http://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&feed=atom&action=historyLiber - Revision history2024-03-29T13:16:05ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.17.0http://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60607&oldid=prevAulus Iulius Paterculus at 18:41, 10 March 20242024-03-10T18:41:31Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the Cultus Deorum Romanorum, Liber, also known as Liber Pater ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture and wine, male fertility, and freedom. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of their Aventine Triad. His festival of Liberalia (March 17) became associated with free speech and the rights attached to coming of age.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the Cultus Deorum Romanorum, Liber, also known as Liber Pater ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture and wine, male fertility, and freedom. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of their Aventine Triad. His festival of Liberalia (March 17) became associated with free speech and the rights attached to coming of age.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Liber was closely, often interchangeably, identified with Bacchus, Dionysus, and their mythology; in the late Republican era, Cicero would insist on the "non-identity of Liber and Dionysus" and describe Liber and Libera as children of Ceres. Cicero’s insistences aside, his cult and functions were increasingly associated with Romanised forms of the Greek Dionysus and Bacchus, whose iconography and mythology he came to share, until they were completely fused .</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Liber was closely, often interchangeably, identified with Bacchus, Dionysus, and their mythology; in the late Republican era, Cicero would insist on the "non-identity of Liber and Dionysus" and describe Liber and Libera as children of Ceres. Cicero’s insistences aside, his cult and functions were increasingly associated with Romanised forms of the Greek Dionysus and<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[ </ins>Bacchus <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| Bacchus]]</ins>, whose iconography and mythology he came to share, until they were completely fused .</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cicero  speaks of three Libers and ascribes different functions and connotations to the different appellations  – which represent three distinct philosophical, oratorial, rhetorical, and epistolographic perspectives with which Liber was viewed, at least by Cicero . However, Q. Lucilius Balbus  suggests that the need to separate the “Greek” Liber (Semele natum) from the “Roman” Liber stems from the fact that neither the name Dionysus nor Bacchus is used.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cicero  speaks of three Libers and ascribes different functions and connotations to the different appellations  – which represent three distinct philosophical, oratorial, rhetorical, and epistolographic perspectives with which Liber was viewed, at least by Cicero . However, Q. Lucilius Balbus  suggests that the need to separate the “Greek” Liber (Semele natum) from the “Roman” Liber stems from the fact that neither the name Dionysus nor Bacchus is used.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Elsewhere however, Cicero appears to refer to Liber when pointing out the positive aspects of the Roman god, his festival and associated cult; to use the name Bacchus metonymically for wine, its consequences, and its generally negative derivatives; and Dionysus when discussing the Greek god and his genealogy.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Elsewhere however, Cicero appears to refer to Liber when pointing out the positive aspects of the Roman god, his festival and associated cult; to use the name Bacchus metonymically for wine, its consequences, and its generally negative derivatives; and Dionysus when discussing the Greek god and his genealogy.  </div></td></tr>
</table>Aulus Iulius Paterculushttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60604&oldid=prevAulus Iulius Paterculus at 18:35, 10 March 20242024-03-10T18:35:58Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Wyler, S (2013). Dionysos/Loufir/Liber et sa parèdre : Le fronton du temple et le culte de S. Abbondio, Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome - Antiquité [En ligne], 125-1, mis en ligne le 23 octobre 2013</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Wyler, S (2013). Dionysos/Loufir/Liber et sa parèdre : Le fronton du temple et le culte de S. Abbondio, Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome - Antiquité [En ligne], 125-1, mis en ligne le 23 octobre 2013</div></td></tr>
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</table>Aulus Iulius Paterculushttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60378&oldid=prevLucius Dellius Liberalis at 11:58, 5 December 20232023-12-05T11:58:24Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File:Liber Pater.jpg]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File:Liber Pater.jpg]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Liber Pater: God of all those who plant the luscious grape, whose pleasant liquor makes all tables fare the better''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''EPITHETS'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''EPITHETS'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Though Liber did indeed have a number of epithets found in literature, on statues, and on votive dedications to him, he is most often referred to as Liber Pater.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Though Liber did indeed have a number of epithets found in literature, on statues, and on votive dedications to him, he is most often referred to as Liber Pater.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lucius Dellius Liberalishttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60377&oldid=prevLucius Dellius Liberalis at 11:54, 5 December 20232023-12-05T11:54:40Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''EPITHETS'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''EPITHETS'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Though Liber did indeed have a number of epithets found in literature, on statues, and on votive dedications to him, he is most often referred to as Liber Pater.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Here are a few examples of the most common:</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Pater''': Father</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Pater''': Father</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Bacchus''': from Ancient Greek ''Βᾰ́κχος'' an epithet of the god Dionysus. That word Bakkhos was itself derived from the term ''bakkheia''; a Greek word used to describe the frenzied, ecstatic state that the god produced in people. In appropriating the name “Bacchus,” then, the Latins were claiming an aspect of Dionysus for their own god. “Bacchus” could also be related to the Latin word ''bacca'', meaning “a berry” or “the fruit of a tree or shrub.” In this context, such a word could be referencing grapes, the key ingredient in wine, though there is a theory within modern scholarship that now considers the possibility that both may in fact derive from the name of a Thracian fertility god.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Bacchus''': from Ancient Greek ''Βᾰ́κχος'' an epithet of the god Dionysus. That word Bakkhos was itself derived from the term ''bakkheia''; a Greek word used to describe the frenzied, ecstatic state that the god produced in people. In appropriating the name “Bacchus,” then, the Latins were claiming an aspect of Dionysus for their own god. “Bacchus” could also be related to the Latin word ''bacca'', meaning “a berry” or “the fruit of a tree or shrub.” In this context, such a word could be referencing grapes, the key ingredient in wine, though there is a theory within modern scholarship that now considers the possibility that both may in fact derive from the name of a Thracian fertility god.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Bromios''': Noisy, Loud roaring (Becatti 1951, 10)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Bromios''': Noisy, Loud roaring (Becatti 1951, 10)</div></td></tr>
</table>Lucius Dellius Liberalishttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60376&oldid=prevLucius Dellius Liberalis at 11:51, 5 December 20232023-12-05T11:51:40Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Liber was accompanied everywhere he went by an entourage known as the thiasos to the Greeks, of revelers and beasts, who were said to engage in nocturnal orgies . The thiasos included frenzied worshippers known as maenads, as well as satyrs and fauns— male nature spirits/creatures that were half-human and half-animal (with ears and a tail resembling those of a horse for the former and horns and legs of the goat for the latter, as well as a permanent, exaggerated erection for both). In Roman literature, Liber was often associated with the half-human, half-goat fauns.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Liber was accompanied everywhere he went by an entourage known as the thiasos to the Greeks, of revelers and beasts, who were said to engage in nocturnal orgies . The thiasos included frenzied worshippers known as maenads, as well as satyrs and fauns— male nature spirits/creatures that were half-human and half-animal (with ears and a tail resembling those of a horse for the former and horns and legs of the goat for the latter, as well as a permanent, exaggerated erection for both). In Roman literature, Liber was often associated with the half-human, half-goat fauns.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Public figures who wanted to associate themselves with Liber would occasionally adopt the god’s attributes, for example the politicians Pompey and M. Antonius sometimes represented themselves with the attributes of Liber  , as did the controversial Roman emperor Elagabalus (218-222) of the Severan dynasty.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Public figures who wanted to associate themselves with Liber would occasionally adopt the god’s attributes, for example the politicians Pompey and M. Antonius sometimes represented themselves with the attributes of Liber  , as did the controversial Roman emperor Elagabalus (218-222) of the Severan dynasty.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''EPITHETS'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Pater''': Father</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Bacchus''': from Ancient Greek ''Βᾰ́κχος'' an epithet of the god Dionysus. That word Bakkhos was itself derived from the term ''bakkheia''; a Greek word used to describe the frenzied, ecstatic state that the god produced in people. In appropriating the name “Bacchus,” then, the Latins were claiming an aspect of Dionysus for their own god. “Bacchus” could also be related to the Latin word ''bacca'', meaning “a berry” or “the fruit of a tree or shrub.” In this context, such a word could be referencing grapes, the key ingredient in wine, though there is a theory within modern scholarship that now considers the possibility that both may in fact derive from the name of a Thracian fertility god.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Bromios''': Noisy, Loud roaring (Becatti 1951, 10)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Lyeus/Lyæus''': He who releases from care and anxiety (Becatti 1951, 10; Ovid, Metamorphoses 4, 1-27)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Nyctileus''': the Night Sun (Ovid, Metamorphoses 4, 1-27)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Lenæus''': Setter of Wine</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Genialis consitor uva''': God of all those who plant the luscious grape</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ovid's Metamorphoses, IV.I contains a number of epithets of Greek and Italic origin.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Due to the fusion of the various cults that ended up shaping that of Liber Pater, epithets from those Greek, Etruscan, Samnite ''et al''. cults entered Roman cult use.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lucius Dellius Liberalishttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60375&oldid=prevLucius Dellius Liberalis at 10:19, 4 December 20232023-12-04T10:19:22Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''ONLINE RESOURCES'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''ONLINE RESOURCES'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Barron, C. (2019). Restoration of the temple of liber pater, Sabratha (IRT 55) - https://www.judaism-and-rome.org/restoration-temple-liber-pater-sabratha-irt-55  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Barron, C. (2019). Restoration of the temple of liber pater, Sabratha (IRT 55) - <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>https://www.judaism-and-rome.org/restoration-temple-liber-pater-sabratha-irt-55<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Borbonus , D., & Haselberger, L. (n.d.). Ceres, Aedes. Digital Augustan Rome. Retrieved March 2023, from https://www.digitalaugustanrome.org/records/ceres-aedes/  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Borbonus , D., & Haselberger, L. (n.d.). Ceres, Aedes. Digital Augustan Rome. Retrieved March 2023, from <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>https://www.digitalaugustanrome.org/records/ceres-aedes/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>De Santis, Giovanni (2022). Liberalia e Bacchanalia – 17 marzo – Ad Maiora Vertite www.admaioravertite.org</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>De Santis, Giovanni (2022). Liberalia e Bacchanalia – 17 marzo – Ad Maiora Vertite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>www.admaioravertite.org<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Glavčić, M (2002) The Cult of Liber in Ancient Senia - hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/27844</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Glavčić, M (2002) The Cult of Liber in Ancient Senia - <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/27844<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Le Bonniec, H (1958). “Le culte de Cérès à Rome des origines à la fin de la République” in Jean Gagé (1962) Revue de l'histoire des religions, tome 161, n°2, pp. 233-239.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Le Bonniec, H (1958). “Le culte de Cérès à Rome des origines à la fin de la République” in Jean Gagé (1962) Revue de l'histoire des religions, tome 161, n°2, pp. 233-239.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Lepelley, C (1979). Les cités d’Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire, Paris: Études augustiniennes.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Lepelley, C (1979). Les cités d’Afrique romaine au Bas-Empire, Paris: Études augustiniennes.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Matthews, K. D (1957). Cities in the Sand Leptis Magna and Sabratha in Roman Africa – www.penelope.uchicago.edu  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Matthews, K. D (1957). Cities in the Sand Leptis Magna and Sabratha in Roman Africa – <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://</ins>www.penelope.uchicago.edu<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Marmouri, K (2017) Temple de Liber Pater ou Capitole? Antiquités africaines, vol˚53 2017, 5-21.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Marmouri, K (2017) Temple de Liber Pater ou Capitole? Antiquités africaines, vol˚53 2017, 5-21.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Santuario C, Il tempio dionisiaco in località Sant’Abbondio di Pompei. -  https://pompeii.uk/Temples/SancCSAbbondio.htm  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Santuario C, Il tempio dionisiaco in località Sant’Abbondio di Pompei. -  <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>https://pompeii.uk/Temples/SancCSAbbondio.htm<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Rousselle, R. (1987). Liber-Dionysus in Early Roman Drama. The Classical Journal, 82(3), 193–198. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3297899</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Rousselle, R. (1987). Liber-Dionysus in Early Roman Drama. The Classical Journal, 82(3), 193–198. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>http://www.jstor.org/stable/3297899<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Smith, William (1867) Libero & Libera, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology – http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Smith, William (1867) Libero & Libera, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology – <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Tempio Ædes Cereris Liberi Liberæ - www.romanoimpero.com</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Tempio Ædes Cereris Liberi Liberæ - <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>www.romanoimpero.com<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Valchev, I (2020) The Cult of Liber Pater and Dionysus in the Lower Danubian provinces during the Late Roman Period, Encyclopedia of Late Antique Balkans – labalkans.org</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Valchev, I (2020) The Cult of Liber Pater and Dionysus in the Lower Danubian provinces during the Late Roman Period, Encyclopedia of Late Antique Balkans – <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>labalkans.org<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Wyler, S (2013). Dionysos/Loufir/Liber et sa parèdre : Le fronton du temple et le culte de S. Abbondio, Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome - Antiquité [En ligne], 125-1, mis en ligne le 23 octobre 2013</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Wyler, S (2013). Dionysos/Loufir/Liber et sa parèdre : Le fronton du temple et le culte de S. Abbondio, Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome - Antiquité [En ligne], 125-1, mis en ligne le 23 octobre 2013</div></td></tr>
</table>Lucius Dellius Liberalishttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60374&oldid=prevLucius Dellius Liberalis at 10:14, 4 December 20232023-12-04T10:14:49Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of Liber’s roles was that of a civilising god of humanity, a role upon which Ovid focused greatly, and in his Fasti Ovid connects Liber with Prometheus making him the first to offer a sacrifice – libamen - and with Aristaeus, as inventor of honey – et inventi praemia mellis habet.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of Liber’s roles was that of a civilising god of humanity, a role upon which Ovid focused greatly, and in his Fasti Ovid connects Liber with Prometheus making him the first to offer a sacrifice – libamen - and with Aristaeus, as inventor of honey – et inventi praemia mellis habet.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>“…they say that [Bacchus] discovered honey.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>“…they say that [Bacchus] discovered honey.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>He was travelling from sandy Hebrus, accompanied</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>He was travelling from sandy Hebrus, accompanied</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>By Satyrs, (my tale contains a not-unpleasant jest)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>By Satyrs, (my tale contains a not-unpleasant jest)</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>And was rewarded with the prize of discovering honey.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>And was rewarded with the prize of discovering honey.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Once the Satyrs, and old bald-headed Silenus, had tasted it,</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Once the Satyrs, and old bald-headed Silenus, had tasted it,</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>They searched for the yellow combs in every tree.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>They searched for the yellow combs in every tree.”<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>(Ovid, Fasti.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>(Ovid, Fasti.)</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lucius Dellius Liberalishttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60373&oldid=prevLucius Dellius Liberalis at 10:14, 4 December 20232023-12-04T10:14:20Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of Liber’s roles was that of a civilising god of humanity, a role upon which Ovid focused greatly, and in his Fasti Ovid connects Liber with Prometheus making him the first to offer a sacrifice – libamen - and with Aristaeus, as inventor of honey – et inventi praemia mellis habet.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>One of Liber’s roles was that of a civilising god of humanity, a role upon which Ovid focused greatly, and in his Fasti Ovid connects Liber with Prometheus making him the first to offer a sacrifice – libamen - and with Aristaeus, as inventor of honey – et inventi praemia mellis habet.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>“…they say that [Bacchus] discovered honey.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>“…they say that [Bacchus] discovered honey.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>He was travelling from sandy Hebrus, accompanied</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>He was travelling from sandy Hebrus, accompanied</div></td></tr>
</table>Lucius Dellius Liberalishttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60372&oldid=prevLucius Dellius Liberalis at 10:08, 4 December 20232023-12-04T10:08:03Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>   4 MacGóráin (2019)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>   4 MacGóráin (2019)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>   5 MacGóráin, 2019 p.165</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>   5 MacGóráin, 2019 p.165</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  6 MacGóráin (2019).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  7 ARD, F 93C</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  8 De Civ. Dei, 4.11</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  9 De Vaan (2008)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  10 Eleutherios Ἐλευθέριος ("the liberator")</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  11 Rerum Divinarum Libri, quoted by Augustine, De Civitate Dei, V, 9</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  12 Liberum a liberamentum appellatum volunt quod mares per eius beneficium emissis seminibus in coeundo liberentur. […] Et ob haec Libero eandem corporis parte in templo poni. Ad haec addunt mulieres attributas Libero et vinum propter libidimem concitandam</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  13 Catullus, Ode 64.251–64; Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.25–27; Virgil, Georgics 4.521</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  14 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings 3.6.6; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 33.150; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 8.2.4; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.82.4.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  15 Spaeth (1996) The Roman Goddess Ceres, p. 8</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  16 Wiseman, T.P (1988) "Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's Ars Poetica", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 78, p 7, note 52.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  17 Spaeth (1996) pp. 4, 6–13, citing Arnobius, who mistakes this as the first Roman cult to Ceres. His belief may reflect the high profile and ubiquity of the "reformed" cult during the later Imperial period, and possibly the fading of older, distinctively Aventine forms of her cult.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  18 Kovacs (2013)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  19 Spaeth (1996). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">  20 a hollow charm of gold or leather, which parents placed about the necks of children to ward off evil spirits.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''BIBLIOGRAPHY'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''BIBLIOGRAPHY'''</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lucius Dellius Liberalishttp://www.novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Liber&diff=60371&oldid=prevLucius Dellius Liberalis at 10:03, 4 December 20232023-12-04T10:03:19Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 10:03, 4 December 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It is important to point out that the licentious and mischievous behaviour found in both Virgil and Augustine’s narrative, as well as the accounts of Liber’s cults outside of Rome are missing from Ovid: as he was reformulating a more Roman Liber.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It is important to point out that the licentious and mischievous behaviour found in both Virgil and Augustine’s narrative, as well as the accounts of Liber’s cults outside of Rome are missing from Ovid: as he was reformulating a more Roman Liber.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lucius Dellius Liberalis