoline Hill betrayed her fellow countrymen and guided the enemy into the city. They attempted to climb the hill but Janus made a hot spring erupt from the ground, and the would-be attackers fled from the city. <br />
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Ever since, the gates of his temple were kept open in times of war so the god would be ready to intervene when necessary. In times of peace the gates were closed. His most famous sanctuary was a portal on the Forum Romanum through which the Roman legionaries went to war. He also had a temple on the Forum Olitorium, and in the first century another temple was built on the Forum of Nerva. This one had four portals, called Janus Quadrifons. When Rome became a republic, only one of the royal functions survived, namely that of rex sacrorum or rex sacrificulus. His priests regularly sacrificed to him. The month of January (the eleventh Roman month) is named after him. Janus was represented with two faces, originally one face was bearded while the other was not (probably a symbol of the sun and the moon). Later both faces were bearded. In his right hand he holds a key. The double-faced head appears on many Roman coins, and around the 2nd century BCE even with four faces. <br />
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==Flora==<br />
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The goddess of blossoming flowers of spring. She had a minor temple on the Quirinalis and was given a sanctuary near the Circus Maximus in 238 BCE. The festival of the Floralia, celebrated on April 28 -May 1, existed until the 4th century CE. The Ludi Florales held in Her honor became annual games in 173 BCE, and under the empire were extended until May 3 for the Floralia. They began with theatrical performances, followed by races, and ending with sacrifices to Flora. Hares and goats were set loose, and vetches, beans, and lupines were distributed to the spectators. Flora is identified with the Greek Chloris. <br />
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==Saturnus==<br />
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'''Saturnus (Saturn or Semino)''': The Roman god of agriculture concerned with the sowing of the seeds. Titan father of the Di consentes, God of the Abundant Earth and consort of Ops. Representing the father of the gods of the pre-Italic peoples, the Ausones, He brought an earlier form of agriculture to Italy, prior to Ceres instituting grain cultivation, and ruled the earth during the Golden Age. <br />
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His main festival is the Saturnalia on 17-23 Dec. At the foot of the Capitoline His temple served as the state treasury, the aerarium Saturni. He was later identified at Rome with the Greek Cronus. Many of the Neolithic megaliths and stone walls of Italy are attributed to the "Sons of Saturnus" who were giants. He is regarded as the father of Jupiter, Ceres, Juno and many others. His wife is the goddess Ops. Jupiter supposedly chased him away and he was taken in by the god Janus in Latium where he introduced agriculture and viniculture. This event heralded a period of peace, happiness and prosperity, the Golden Age. In memory of this Golden Age, each year the Saturnalia was observed on December 17 at his temple on the Forum Romanum. This temple, below the Capitoline Hill, contained the Royal Treasury and is one of the oldest in Rome. <br />
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The Saturnalia was one of the major events of the year. Originally only one day, it was later extended to seven days. During this festival, business was suspended, the roles of master and slaves were reversed, moral restrictions were loosened and gifts were exchanged. Offerings made in his honor were done with uncovered heads, contrary to the Roman tradition. In contrast to his festival, Saturn himself was never very popular. From the 3rd century on, he was identified with the Greek Cronus, and his cult became only marginally more popular. That he ruled over the Golden Age is an extension to the Greek myth. Saturday is named after him.<br />
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==Fontanus==<br />
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In ancient Roman religion, '''Fontanus/Fontus/Fons''' (plural Fontes, "Font" or "Source") was a god of wells and springs. A religious festival called the Fontinalia was held on October 13 in his honor. Throughout the city, fountains and wellheads were adorned with garlands.<br />
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Fons was the son of Juturna and Janus. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, was supposed to have been buried near the altar of Fons (ara Fontis) on the Janiculum. William Warde Fowler observed that between 259 and 241 BC, cults were founded for Juturna, Fons, and the Tempestates, all having to do with sources of water. As a god of pure water, Fons can be placed in opposition to Liber as a god of wine identified with Bacchus.<br />
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An inscription includes Fons among a series of deities who received expiatory sacrifices by the Arval Brothers in 224 AD, when several trees in the sacred grove of Dea Dia, their chief deity, had been struck by lightning and burnt. Fons received two wethers. Fons was not among the deities depicted on coinage of the Roman Republic.<br />
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In the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, Fons is located in the second of 16 celestial regions, with Jupiter, Quirinus, Mars, the Military Lar, Juno, Lympha, and the Novensiles.<br />
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===Fons Perennis===<br />
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Water as a source of regeneration played a role in the Mithraic mysteries, and inscriptions to Fons Perennis ("Eternal Spring" or "Never-Failing Stream") have been found in mithraea. In one of the scenes of the Mithraic cycle, the god strikes a rock, which then gushes water. A Mithraic text explains that the stream was a source of life-giving water and immortal refreshment. Dedications to "inanimate entities" from Mithraic narrative ritual, such as Fons Perennis and Petra Genetrix ("Generative Rock"), treat them as divine and capable of hearing, like the nymphs and healing powers to whom these are more often made.<br />
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==Volturnus==<br />
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A god of wind and water. The Roman god of the East Wind, equal to the Greek Eurus. A river deity associated with the river Volturnus in Campania (Italy), but it could also be an ancient name for the Tiber. The Volturnalia was observed on August 27. <br />
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The etymology of Volturnus is uncertain. It is thought to derive from volvere, "to roll along or wind around". <br />
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Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the cultus deorum. Volturnus is known to have been an agricultural God, and surviving fragments show he was specifically a river God. Like other ancient Gods, his cult was overshadowed and obscured by a religious reformation, probably in the 4th century BCE. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of Rome's earliest religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure." <br />
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The name Volturnus suggests a connection with the port of Volturnum (now Capua). Volturnum was a settlement of the Oscans, and later of the Etruscans. The city is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. The Romans built a fort at Volturum for provisioning the army, and in 194 BCE established a colony there. <br />
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Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome in the 2nd century BCE. Such removals of conquered Gods to Rome were commonplace. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. <br />
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No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a numen, and therefore never acquired personal characteristics. <br />
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Classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) believed Volturnus was the cult name for the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. His reasoning is straightforward: surviving fragments show Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, that river must have been the Tiber. Mommsen's view influenced generations of scholars, and is still presented as a fact in popular materials. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The God of the Tiber river was almost certainly named 'Tiberinus' by the Latins, while the Volturno is a river in Campania. Following an influential article by Joel Le Gall in 1953, the identification of Volturnus with Tiberinus was largely abandoned by the scholarly community. A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno. <br />
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Mommsen also identified Volturnus with Portunus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo." Portunus was a God of harbors.<br />
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Vertumnus was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort Voltumna, whom the Romans equated with Pomona, was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus and Varro – “though neither recognise the relation in this case." The correspondence has not gained acceptance. <br />
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Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts." From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with Vulturnus, one of the Venti. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur). Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds. However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind, and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought. <br />
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No consorts or children of Volturnus are known. Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<br />
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Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa Pompilius. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. Like other flamines minores, the Flamen Volturnalis could be either patrician or plebeian. <br />
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The festival of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on a.d. VI Kal. Sep. and belonged to the Numan calendar. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information." Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the Iuturnalia, a.d. III Id. Ian.<br />
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A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua. A representation of a man having a fish offered to him survives at Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus. Other scholars believe it represents Volturnus. More probably, it represents Volcanus. Small live fish were thrown into a fire as a sacrificial offering at the Volcanalia. <br />
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==Pales==<br />
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Pales was a Roman divinity of flocks and shepherds, and is described by some as a male, and by others as a female divinity; whence some modern writers have inferred that Pales was a combination of both sexes; but, such a monstrosity is altogether foreign to the religion of the Romans. (Verg. A. 3.1, 297, Georg. 3.1; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 5.35; Ov. Fast. 4.721, 746, 766; Dionys. A. R. 1.88 ; Athen. 8.361.) <br />
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The name seems to be connected with Palatinus, the centre of all the earliest legends of Rome, and the god himself was with the Romans the embodiment of the same idea as Pan among the Greeks. <br />
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The Parilia was the ancient Roman festival celebrated annually on April 21 in honour of the god and goddess Pales, the protectors of flocks and herds. According to later tradition, April 21 was the day on which Romulus began building the city of Rome and was thus celebrated as the dies natalis of the city. <br />
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Some of the rites performed at the festival of Pales would indeed seem to indicate, that the divinity was a female character; but besides the express statements to the contrary (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 3.1; Arnob. ad v. Gent. 3.23; Martian. cap. i. p. 27), there also are other reasons for believing that Pales was a male divinity. <br />
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The festival, basically a purification rite for herdsmen, beasts, and stalls, was at first celebrated by the early kings of Rome, later by the pontifex maximus, or chief priest. The Vestal Virgins opened the festival by distributing straw and the ashes and blood of sacrificial animals. Ritual cleaning, anointment, and adornment of herds and stalls followed, together with offerings of simple foods. On that day large fires were made through which they drove the cattle. The celebrants jumped over a bonfire three times to complete the purification, and an open-air feast ended the festival.<br />
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Another festival to Pales, apparently dedicated "to the two Pales" (Palibus duobus) was held on July 7. <br />
Marcus Atilius Regulus built a temple to Pales in Rome following his victory over the Salentini in 267 BC. It is generally thought to have been located on the Palatine Hill, but, being a victory monument, it may have been located on the route of the triumphal procession, either on the Campus Martius or the Aventine Hill. <br />
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==Furrina==<br />
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Furrina (not Furina), was an ancient Roman goddess whose function had become obscure by the time of Varro. Her cult dated to the earliest period of Roman religious history, since she was one of the fifteen deities who had their own flamen, the Furrinalis, one of the flamines minores. There is some evidence that Furrina was associated with water.<br />
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She is not considered to be the same deity as Furina, the Roman goddess of thieves and highway bandits. <br />
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Furrina was a goddess of springs, her name being related to the Indoeuropean root *bhr-u-n, Skr. bhurvan, indicating the moving or bubbling of water, cognate to Gothic brunna spring, Latin fervēre, from *fruur > furr by metathesis of the vowel, meaning to bubble or boil. Compare English "fervent", "effervescent" and Latin defruutum, boiled wine.<br />
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The goddess had a sacred spring and a shrine in Rome, located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Janiculum, on the right bank of the Tiber. The site has survived to the present day in the form of a grove, included within the gardens of Villa Sciarra. Excavations on the site conducted in 1910 identified a well and a system of underground channels, as well as some inscriptions dedicated to Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Agatis, and the nymphae furrinae. However these findings look to be of a later date (2nd century CE) and perhaps the well is not the original spring. Gaius Gracchus was killed in the Grove of Furrina.<br />
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According to Cicero another sanctuary dedicated to the cult of Furrina was located near Satricum. This place was not the most widely known one but a hamlet near Arpinum.<br />
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Furrina's festival was the Furrinalia on July 25. On the Roman calendar, festivals separated by an interval of three days were interconnected and belonged to the same function. In the second half of July, the two Lucaria occur on the 19th and 17th, with the Neptunalia on the 23rd and the Furrinalia on the 25th. This grouping is devoted to woods and running waters, which are intended as a shelter and a relief from the heat of the season, the canicula.<br />
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According to Martianus Capella, Furrina is a low ranking deity who has her seat just above the mountain peaks.<br />
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==Iuppiter==<br />
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Among the ancient Romans, Iuppiter was the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife). The Romans worshipped him especially as Iuppiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove. He had a temple on the Capitoline, together with Juno and Minerva, but he was the most prominent of this Capitoline triad. <br />
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His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came here to give their thanks. <br />
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Iuppiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger. Iuppiter is completely identical with the Greek Zeus.<br />
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===Iuppiter Latiaris and Feriae Latinae===<br />
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The cult of Iuppiter Latiaris was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the Mons Albanus on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of Alba Longa.<br />
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After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (nundinae). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt. The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome.<br />
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The feriae Latinae, or Latiar as they were known originally, were the common festival (panegyris) of the so-called Priscan Latins and of the Albans. Their restoration aimed at grounding Roman hegemony in this ancestral religious tradition of the Latins. The original cult was reinstated unchanged as is testified by some archaic features of the ritual: the exclusion of wine from the sacrifice the offers of milk and cheese and the ritual use of rocking among the games. <br />
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Rocking is one of the most ancient rites mimicking ascent to Heaven and is very widespread. At the Latiar the rocking took place on a tree and the winner was of course the one who had swung the highest. This rite was said to have been instituted by the Albans to commemorate the disappearance of king Latinus, in the battle against Mezentius king of Caere: the rite symbolised a search for him both on earth and in heaven. The rocking as well as the customary drinking of milk was also considered to commemorate and ritually reinstate infancy. The Romans in the last form of the rite brought the sacrificial ox from Rome and every participant was bestowed a portion of the meat, rite known as carnem petere. Other games were held in every participant borough. <br />
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In Rome a race of chariots (quadrigae) was held starting from the Capitol: the winner drank a liquor made with absynth. This competition has been compared to the Vedic rite of the vajapeya: in it seventeen chariots run a phoney race which must be won by the king in order to allow him to drink a cup of madhu, i. e. soma. The feasting lasted for at least four days, possibly six according to Niebuhr, one day for each of the six Latin and Alban decuriae. According to different records 47 or 53 boroughs took part in the festival (the listed names too differ in Pliny NH III 69 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus AR V 61). The Latiar became an important feature of Roman political life as they were feriae conceptivae, i. e. their date varied each year: the consuls and the highest magistrates were required to attend shortly after the beginning of the administration, originally on the Ides of March: the Feriae usually took place in early April. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the Latiar had to be wholly repeated. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the decemvirs. Wissowa remarks the inner linkage of the temple of the Mons Albanus with that of the Capitol apparent in the common association with the rite of the triumph: since 231 BC some triumphing commanders had triumphed there first with the same legal features as in Rome.<br />
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===The Games to Iuppiter===<br />
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The Ides of each month are sacred to Iuppiter, and there were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Iuppiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13. In the 3rd century BC, the epulum Iovis became similar to a lectisternium.<br />
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The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a dies ater, or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not nefas) the two Epula Iovis of September and November.<br />
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The games of September were named Ludi Magni; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual Ludi Romani and were held in the Circus Maximus after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus, and linked to the cult of Iuppiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the triumph, which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the triumphator and the pompa circensis resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).<br />
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The Ludi Plebei took place in November in the Circus Flaminius. Mommsen argued that the epulum of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient. The Ludi Plebei were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Iuppiter is attested by Cicero.<br />
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===The Temple of Iuppiter===<br />
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The temple of Iuppiter Optimus Maximus stood on the Capitoline Hill. Iuppiter was worshiped there as an individual deity, and with Juno and Minerva as part of the Capitoline Triad. The building was supposedly begun by king Tarquinius Priscus, completed by the last king (Tarquinius Superbus) and inaugurated in the early days of the Roman Republic (September 13, 509 BC). It was topped with the statues of four horses drawing a quadriga, with Iuppiter as charioteer. A large statue of Iuppiter stood within; on festival days, its face was painted red. In (or near) this temple was the Iuppiter Lapis: the Iuppiter Stone, on which oaths could be sworn.<br />
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Iuppiter was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove," that many people use today. <br />
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==Carmenta==<br />
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Carmentis or Carmenta, (one of the Camenae), goddess of childbirth and prophecy, a goddess of charms and spells. Her soothing words ease the pains of women in labor, heal the ills of childhood, foretell the futures of brides and that of their children. The main festivals of Carmentis, the Carmentalia occur on a.d. III Id. Ian. ‡ and a.d. XVIII Kal. Feb. ‡, the first day celebrating the dedication of her sacred grove by Numa Pompilius. However, each month rites are also performed for her. Carmentis was also the mother of Evander, who played a part in the story of Hercules in Italy. <br />
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The area of the city immediately south of the Capitoline Hill held significant importance in the early developments of the religio Romana. It was here, near the Tiber, in the sacred grove of Carmentis that King Numa Pompilius would meet with the nympha Egeria, who instructed him on how to consult with the Gods. Her cultus seems to have been one of the earliest in the City. <br />
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One aspect that we know about the cultus of Carmentis was that no leather was permitted inside her sacred grove. It meant that She was to be approached while barefoot, as was also the case in some rites performed for Ceres and other goddesses. Where we hear of worship made while barefoot it usually refers only to women, and the cultus of Carmentis was primarily a women's cultus. The prohibition against leather also meant that no blood sacrifices were to be performed in the sacred grove of Carmentis. One reason for that was that her cultus related to childbirth. We see the reason given for this with the ceremony to a person's genius or juno on his or her birthday, "For on the day when they had received life, they did not want to deprive another life." <br />
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This was even carried over into the celebrations held for the birth of the City at Parilia. "In the beginning, so it is said, they sacrificed no living creature, but thought that they should keep pure and bloodless the festival commemorating the birth of their country." Augures also, who rites were established by Numa, supposedly were not to perform blood sacrifices lest they should pollute themselves. Another aspect of her cultus was that it probably used milk rather than wine as a libation. That is not certain, but, first, her cultus supposedly went back to the time of Romulus. "Romulus poured libations of milk, not wine; proof of this lies in rites established by him that preserve this custom today." Also women were generally prohibited from using wine, and again the cultus of Carmentis was primarily performed by women. Another probable aspect was that her cultus would have prohibited use of iron inside her grove or for her rites. Such a prohibition is known in the case of rites held for Ceres, and it appe<br />
ars in the temple rules at other locations. Such a prohibition may refer to the antiquity of a cultus, where bronze implements were preferred as the material for ritual tools. On the other hand iron was specified in the cultus of Mars. Iron was associated with war and death and thus, like blood sacrifices, would have been inappropriate in a cultus concerned mainly with childbirth. We see these two prohibitions come together, along with another against performing rights for the dead, in a dedication inscription. <br />
<br />
:"Into this locus nothing made of cast metal may be brought and no carcasses may be <br />
:projected over its altars, and no sacrifices may be made for deceased parents. If against <br />
:this rule a small altar is set up, then it will be permitted for a magistrate to hand down <br />
:any judgement and set whatever fines he may wish (ILS 4912)." <br />
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We may get some idea on what was permitted in her cultus by considering these various prohibitions. <br />
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:"Formerly what served to reconcile gods and men was spelt and pure salt's glistening grain. … A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites." <br />
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The more ancient a cultus, the simpler and more native offerings were to be used. Flowers and herbs, fruits and vegetables that were locally grown rather than exotic plants that were later introduced into Rome. This would have been the same with incense used in her rites. Not cinnamon or nard, myrrh or frankincense that came from distant lands. Instead bay laurel would have been used, and other trees among the arbores felices. This played in again with the prohibition against blood sacrifices in her cultus, since "it is forbidden to pollute laurel... even for making a fire at altars and shrines when divinities are to be propitiated." <br />
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Another tree that may have been used in her cultus was the "Sabine herb," a juniper, due to the association with Numa, a Sabine king, and its use in other women's rites. Grain, salt, milk, honey, and bread were offerings likely used in her cultus, and as in the culti deorum of other deities, the shape of breads used in rites for Carmentis may have been unique to her cultus. <br />
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Among all of the culti deorum celebrated at Rome under the Res Publica Libera, the cultus Carmentis seems to have been unique in its prohibition against all immolationes (blood sacrifices) and anything that would be associated with the slaughtering of animals. This was due to the nature of the cultus having been devoted to a goddess primarily associated with childbirth, and also due to its having been a very ancient cultus and one associated with Numa Pompilius. It was also characterized by the fact that mostly women participated in the cultus of Carmenta, with the exception of Carmentalia when the flamen Carmentalis led her rites, assisted by the Pontifices. Some of the other features of sacrifices made to her are not known, but we can refer to the nature of her cultus.<br />
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==Pomona==<br />
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Pomona was a Roman goddess who was the keeper of orchards and fruit trees, and her festival, which she shared with her husband Vertumnus, was always on August 13th. Pomona watches over and protects fruit trees and cares for their cultivation, and Her name is from the Latin ''pomum'', "fruit," specifically orchard fruit. "Pomme" is the French word for "apple". She was said to be a wood nymph.<br />
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Pomona was among the Numina, guardian spirits of Roman mythology, who watched over people, places, or homes. The Numina are, in essence, the holy spirits of place, from which the word "numinous" derives. Pomona protected and inspired the abundance of the fruitful gardens and orchards. She had her own priest in Rome, called the Flamen Pomonalis. A grove sacred to her was called the Pomonal, located not far from Ostia, the ancient port of Rome. <br />
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Unlike many other agricultural deities, Pomona is not associated with the harvest itself, but with the flourishing of fruit trees. She is usually portrayed bearing a cornucopia or a tray of blossoming fruit. She doesn’t appear to have had any Greek counterpart at all, and is uniquely Roman.<br />
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In Ovid's writings, Pomona is a virginal wood nymph who rejected several suitors before finally marrying Vertumnus - and the only reason she married him was because he disguised himself as an old woman, and then offered Pomona advice on who she should marry. Vertumnus turned out to be quite lusty, and so the two of them are responsible for the prolific nature of apple trees. Pomona doesn't appear very often in mythology, but she does have a festival that she shares with her husband, celebrated on August 13.<br />
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Despite her being a rather obscure deity, Pomona's likeness appears many times in classical art, including paintings by Rubens and Rembrandt, and a number of sculptures. She is typically represented as a lovely maiden with an armful of fruit and a pruning knife in one hand. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Professor Sprout, the teacher of Herbology -- the study of magical plants -- is named Pomona.<br />
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A statue of Pomona a set atop the Pulitzer Fountain in Manhattan's Grand Army Plaza in New York. There is a statue of Pomona in Reykjavik, Iceland: just north of the BSI Bus Station, in the little park bordered by Gamla Hringbraut and Laufasvegur streets. Pomona is briefly mentioned in C. S. Lewis's children's book Prince Caspian.<br />
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===A Pomonal Tale===<br />
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I know the ways of apple and almond, pear and pomegranate, the netted cherry and the sanguine mulberry. I know the secrets of grafting scion to stock, and the perfect moment of the ripeness of a peach. I have picked off beetles and set traps for caterpillars, chased away deer and outsmarted squirrels. I know how to encourage rooting by placing a wheat seed in the split stem of a cutting, and how to prune a rose to produce the most hips. I water my fruit-trees deeply and feed them well, and they reward me with luxuriant health and an abundant harvest, so that my walled orchard is truly Paradise.<br />
<br />
Somehow, however, it got around that I was unmarried. Since apparently this was not to be borne by the men of my country, I was beseiged with suitors, plentiful and persistent. As if I have time! All the wild and uncultivated men of the world came to my door then, woodsmen and hunters, sheperds and satyrs—even Silenos, that tipsy old goat, made his bid for my hand, though him I turned him down with kindness.<br />
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You'd think they would put it together that I was unavailable. I believe now my refusals must have made me an irresistible challenge, but at the time all I knew was aggravation and frustration—couldn't they leave me to my work?<br />
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They were so hopeful.<br />
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A farm boy came one spring day, peeping over my fence, watching me as I worked. He finally got up his courage and asked if he could marry me, a ridiculous proposition. I turned him down gently, for I felt rather sorry for him. He was just so young!<br />
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Next a plowman came to observe me over the wall with his old eyes the color of earth, promising to be my faithful husband. He too, I sent away.<br />
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Then came a gardener, stationed in the same spot by the wall, watching me dig a new bed for the apple seedlings. How he could find me attractive at that time was beyond me—my face was pink and smirched, my hair knotted in a scarf any old way, fingernails dirty, clothes spattered with the muck I had been kneeling in—how marriageable could I possibly have seemed? But he, like all the others, asked for my hand in marriage, and incredulous, I said no.<br />
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"Lady", he said then, "it has been three times now that I have asked to be your husband. What will it take to win you?"<br />
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Oh really! Well. I looked at him warily and said, "Show me who you are."<br />
<br />
Then the light shifted and I saw him clearly—a young man all in green, his body lean and lithe with hard work, his curling hair dark as the new-turned soil in spring, his hands capable and callused and generous, smiling at me with a gentle openness in his face. Well then. He was certainly pretty, and I'll even go so far as to admit I was tempted, but…<br />
<br />
Then he asked what variety of apple I was planting in the bed I had turned. How did he know I was planting apples there? Did I think that dates were worth growing this far north, given how difficult it was to winter them over? Had I had any luck with persea-fruit? At that I tossed him a persea-fruit from a basket; then I brought him to my date palms, small but healthy in their sheltered spot on the south side of the wall. He showed me a trick to make sour cherries sweeter; I showed him how to double their yield. We agreed about grafting, argued about pruning, and discussed rootstocks for pears; then he told me of his love for the smell of the warm moist earth and the feel of the soil in his hands, the abiding wonder he felt each time he planted a seed, and the amazement and privilege he experienced in tending to flowering and fruiting life.<br />
<br />
Well! Why hadn't he said that in the first place?<br />
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''Ref: http://www.thaliatook.com/AMGG/pomonatale.php''<br />
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==Portunus==<br />
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==Quirinus==<br />
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==Augustus==</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Certamen_HistoricumLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Certamen Historicum2014-09-15T08:05:07Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
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==About the Contest==<br />
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Salvete omnes!<br />
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This year's Certamen Historicum for the Ludi Romani will consist of 40 questions about Caesar Augustus and the Ludi Romani.<br />
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GOOD LUCK!<br />
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Optime valete,<br />
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L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
Aedilis curulis <br />
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==Rules==<br />
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A) '''You may email your answers at any time before Thursday, September 18 at 12:00 Noon Rome time with the Subject title: "Certamen Answers."'''<br />
<br />
B) '''Email your answers to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==DAY 1 QUESTIONS==<br />
<br />
<br />
1. When was Augustus born?<br />
<br />
2. Who were the three wives of Augustus?<br />
<br />
3. On what day did Augustus begin his reign?<br />
<br />
4. When did Augustus Die?<br />
<br />
5. Who were Augustus' children?<br />
<br />
6. How many of Augustus' children were adopted?<br />
<br />
7. Who was not adopted?<br />
<br />
8. Where was Augustus born?<br />
<br />
<br />
==DAY 2 QUESTIONS==<br />
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<br />
9. What town was Augustus' paternal family from?<br />
<br />
10. Where was Augustus raised?<br />
<br />
11. Augustus' father was governor of which Roman province?<br />
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12. Augustus' great-grandfather was a military tribune where?<br />
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13. How old was Augustus when his father died?<br />
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14. What was Augustus' mother's name?<br />
<br />
15. What was Augustus' given name at birth?<br />
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16. What was the name of the former governor of Syria that his mother married?<br />
<br />
<br />
==DAY 3 QUESTIONS==<br />
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<br />
17. Who did Philippus claim decent from?<br />
<br />
18. Who raised Augustus as a child?<br />
<br />
19. When was Augustus elected to the Collegium Pontificum?<br />
<br />
20. Who formed the First Triumvirate?<br />
<br />
21. Who formed the Second Triumvirate?<br />
<br />
22. After the Battle of Actium, who was elected Consul with Octavian?<br />
<br />
23. In 27 BC, what two titles did the Senate give Octavian?<br />
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24. In 23 BC, who was Augustus' first choice for co-Consul that died before taking office?<br />
<br />
<br />
==DAY 4 QUESTIONS==<br />
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25. Who was appointed to replace him?<br />
<br />
26. What was "imperium proconsulare maius," and why was it important to Augustus?<br />
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27. Where did Augustus die?<br />
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28. What was Augustus' full name?<br />
<br />
29. How old was Augustus when he died?<br />
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30. Where was Augustus buried?<br />
<br />
31. When were the Ludi Romani first held?<br />
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32. What did this festival first introduce in 364 BC to Rome?<br />
<br />
<br />
==DAY 5 QUESTIONS==<br />
<br />
33. Who are the Ludi Romani games primarily dedicated to?<br />
<br />
34. Who is said to have first established these games?<br />
<br />
35. Who originally organized the Ludi Romani?<br />
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36. Who later organized them?<br />
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37. What was unique about the Ludi circenses at the Ludi Romani?<br />
<br />
38. Who produced the first play at the Ludi Romani in 240 BC?<br />
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39. The grand processional opening the Ludi Romani began where and ended where?<br />
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40. Why did Tarquinius Priscus set up the Ludi Romani?<br />
<br />
<br />
==VICTOR==<br />
<br />
<br />
==='''1st Place:'''===<br />
<br />
==='''2nd Place:'''===<br />
<br />
==='''3rd Place:'''===</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_2767_a.u.c./Munera_GladiatoriaLudi Romani 2767 a.u.c./Munera Gladiatoria2014-09-15T07:59:46Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ludiroma-banner.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==About the Contest==<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes,<br />
<br />
This year's Ludi Romani will feature a gladiatorial series.<br />
<br />
EVERYONE IS ENCOURAGED TO PLAY. I WILL HOLD THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF MATCHES FOR THE ENTRIES RECEIVED. THERE MUST BE AT LEAST TWO ENTRIES FOR THE MUNERA GLADIATORIA FOR THE EVENT TO OCCUR.<br />
<br />
YOU MAY ENTER UP TO TWO GLADIATORS PER PERSON.<br />
<br />
<br />
Optime valete,<br />
<br />
L VITELLIVS TRIARIVS<br />
Aedilis curulis<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rules== <br />
<br />
A) '''Send your entries to: lvtriarius@yahoo.com NO LATER THAN Wednesday, September 10th.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==MUNERA GLADIATORIA== <br />
<br />
Please forward the following information on your entry:<br />
<br />
===Entry Information:===<br />
<br />
A. Your name in Nova Roma; <br />
<br />
B. The name of your Gladiator; <br />
<br />
C. The type of your Gladiator; <br />
<br />
D. Your tactics for the Quarter and Semifinals; <br />
<br />
E. Your tactics for the Finals; <br />
<br />
F. The name of your "factio" or team : <br />
<br />
:Albata - The Whites<br />
<br />
:Praesina - The Greens<br />
<br />
:Russata - The Reds<br />
<br />
:Veneta - The Blues<br />
<br />
===Gladiator Types: ===<br />
<br />
1. RETIARIUS: His weapon is the net, the trident and a dagger. His defenses are a protection of arm (manica), that includes the shoulder. <br />
<br />
2. HOPLOMACHUS: His weapons are a lance and a dagger. His defenses are a closed crest hull, circular small shield and metallic shin pads. His defenses are protection of right arm and he can take a pectoral plate. <br />
<br />
3. MURMILLO: His weapon is a short sword (gladius). His defenses are a closed great crest hull, rectangular big shield (scutum), protection in right arm and shin pad in left leg. <br />
<br />
4. THRAEX: His weapon is a curved sword (sicca). His defenses are a closed hull, the crest of the hull has the shape of faucet, a quadrangular small shield (parmula), long metallic shin pads up to the thigh and protection in right arm. <br />
<br />
5. SECUTOR: His weapon is a short sword (gladius). His defenses are closed smooth hull, rectangular big shield (scutum), protection in right arm and legs. Normally fight only against retiarii. <br />
<br />
6. DIMACHAERUS: His weapons are two curved swords (siccae). His defenses are protections in arms and legs. <br />
<br />
<br />
===Tactics:===<br />
<br />
1."Defensive" tactics. It adds one point, but the gladiator or animal has 40 % of probabilities of surviving in case of defeat, because the public does not like these tactics. <br />
<br />
2."Yourself" tactics. It neither adds nor take points. 50 % of probabilities of which the public asks for the death in case of defeat. <br />
<br />
3."Total attack" tactics. It reduced one point, but the gladiator or animal has 65 % of probabilities of surviving in case of defeat, because the public likes these tactics.<br />
<br />
<br />
= Quarter-Finals =<br />
<br />
There were not enough entries.<br />
<br />
<br />
= Semi-Finals =<br />
<br />
<br />
===Live Pre-Match Coverage===<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus, reporting to you live from the Colosseum, where we are about to watch the Semi-Finals of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.!<br />
<br />
Today’s events will feature two superb matches and some of the finest gladiators to feel the sand under their feet. We hope we can get these events underway and beat the weather. We are expecting rain around the 11th hour this morning, but the crowd doesn’t seem to be complaining too much.<br />
<br />
Vendors are out with their carts everywhere all around the Colosseum, which is filling up fast for today’s matches. Let’s speak with one of them now.<br />
<br />
Hello, could I have your name please!<br />
<br />
Sure, it’s Lentulus.<br />
<br />
So, Lentulus what are you offering the masses today?<br />
<br />
Bubblehead dolls.<br />
<br />
Don’t you mean “bobblehead” dolls.<br />
<br />
Nope.<br />
<br />
I’m selling the latest fad—Bubblehead dolls. It’s a figurine of the Senior Consul with a bubblehead.<br />
<br />
Um, that’s bobble head, you mean.<br />
<br />
Whatever...I’m a bit slow...that’s what my name means...Lentulus...a bit slow.<br />
<br />
Okay! So, good luck with your cart sales.<br />
<br />
Uh, don’t you want to buy one?<br />
<br />
Well, we have to keep moving through the crowds, so I may come back.<br />
<br />
I might not be here when you come back.<br />
<br />
Okay...here’s 5 denarii, give me the bobblehead, and—<br />
<br />
That’s bubblehead.<br />
<br />
Okay...give me the bubblehead so I can just go...<br />
<br />
<br />
(pause)<br />
<br />
<br />
Okay, so he we are, with a unique souvenir of the day, and we will be going inside to the press are for future coverage of the games. And now, a word from our sponsors.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Today’s Gladiatoria is brought to you in part by the Aventine Butchers’ Guild. Located in the Forum Boarium, we offer meat you cannot beat—the best beef, goat and veal one could ask for. For your next sacrifice and epulum, see one of our many selections. Of course, the Butchers’ Guild of the Aventine offers only the highest quality of meat for your religious and dietary needs.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
Hello, this is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus, returning to you live inside the Colosseum with the details of today’s Semi-Finals matches.<br />
<br />
In the first match we have, from the Ludus Albatus, Verus the Murmillo, owned by Gaius Decius Laterensis. What do we know about him? He is a fierce contender and usually plays it cool until the end of the match. Very level headed and calculating guy. His opponent, Galenus the Hoplomachus, owned by Sexta Laelia Macra and representing the Ludus Praesinus. He is perfectly matched with Verus, so we should see a good show of skill here today.<br />
<br />
Looking now at Match II, we find the first gladiator to be Caesarion the Retiarius, also owned by Sexta Laelia Macra and, of course, representing Praesina. He is matched with Pinarius the Murmillo, owned by the domus of Marcus Cornelius Rutilus and is representing Russata today. This should prove to be an interesting match as well. Caesarion is a berserker in the arena. He has worked his way to the Roman stadium completely by being a totally offensive combatant. One might think this advantageous, but his opponent, Pinarius, has also battled ring after ring to Rome, building his reputation on a somewhat defensive position in the arena.<br />
<br />
===Opening Ceremony===<br />
<br />
Wait...I’m getting word that the opening ceremonies are about to begin, as copies of the libellus are being distributed en masse to the spectators...<br />
<br />
Now coming into the arena is the pompa. Twelve Lictors are leading the Consuls and their delegations in...<br />
<br />
Next, we see a small band of tubicens playing a fanfare, written by Ti. Vitellius Triarius, called the Roman Fanfare...Those guys must have been up all night polishing those tubicens by the shine they are giving off on this cloudy day....<br />
<br />
Next we see the Flamen Furrinalis, M. Titinius Silvanus, who will be performing the opening sacrifice and prayer to Furrina, the goddess honored on this particular day of the games, as well as others carrying images of the gods to “witness” the proceedings...<br />
<br />
Next we see Ti. Cassius Atellus, scriba to the Aedilis curulis, who will be recording the proceedings of the games, folloed by L. Ulpius Atellus, also on the Aedilis curulis staff, carrying palm branches, which will be used to honor the victors.<br />
<br />
Here comes the Aedilis curulis and Editor of the games, L. Vitellius Triarius, with Officers of Legio II Adiutrix, carrying the weapons and armour to be used in today’s matches...<br />
<br />
Now comes a troupe of dancers and musicians from the Velian Guild of Musicians showing off their stuff to the crowd...<br />
<br />
We can see the gladiator coming in now! The crowd is in a complete uproar! The Venetans are throwing muslum on the Praesina fans and the pre-game fights are breaking out...<br />
<br />
Well, the legionnaires of II Adiutrix are moving in to quell the disruptions, and it looks like people are beginning to settle down. Looks like a couple of fans are being ejected from the stadium...<br />
<br />
The Flamen Furrinalis has just completed his duty and the Aedilis curulis is now announcing the first match.<br />
<br />
<br />
===MATCH I===<br />
<br />
<br />
Aedilis Vitellius rises, and the gladiators take their place in the center of the arena. They salute, the Aedilis signals for them to start, and the match begins...<br />
<br />
Verus the Murmillo is dressed in the crested helmet, bearing the mormylos, or sea fish, wearing an arm guard that proved he has been in the heat before. He is also wearing an manica, or arm guard, a loincloth and belt, a gaiter on his right leg, thick wrappings covering the tops of his feet, and a very short greave with an indentation for the padding at the top of the feet. He is one heavily armoured gladiator. <br />
<br />
Galenus sways back and forth, avoiding the gladius teasing of Verus. He is wearing quilted, trouser-like leg wrappings, loincloth, a belt, a pair of long shin-guards or greaves, a manica on the sword-arm, and a brimmed helmet that is adorned with a plume of feathers on top and a single feather on each side. He also is equipped with a sheathed gladius and a very small, round shield. He carried a spear, which he will have to cast before closing for hand-to-hand combat. <br />
<br />
Both are moving around the circle jabbing at each other, attempting to provoke the other into doing something that will give them an advantage early on. OH! Verus has just whacked the Hoplomachus’ spear tip off with his gladius! Galenus throws the spear shaft at Verus and draws his gladius!<br />
<br />
The two engage in several short lived melees, and Verus makes a strike “for points” on Galenus, who responds with a slash to the left side of the head. It glances off. Both have now pulled back to reassess the situation and get their breath, and both have laid down their shields...this is man-to-man now!<br />
<br />
Now they are engaging again. It’s sword play at it’s best. Both land some good hits, but Galenus is bleeding on the right leg. Doesn’t look like anything serious, but hey, that’s gladiator serious, I mean.<br />
<br />
Now they have backed off again. Galenus, wiping the sand and grit from his eyes. LOOK! Verus notices the temporary distraction and moves in for the winning attack! OHHHH! Galenus trips him and moves in for the kill! Verus is flat on his stomach with Galenus’ gladius at the back of his neck! The crowd goes wild! Galenus raises his left arm in a fist! The crowd gives him what he wants! OHHH! Verus has just rolled over, caught Galenus in his moment, leg-locked him and nor Galenus is on the ground at the mercy of Verus’ gladius. What an amatuer moment! But, Galenus, like many other gladiators has just suffered the fate of many others...being overwhelmed and taken by the awe of the crowd and attention!<br />
<br />
Verus, with gladius point at Galenus’ throat gets the signal from Aedilis Vitellius to spare the life of this young gladiator. What a soft heart from the veteran of the Legiones. But hey, these guys cost money, you know!<br />
<br />
The match is over and Verus is the Victor! He is presented a palm branch and is attended to by the medics. Albata will be partying tonight...there is no question about that!<br />
<br />
As the scribe records the final details and the statistics of the match, the arena floor is cleaned and prepared for the next match.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-mgvictorsf1.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===MATCH II===<br />
<br />
<br />
As the crowd takes their seats, the opponents for the next match are brought out. The iron gates open and Caesarion the Retiarius comes forth to the delight of the crowd! He is carrying the traditional trident, dagger and net. True to form, he is wearing the extended manica and without the protection of a helmet. With a face like that, he needs a full face guard! Scary! He is carrying a dagger, but not the standard pugio. He is carrying the Dacian dagger, which has a square guard with four blades. You don’t see that very often. He is used to fighting two Secutores at one time from the pons. There is no pile of stones to throw today!<br />
<br />
His opponent, the Murmillo, is dressed accordingly, however, he is carrying the traditional scutum of a legionnaire, but it looks a bit large for him...not too large, but again, he may be able to handle it well. We’ll just have to wait and see.<br />
<br />
The gladiators take their places, salute the Aedilis, the signal is given and the match begins...<br />
<br />
LOOK NOW! Caesarion has launched and immediate trident attack on the Murmillo, who is fending of the stabs quickly and professionally with his scutum. Guess we got our answer on the shield question...it is N-O-T a problem for this contestant. Aesarion is wielding the trident in his right hand and the dagger in his left like nobody’s business. He is in a rage and so is the crowd! They have all come to their feet on this one!<br />
<br />
Pinarius continues to defend, waiting for an opportunity. HE TAKES IT and makes a deep slash on the left leg of Caesarion! Points on that one! Both gladiators have pulled back to regroup and rethink the next step. CAESARION RUSHES! He’s not thinking about anything but netting Pinarius! He has dropped the dagger in favor of the net, which he flings in a perfect from, but misses the Murmillo by inches.<br />
<br />
Pinarius charges and pommels Caesarion to the ground with the scutum. That one had to hurt. Caesarion recovers and narrowly misses the Murmillo with his trident. Pinarius charges again with extended gladius at the side of the scutum, but the Retiarius uses the net like a whip ! it catches the gladius point and he spins Pinarius around sideways. He takes two steps, stumbles and falls! Caesarion goes for the kill, landing the trident into the shield with the force of a bull attack. The trident sticks in and won’t come out. Now the shield and the trident are abandoned. It is now down to dagger and net versus gladius...<br />
<br />
Pinarius jabs the gladus repeatedly at Caesarion, who is swinging the Dacian dagger in a random pattern at the Murmillo. The Retarius throws the net, but the Murmillo defends effectively. He throws again, but the defensive nature of Pinarius shows he has the experience to battle this one! The throws the net again, this time catching on the gladius blade. He yanks the net, but the firm had of Pinarius holds fast and several sections of the net are sliced through!<br />
<br />
They both back off, this time Pinarius is fully aware of this opponent’s position and keeps a watchful eye on the Retiarius. After a brief moment, Caesarion charges the Murmillo. OH MAN ALIVE! Pinarius just picked up the discarded scutum and slings it at the Retarius, making a sound connection with him dead on the torso!<br />
<br />
The Retiarius is stunned momentariy, which allows the Murmillo to attack! But, with a watchful eye, Caesarion has anticipated the attack, and throws the Dacian dagger at the Murmillo. It sticks in his right arm...his sword arm! He drops the gladius, the net is flung and the Retiarius kicks Pinarius in the side of his helmet and knocks him out cold!<br />
<br />
The crowd jumps to their feet and the fans go wild! The medics are on the arena floor tending to Pinarius, while the security detachment from II Adiutrix has their hands full keeping the fans in the stands! Everyone is trying to rush the legionnaires to get to Caesarion, but he is whisked away momentarily for safety.<br />
<br />
The crowds are being pushed back into the stands and we await some sense of order in this Colosseum right now...<br />
<br />
Let’s take a break and hear a word from our sponsors...<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''This Munera Gladiatoria is brought to you in part by the Bakers’ Guild of the Aventine. The Bakers’ Guild uses only the finest wheat and rye from the fields of Egypt and around the Respublica. You can be assurd that when you buy Aventine bread, it is fresh, and...you pay a fair price...and pay no more!'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
We are back, live at the Colosseum, where moments ago, the crowd attempted to have a munera of their own, but the skill and expertise of the legionnaires of II Adiutrix, our sponsored legio today, has quelled the rioting. Caesarion, the Retiarius from Ludus Praesinus, has just been returned to the sand to receive his victory palm from the Aedilis curulis. These are bittersweet times for Praesina, as they have lost one match and won one match today. Russata fans are angered over the “show off” antics of their opponent’s factio and are vowing retribution! Looks like a normal day here in the Colosseum. A little Falernian and these people will be fine!<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-mgvictorsf2.png|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===End of Match Coverage===<br />
<br />
<br />
Let’s recap today’s matches:<br />
<br />
In Match I, Albata wins, and Verus goes on to tomorrow’s finals match.<br />
<br />
In Match II, Caesarion wins, and Praesina goes on to attempt a win tomorrow.<br />
<br />
It should be an interesting line up tomorrow!<br />
<br />
Well, this is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus signing off until tomorrow! We’ll see you again in 24 hours on the sand for the Finals of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(pause)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Is the mic off? <br />
<br />
Is it off? <br />
<br />
Okay, give me a piece of that Aventine bread and some olives.... Hey, thanks...Yeah, that’s perfect...Aw man, this bread is moldy....why can’t these guys just.... <br />
<br />
<br />
= Finals =<br />
<br />
<br />
Salvete omnes!<br />
<br />
This is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus, reporting to you live from the Colosseum, where we are about to watch the Finals of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.!<br />
<br />
Today’s events will feature the victors of yesterday’s Semi-Finals Matches:<br />
<br />
Representing Factio Praesina from the Ludus Praesinus is Caesarion the Retiarius – one wild beast on the sand!<br />
<br />
His opponent, representing Factio Albata and the Ludus Albatus, we present again Verus the Murmillo – a calculating and precise implement of destruction!<br />
<br />
Both competitors are recovering from injuries received in yesterday’s matches, but they are tough—as tough as armored ballistae!<br />
<br />
The crowds are here for this afternoon’s event, and they have come out from every corner of the city for this one! No one is staying home today! They are all attempting to beat the heat, but the sunshine is beautiful...absolutely beautiful!<br />
<br />
There is a certain air of victory in the air...you can just smell it!<br />
<br />
We are coming to you live from the Colosseum, here in the Eternal City and in just moments, according to the labellum, or program for you celts, we are about to start this exhibition of ruthlessness and skill. <br />
<br />
And now, a word from our sponsors...<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Today’s Finals Exhibition is brought to you in part by the Palace Realty of the Palatine. Need a new home that fits your style? We have refurbished estates that were recently obtained by the tax collectors for non-payment of fines to the magistrates. We offer a selection of extraordinary homes, fit for a Consul! Of course, Palace Realty offers only the highest quality of residences for those with the correct political favor.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
Hello, this is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus, returning to you live inside the Colosseum with live coverage of today’s Finals match of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.<br />
<br />
Wait...I’m getting word that the opening ceremonies are about to begin, YES, here they come now onto the sand!<br />
<br />
The pompa is now entering the arena. Twelve Lictors are leading the Consuls, Sta. Cornelia and C. Aemilius, and their official delegations in...wow that bobblehead we purchased yesterday really bears a striking resemblance to the Senior Consul. I really should have bought more than one, as these things are really likely to become collector’s items!<br />
<br />
Next, we see the tubicen band playing a military styled fanfare. I’m not sure, but I think that is a new one...<br />
<br />
Next we see the Pontifex, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, who will be performing the opening sacrifice and prayer prior to the commencement of the games. He is also attended by a group of cultores, carrying images of the gods to “witness” the proceedings of today’s games...<br />
<br />
Next we see L. Ulpius Atellus, scriba to the Aedilis curulis, who will be recording the proceedings of the games today, followed by Ti. Cassius Atellus, also on the Aedilis curulis staff, carrying the victory palm, as well as what we believe to be a very small chest, no doubt carrying coinage of the Respublica to be awarded as a monetary prize to the victor. Those guys don’t get much, but every little bit helps them to buy their freedom...so they say! <br />
<br />
Next come the members of Legio XXI Rapax, from Pannonia, carrying the weapons and armour to be used in today’s matches. XXI Rapax is the honored legio today...<br />
<br />
Now comes a troupe of dancers and musicians from the Ostian Guild of Flautists and Harpists. They made it in town earlier this morning...<br />
<br />
We can see the gladiator coming in now! The crowd is in a rage, ready for action! The Russata fans are here to cheer for the Albatans! How strange...but, anything to revenge the embarrassment with Praesina yesterday! The Reds are waving white flags and yelling down with the Grass-Cutters!<br />
<br />
Pontifex Lentulus has just completed the opening ritual and the Aedilis curulis is now announcing the first match....Amazing how Pontifex Lentulus in no way resembles that Lentulus guy yesterday...you know, the one with the bubbleheads...I mean, bobblehead figurines...Anyway, let’s listen.<br />
<br />
Aedilis Vitellius rises, and the gladiators take their place in the center of the arena. The Aedilis introduces them to the crowd, which erupts in magnanimous joy. The Aedilis curulis signals for them to start, and the match begins...<br />
<br />
Verus the Murmillo and Caesarion the Retiarius waste no time. Both immediately charge each other, and the melee is ON!<br />
<br />
Caesarion is working that trident as hard as he can, but the Murmillo defends each blow with the skill of a profession fighter.<br />
<br />
Caesarion goes for a net throw early on, but Verus reflects it with his scutum...<br />
<br />
Now, Verus attempts a deadly thrust onto Caesarion, but it misses as well. Both are screaming at each other, but we cannot make out what they are saying. It looks like they are both trying to verbally assault each other into submission. VERUS ATTACKS! He has cut one of the straps of Caesarion’s manica. This could prove to be a problem...<br />
<br />
Caesarion, no amateur, makes his way around the arena, fending off the attacks of the Murmillo and keeping his armoured arm back out of harm’s way. VERUS ATTACKS AGAIN! This time, with no luck. The gladius is deflected by the Retiarius’ trident.<br />
<br />
OH MAN! Caesarion throws the net and Verus is entangled, but he rotates and continues to deflect Caesarion’s trident with his scutum. Verus is working the net off...and...he gets free from the Retiarius’ web of danger.<br />
<br />
Caesarion bends dwn to get the net and...OHHH...He launches it again at the Murmillo like a whip. It does not good. Verus is still well in the game.<br />
<br />
Verus is now moving in a circular pattern studying his opponent. He moves slowly, anticipating the moves of the Retiarius....<br />
<br />
BAM! He charges hard at the Retiarius and tags him with the scutum, but he does not inflict any damage.<br />
<br />
Caesarion stops moving and makes a “Come and take it!” motion at Verus. Verus accepts the challenge and Caesarion meets him mid-way and they clash! Caesarion has the Dacian dagger and is working it hard against Verus. Verus receives several stabs from the Retiarius’ dagger...he is bleeding, but it does not seem to be affecting his performance today. OHHHH! VERUS CONNECTS! THE RETIARUS HAS BEEN HIT WITH VERUS’ GLADIUS IN THE SIDE!<br />
<br />
Caesarion backs away to safety. Both are losing blood, but this doesn’t top the match. Verus charges again and the two clash! CAESARION TRIPS HIM WITH THE TRIDENT! VERUS FALLS! Caesarion launches the net and Verus is entangled! He’s working frantically to get free! Caesarion goes for the win with the dagger, but Verus leg sweeps him and Caesarion falls to the ground!<br />
<br />
Verus has no rolled on top of Caesarion and is attempting to transfer the net to his opponent! <br />
<br />
Caesarion grabs a hand full of sand and throws it in Verus’ face. Verus disengages and backs off, just long enough for Caesarion to get out of the net and recover himself.<br />
<br />
Verus goes for his gladius and scutum, but Caesarion launches the net and trips him! Verus is down again! Caesarion runs like a wild man and throws the trident! It misses! Verus is working his way out of the net! He gets loose, grabs the trident and throws it at Caesarion! It misses! Caesarion charges the Murmillo and kicks him in the side, rolling him like a ball! Verus recovers and, just as he is getting up, Caesarion tackles him. They are in an old-fashioned street fight right here in the sand! The crowd is up and going wild! Verus breaks loose and moves back, recovering his gladius! Caesarion reaches for his trident! He throws the trident in a swift and calculated move toward his opponent. The trident flows like a summer breeze straight at Verus’ chest! BUT WAIT! Verus, in a move so quick that we almost missed it, brings the gladius up and the tines hit the blade of Verus’ Gladius and the trident falls to the ground! <br />
<br />
In one single motion, Verus deflects the trident and then throws the gladius at Caesarion! The gladius hits Caesarion with unbridled force and wounds him in the chest. The blade has not stuck, but from the sound of the pommel strike, Caesarion has a cracked rib or two. HE’S DOWN-CAESARION IS DOWN!<br />
<br />
Verus runs over, picks up the gladius, and places it at the base of Caesarion’s neck! IT’S OVER! It...LOOKS LIKE VERUS HAS WON! OHHHH! Leg sweep by Caesarion and now they are both on the ground, wrestling for victory! They are fighting each other for the gladius! Caesarion wrestles it from Verus and places him in a headlock! The old Sleeper hold! Veru is fighting to get loose, but Caesarion is not giving in!<br />
<br />
Verus is dazed and Caesarion puts him down! VERUS IS DOWN! Caesarion gets up, grabs his trident, anticipates the recovery...BUT IT DOESN’T HAPPEN! VERUS IS DOWN FOR GOOD! HE’S LOST TOO MUCH BLOOD TO FIGHT ANY LONGER! CAESARION IS HOLDING THE TRIDENT TO HIS BACK! THE CROWD HAS CHOSEN!<br />
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CAESARION WINS IT! THE AEDILIS CONFIRMS IT! IT’S OVER PEOPLE, IT'S OVER! WE HAVE A VICTOR!<br />
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The medics are now moving into the arena to attend to Verus. Caesarion moves to accept his victory palm...but wait...there seems to be some confusion and arguing amongst the Lanistae. The Aedilis is conversing with them and shaking his head no. We will just have to see what the problem is.<br />
<br />
<br />
(pause)<br />
<br />
<br />
Okay, it appears that the Albatus Lanista felt the match was over when Verus had Caesarion on the ground. The Praesina Lanista argued the opposite. The Aedilis confers with the posh and fashionable Senator Fabius, an expert in the gladiatorial field. The Aedilis breaks away and briefly says something to the Lanistae. Aedilis Vitellius has made the final decision and it is...CAESARION!<br />
<br />
Aedilis Vitellius presents the gladiator with his spoils of victory and...oH NO!...The Russata fans are making a scene in the stands! They are picking fights with Praesina! Lovely! Here we go again!<br />
<br />
Well, Everyone, That’s it! That’s the finals of the Munera Gladiatoria of the Ludi Romani 2767 a.u.c.!<br />
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Preasina wins it under the strength, skill and dexterity of <br />
<br />
<br />
'''CAESARION THE RETRIARIUS'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Owned by the domus of Sexta Laelia Macra! There will be celebrations of GREEN all night here in the Eternal City!<br />
<br />
This is Lucius Aemilius Flaccus signing off and saying, “We’ll see you the next time here in the Colosseum!”<br />
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<br />
[[Image:ludroma2767-mgvictor.png|center]]</div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf2.pngFile:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf2.png2014-09-15T07:54:31Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triariushttp://www.novaroma.org/nr/File:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf1.pngFile:Ludroma2767-mgvictorsf1.png2014-09-15T07:53:19Z<p>Lucius Vitellius Triarius: </p>
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<div></div>Lucius Vitellius Triarius