Aedes Iuno Monetae

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About the Temple of Iuno Moneta

The Temple of Juno Moneta (Latin: Templum Iunonis Monetæ) was an ancient Roman temple that stood on the Arx or the citadel on the Capitoline Hill overlooking the Roman Forum.^[1] Located at the center of the city of Rome, it was the place where Roman coins were first minted, thereby initiating the ancient practice of associating mints with temples.^[2] In addition, it was the place where the books of the magistrates were deposited.

Etymology

Juno Moneta, an epithet of the Roman goddess Juno, was the protectress of funds. As such, money in ancient Rome was coined in her temple for over four centuries, before being moved to a new location near the Colosseum during the reign of emperor Domitian.^[3] Thus, moneta came to mean "mint" in Latin, which was used in written works of ancient Roman writers such as Ovid, Martial, Iuvenal, and Cicero, and was the origin of the English words "monetary" and "money". Cicero suggests that the name Moneta derived from the verb "monere", because during an earthquake, a voice from this temple had demanded the expiatory sacrifice of a pregnant sow, connecting to the old Roman legend that Juno's sacred geese warned the Roman commander, M. Manlius Capitolinus, of the approach of the Gauls in 390 BC.^[1] Moneta is also the name used for Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses, by Livius Andronicus in his translation of the Odyssey, and G. Julius Hyginus citation of Iuppiter and Moneta as parents of the muses. The name Mnemosyne or Memory was connected to Juno Moneta who maintained in her temple an unimpeachable record of historical events.^[1]

History

In the beginning of the hostilities with the Aurunci in 345 BC, Camillus decided to summon the aid of the gods for the conflict by vowing to build a temple to Juno Moneta. While victoriously returning to Rome, he resigned from his post and the senate appointed two commissioners to build the temple. They chose its site to be on the citadel, where the house of Marcus Manlius Capitolinus had been, and dedicated it one year after the vow.^[3] This was recorded in Livy's Ab Urbe Condita History of Rome and Ovid's Fasti, where the latter states:^[4] The temple stored the Linen Rolls (Libri Lintei), the records of annually elected consuls, dating from 444 BC to 428 BC. From 273 BC, Roman silver mint and its workshops were attached to the temple. Moneta's guardianship of Roman coinage encouraged Roman moneyers to use this means as a true record for glorifying their families by commemorating heroic family legends.^[1] Due to lack of vestiges and scarce information concerning the exact location, the temple is considered to be an enigma in the topography of ancient Rome. However, all agree on the fact that it stood on the summit of the citadel rather than on the other two areas of the hill. Some topographers placed the temple's location under the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, while others placed it close to the edge of the hill facing the Forum alongside the stairway up to the back of the church.^[3] Although tradition talks about the construction of the temple on the site of the house of the patrician hero Manlius,^[3] ancient sources, in reference to the period of the Gallic Wars of 390 BC, suggest the existence of a previous temple building, which was linked to two found Archaic terracotta artefacts in the Aracoeli garden dating to the period between late 4th and early 5th centuries. Other remains of square walls and stones which were preserved in the garden, were attributed by scholars to the fortification work of the Arx, possibly going back to the supposed Archaic and Mid-Republican phases of the Temple.^{[5] [6]}

Notes

1. ↑ ^{1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4} R. Joy Littlewood, Oxford University Press, (2006). A Commentary on Ovid's Fasti, Book 6 p.57. ISBN: 0-19-156920-8
2. ↑ Mark C. Taylor, University of Chicago Press, (1992). Disfiguring: Art, Architecture, Religion p. 146.
3. ↑ ^{3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4}
4. ↑ William Smith, Walton & Maberly, (1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, Volume 2 p.766.
5. ↑ The Temple of Juno Moneta, Ancient Capitol Musei Capitolini Retrieved on April 17, 2012.
6. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Juno_Moneta