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Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-09-08T15:46:41Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus''' is a former Legate of Montes Saxosi (Colorado and Utah), as well as a former flamen of Volturnus and former priest of Neptunus.

He became a citizen of Nova Roma in 2003 as ''C. Iulius Iustinus''. In 2004 he was adopted into gens Ambrosia, becoming briefly ''C. Ambrosius Artorius Iulianus'', and later ''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''. In 2010 he regularized his name in its present form. He takes his cognomen from his ancestors' manor of Svenserum in Sweden.

Iustinus lives in Denver, Colorado. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is currently working toward an M.A. in History. He owns [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore], and serves on the board of directors of Coalition of Visionary Resources, a national trade organization. He is a lifelong student of the Stoic philosophers.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era, and through them to many ancient Roman families, including the Aurelii and Iulii. His sister Gaia Aurelia Suenserana Laurentia is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

*Nihil

==''Munera Alia''==

*[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:from {{2006}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:from {{2004}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:from {{2006}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:{{2004}}

==''Res Gestae''==

*Nihil

[[Category:Gens Aurelia (Nova Roma)|Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Collina (Nova Roma)|Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus, C.]]

Sol

2010-06-07T04:17:40Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

'''Sol''', Roman deity of the sun. His cult seems to have been relatively unimportant until promoted to a state cult under the Aurelian emperors as Sol Invictus.

==Etymology==

The Latin name Sol is cognate to the Etruscan ''Usil'', Sabine ''Ausil'', Sanskrit ''Surya'', Germanic ''Sol'', and Greek ''Helios''.

==Sol Indiges==

Varro mentions Sol Indiges as one of the 12 principal agricultural deities.<ref>Varro, De re rustica I, I, 5.</ref> According to tradition, the Sabine king Titus Tatius introduced the worship of Sol to Rome after the conclusion of peace between Romulus and the Sabines<ref>August., ''de Civ. Dei'', iv. 23.</ref> The Sabines settled on the Quirinal, and the altar of Sol there was one of the altars established by Titus Tatius.<ref>Varro, ''Ling. Latine'' 5.74.</ref>

For the early Romans, Sol was an important symbol of the amalgamation of Latins and Romans. As Aeneas was the supposed ancestor of the Romans, so Odysseus was the ancestor of the Etruscans and Latins. Latinus, the eponymous ancestor legendary hero of the Latins, was said to have been a son of Odysseus and Circe, who was herself the daughter of Helios (Sol).<ref>The identification is not exact. Other accounts call Latinus a son of Hercules, or of the god Faunus. The Latin cities honored Latinus as Indiges, or Iuppiter Indiges, while Rome honored Aeneas under the same title.</ref>

Under the Republic, the cult of Sol Indiges was a ''sacrum gentilicum'' of gens Aurelia (originally the Sabine gens Auselii), who claimed descent from the god.<ref>S. Pompeius Festus, ''Lib. I'': “Aureliam familiam ex Sabinus oriundam a Sole dictam putant: quod ei publice a populo Romano datus sit locus, in quo sacra facerent Soli, qui ex hoc Auselii dicebantur, ut Valesii, Papisii, pro eo, quod est Valerii, Papirii.” See also Varro, l, c. The name Aurelius or Auselius means ''golden'', and seems to be connected to Usil, the Umbrian and Etruscan god of light, and to the Ozeul named in a Salian hymn. (William Warde Fowler, ''The Roman festivals of the period of the Republic: an introduction to the study of the religion of the Romans'', (1889), 191-92, n. 5.</ref> Probably the Romans made an ''evocatio'' of Sol at some point during the early third-century conquest of the Sabines, and the Aurelii, as the Sabine family that superintended the cult, acquiesced in Sol’s removal to Rome.<ref>Robert L. Porter, "The Republican Aurelii" (Princeton Univ., diss. 1968), 1-9.</ref>

At an early date Sol came to be identified with Janus. Janus and Jana were worshipped as sun and moon, and were regarded as the highest of the gods, receiving their sacrifices before all the others.<ref>Macrobius ''Saturnalia'' i. 9; Cicero ''De Natura Deorum'' ii. 27.</ref>

By the time of the early Empire, Sol had been partially syncretized with the Greek Apollo. In Horace’s ''Carmen Saeclare'', the poet addresses Apollo and Diana. Apollo he calls both Phoebus and Sol. Apollo and Diana carry the prayers of the people to the throne of the gods. Horace also mentions Sol in his ''Odes''.

==Sol Invictus==

The worship of Sol Invictus was elevated to a state cult by the emperor Aurelian in 274. He built a temple and founded a second pontifical college, the ''pontifices Solis'', pontiffs of the Sun, to administer the rites.<ref>cf. ''CIL'' vi, 1397, 1418, 1673 (''Pontifices Dei Solis'') and 1742 (''Pontifices Solis'').</ref>

Many older works erroneously suppose the cult of Sol Invictus was the oriental cult of Elagabalus imported to Rome. Modern research has shown that the cult is, however, autochthonous at Rome. The type of Sol Invictus, though not the name, appears on imperial coinage from the time of Septimius Severus onwards.<ref>Allan S. Hoey, "Official Policy towards Oriental Cults in the Roman Army" ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 70, (1939:456-481) 470, 479f.</ref>
Sol Invictus was a powerful symbol for the Romans of the late Empire: each evening he is forced apparently to submit to the powers of darkness, but he reappears each morning as the eternal victor. Christian scholars have frequently seen Sol Invictus and [[Mithras]] as prefigurations of Christ.

==Cult==

Anciently, Sol seems to have been the god of the agricultural year. In the time of the Republic the worship of Sol Indiges was joined with that of Luna, the moon. Priests are typically attested as both ''Solis et Luniae''.

Sol had sacred grove at Lavinium, probably his original home. There were also local shrines to Sol Indiges in the rural areas of Sabinium, Samnium and Etruria.

At Rome, Sol had a temple on the Quirinal near the temple of Quirinus. Quintilian describes it as a ''pulvinar'', a place where a deity is carried or entertained at a banquet (''ad lectisternium'').<ref>“. . . ut a Latinis veteribus ad plurimis in verbis ultimam adiectam, quod manifestum est etiam ex columna rostrata, quae est duilio in foro posita, interim a quoque, ut in pulvinari Solis, qui colitur iuxta aedem Quirini, "vesperug", quod "vesperuginem" accipimus.” Quintilian, ''Institutiones'', I.7.12. See also Paulus, 23; Varro, ''Ling. Latine'', 5.52. The ''pulvinar'' there, being a Greek custom, cannot be older than the Second Punic War. (Lawrence Richardson, ''A new topographic dictionary of Rome'' (1992), 322.)</ref>

Sol and Luna shared the Templum Solis et Lunae, a shrine (''aedes'') in the Circus Maximus. The two of them were patrons of racing. Augustus set up an important solar monument, the obelisk of Ramses II brought from Heliopolis, on the ''spina'' of the Circus Maximus, probably on the axis of the templum.<ref>Pliny, ''HN'', 36.71; Amm. Marc. 17.4.12.</ref>

An epigram quoted by Cicero shows that the rising sun was greeted each morning.<ref>Epigram of Q. Lutatius Catulus, quoted by Cicero, ''De natura deorum'', I, 28, 79: “Constiterum exorientem Auroram forte salutans cum subito a laeva Roscius exoritur . . . “.</ref> The prayer had to be spoken while facing east: ''ad ortus'', ''ad orientum''.<ref>Gaston H. Halsberghe, ''The Cult of Sol Invictus'' (1972), 36, citing F. J. Dölger, “Sol Salutis” ''Liturgische Forschungen'', 4/5 (1925), 39); Servius, ''Ad Aen.'' XII, 172.</ref>

An elite legion raised by Constantius I in the third century was named the ''Solenses'' (sacred to Sol).

==Festivals==

The ''feria'' of Sol Indiges and dedication (''dies natalis'') of the temple on the Quirinal was celebrated August 9th.<ref>Fasti Amiternini (“a.d. V Idus Augustas: Soli Indigeti in colle Quirinali Feriae”), Fastii Vallensis (a.d. V Idus Augustas: Solis Indigetis in colle Quirinali Sacrificium Publicum), Fastii Maffeiani and Fastii Ailifani</ref>. The ''publicum'' was August 8th.

The dedication of the Templum Sol et Luna at the Circus Maximus was celebrated on August 28th.

Sol was also honored on December 11th, one of the ''dies agonales''. A different god was honored on each of these days, Janus on January 9, Liber Pater (Mars?) on March 17, (Vediovis?) on May 21, and Indiges on December 11.<ref>Richardson, 4-5, 325-26.</ref> On each of the ''dies agonales'' a ram was sacrificed in the Regia.<ref>Richardson, 5.</ref>

The Imperial cult of Sol Invictus celebrated the ''Dies Natalis Solis Invicti'', the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun, on December 25. This date was considered to be the date of the winter solstice.<ref>A connection between the unconquered sun and the Christian Son of God lead to the modern celebration of Christ’s birth on the same day.</ref>

==Iconography==

Under Greek influence, the image of Sol was derived from his equivalent Helios. Sol was represented as driving a ''quadriga'', a four-horse chariot. Sol appears in this form on a denarius of gens Manlia in 135 BCE.<ref>Halsberghe, 27.</ref>

Sol’s cult partner Luna is represented driving a biga, a two-horse chariot.

==References==

Gaston H. Halsberghe, ''The Cult of Sol Invictus'' (1972).

Steven E. Hijmans, "The Sun which did not rise in the East: The Cult of Sol Invictus in the Light of Non-Literary Evidence", ''BABesch: Bulletin Antieke Beschaving'', 71 (1996), 115-150.

Steven E. Hijmans, "Sol Invictus, the Winter Solstice, and the Origins of Christmas", ''Mouseion'', Number 47/3 (2003).

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-06-01T22:10:17Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus''' is a former Legate of Montes Saxosi (Colorado and Utah), as well as a former flamen of Volturnus and former priest of Neptunus.

He became a citizen of Nova Roma in 2003 as ''C. Iulius Iustinus''. In 2004 he was adopted into gens Ambrosia, becoming briefly ''C. Ambrosius Artorius Iulianus'', and later ''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''. In 2010 he regularized his name in its present form. He takes his cognomen from his ancestors' manor of Svenserum in Sweden.

Iustinus lives in Denver, Colorado. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is currently working toward an M.A. in History. He owns [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore], and serves on the board of directors of Coalition of Visionary Resources, a national trade organization. He is a lifelong student of the Stoic philosophers.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era, and through them to many ancient Roman families, including the Aurelii and Iulii. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

*Nihil

==''Munera Alia''==

*[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:from {{2006}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:from {{2004}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:from {{2006}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:{{2004}}

==''Res Gestae''==

*Nihil

[[Category:Gens Aurelia (Nova Roma)|Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Collina (Nova Roma)|Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus, C.]]

File:CIV-Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus.jpg

2010-06-01T21:59:10Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-30T06:18:15Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' is a former Legate of Montes Saxosi (Colorado and Utah), as well as a former flamen of Volturnus and former priest of Neptunus.

He became a citizen of Nova Roma in 2003 as ''Gaius Iulius Iustinus''. In 2004 he was adopted into gens Ambrosia, becoming briefly ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorius Iulianus'', and later ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''. In 2010 he regularized his name in its present form.

Iustinus lives in Denver, Colorado. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is currently working toward an M.A. in History. He owns [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore], and serves on the board of directors of Coalition of Visionary Resources, a national trade organization. He is a lifelong student of the Stoic philosophers.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era, and through them to many ancient Roman families, including the Aurelii and Iulii. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

*Nihil

==''Munera Alia''==

*[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:from {{2006}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:from {{2004}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:from {{2006}}
:to {{2008}}

*[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:{{2004}}

==''Res Gestae''==

*Nihil

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Collina (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-25T16:28:09Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma in 2003 as Gaius Iulius Iustinus. He lives in Denver, Colorado (Regio Montes Saxosi). He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He owns [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era, and through them to many ancient Roman families. He is a lifelong student of the Stoic philosophers.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Other Posts''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Collina (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Volturnus

2010-05-14T03:58:12Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

The Roman god Volturnus was one of the [[Dii Indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the [[Cultus deorum Romanorum|cultus deorum]]. Volturnus is known to have been an agricultural God, and surviving fragments show he was specifically a river God. Like other ancient Gods, his cult was overshadowed and obscured by a religious reformation, probably in the 4th century BCE. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of Rome's earliest religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure".<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>

The name Volturnus suggests a connection with the port of Volturnum (now Capua). Volturnum was a settlement of the Oscans, and later of the Etruscans. The city is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. The Romans built a fort at Volturum for provisioning the army, and in 194 BCE established a colony there.

Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome in the 2nd century BCE<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Such removals of conquered Gods to Rome were commonplace. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated.

==Mythology==

No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a ''numen'', and therefore never acquired personal characteristics.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Tiberinus===

Classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) believed Volturnus was the cult name for the tutelary deity of the Tiber river.<ref>Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327.</ref> His reasoning is straightforward: surviving fragments show Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, that river must have been the Tiber. Mommsen's view influenced generations of scholars<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25.</ref>, and is still presented as a fact in popular materials.

However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The God of the Tiber river was almost certainly named [['Tiberinus]]' by the Latins, while the Volturno is a river in Campania. Following an influential article by Joel Le Gall in 1953,<ref>Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953), pp. 40-56, "Les prétendus dieux du Tibre". See also Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89.</ref> the identification of Volturnus with Tiberinus was largely abandoned by the scholarly community.

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384.</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

===Portunus===

Mommsen also identified Volturnus with [[Portunus]], on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref> Portunus was a God of harbors.

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848).</ref>. The correspondence has not gained acceptance.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the [[Tempestates]]: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind, and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Consorts and Children==

No consorts or children of Volturnus are known.

===Gens Velthurna===

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848).</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' (Boston: Brill, 1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

==Cult==

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored ''flamines'', in a system conventionally said to have been established by [[Numa tradition|Numa Pompilius]]. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the ''flamines'' seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE.

Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the ''flamines'' seem to have been anachronistic.

Like other ''flamines minores'', the Flamen Volturnalis could be either patrician or plebeian.

==Festivals==

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

Inde aliae tempestates
ventique secuntur,
altitonans Volturnus
et Auster fulmine pollens.

And other Winds do follow: the high roar
Of great Volturnus, and the
Southwind strong
With thunder-bolts.<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river (95 CE), Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

A representation of a man having a fish offered to him survives at Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848), citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>. Other scholars believe it represents Volturnus. More probably, it represents Volcanus. Small live fish were thrown into a fire as a sacrificial offering at the Volcanalia.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996).

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953).

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published in 2004 at Gens Ambrosia, http://www.ambrosii.com.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Tiberinus

2010-05-14T03:58:02Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]
[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]

The Roman god Tiberinus, or ''Tiberis Pater'', was one of the greatest Gods of ancient Rome. He was one of the [[Dii Indigetes]], but was not served by any known priest or flamen.

==Etymology==

The name Tiber is perhaps pre-Latin, a cognate of the Roman name of Tibur (modern Tivoli). It may be Etruscan or Italic in origin, possibly akin to the Celtic root-word dubr, "water". The same root is believed to be the source of the Latin praenomen Tiberius, and its Etruscan cognate, Thefarie.

==History==

Little is known about Tiberinus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the [[Cultus deorum Romanorum|cultus deorum]].

==Mythology==

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Tiberinus as one of the [[Oceanids]], the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber river was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

Another version says the river was renamed for [[Tiberinus Silvius]], the ninth legendary king of [[Alba Longa]], who drowned there.

Tiberinus found the twins Romulus and Remus, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Tiberinus===

Surviving fragments suggest the Tiberinus might have been honored under the name [[Volturnus]]. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Tiberinus with [[Portunus]] as well as Volturnus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Tiberinus was identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Tiberinus with Turnus, and says he aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>. Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Tiberinus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

===Janus===

Some scholars equate Tiberinus with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Tiberinus (as Turnus) was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgins|vestal virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf Lupa to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantua, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantuaa was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Tiberinus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Tiberinus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

===Gens Tiberius===

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. (Kessinger Publishing Company, 1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that crossing a river angers its tutelary spirit. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

==Festivals==

===Argeia===

Each May 15th, 24 rush puppets tied hand and foot, called ''Argei'', were taken in a procession of magistrates, pontifices and [[Vestal Virgins|Vestal virgins]] to the Sublician Bridge, where the Vestals cast the puppets into the Tiber. The puppets were believed by the common people of the time to be substitutes for old men, who had once been the victims.<ref>William Warde Fowler, ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic'' (Macmillan Co., 1898), 57, 112-113; Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani, ''New Tales of Old Rome'' (Rome: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1901), 16.</ref>

==Epigraphy==

There is an extensive body of epigraphy concerning Tiberinus and the Tiber river.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996).

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953), pp. 40-56, "Les prétendus dieux du Tibre".

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published in 2004 at Gens Ambrosia, http://www.ambrosii.com.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Tiberinus

2010-05-13T17:54:45Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus: New page: {{LanguageBar |Volturnus}} Volturnus. Tiberis Pater. The Roman god Tiberinus, or ''Tiberis Pater'', was one of...

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]
[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]

The Roman god Tiberinus, or ''Tiberis Pater'', was one of the greatest Gods of ancient Rome. He was one of the [[Dii Indigetes]], but was not served by any known priest or flamen.

==Etymology==

The name Tiber is perhaps pre-Latin, a cognate of the Roman name of Tibur (modern Tivoli). It may be Etruscan or Italic in origin, possibly akin to the Celtic root-word dubr, "water". The same root is believed to be the source of the Latin praenomen Tiberius, and its Etruscan cognate, Thefarie.

==History==

Little is known about Tiberinus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the [[Cultus deorum Romanorum|cultus deorum]].

Surviving fragments suggest the Tiberinus was honored under the name [[Volturnus]]. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Mythology==

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Tiberinus as one of the Oceanids, the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber river was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

Another version says the river was renamed for [[Tiberinus Silvius]], the ninth legendary king of Alba Longa, who drowned there.

Vergil identified Tiberinus with Turnus, and says he aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>. Tiberinus found the twins Romulus and Remus, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Janus===

Some scholars equate Tiberinus with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Tiberinus was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Tiberinus with Volturnus, as well as with [[Portunus]], on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Tiberinus was identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Tiberinus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf Lupa to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantua, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantuaa was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Tiberinus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Tiberinus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. (Kessinger Publishing Company, 1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that crossing a river angers its tutelary spirit. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

==Festivals==

===Argeia===

There are hints that human sacrifice might have once honored Tiberinus. Each May 15th, 24 rush puppets tied hand and foot, called ''Argei'' were taken in a procession of magistrates, pontifices and Vestals to the Sublician Bridge, where the Vestals cast the puppets into the Tiber. The puppets were believed by the common people of the time to be substitutes for old men, who had once been the victims. <ref>William Warde Fowler, ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic'' (Macmillan Co., 1898), 57, 112-113; Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani, ''New Tales of Old Rome'' (Rome: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1901), 16.</ref>

==Epigraphy==

There is an extensive body of epigraphy concerning Tiberinus and the Tiber river.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996).

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953), pp. 40-56, "Les prétendus dieux du Tibre".

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published in 2004 at Gens Ambrosia, http://www.ambrosii.com.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Volturnus

2010-05-13T17:43:29Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

The Roman god Volturnus was one of the [[Dii Indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the [[Cultus deorum Romanorum|cultus deorum]].

Surviving fragments show that Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, the river must have been the Tiber. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

The city of Capua in Campania was anciently called Volturnum. It is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome at this time<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. Such removals of Gods to Rome were commonplace, the most famous being when [[Camillus]] evoked Uni from [[Veii]], and installed her at Rome as [[Iuno|Iuno Regina]].

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Mythology==

No myths concerning Volturnus have survived. Some scholars argue he has always had the character of a ''numen'', and therefore never acquired personal characteristics.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Volturnus with [[Portunus]], as well as with Tiberinus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848).</ref>.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the [[Tempestates]]: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Velthurna===

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848).</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' (Boston: Brill, 1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

==Cult==

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of the old religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure"<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>.

==Festivals==

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

"Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur, altitonans Volturnus et Auster fulmine pollens." ("And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts.") <ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river, Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

At Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni, is a representation of a man having a fish offered to him. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848), citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>, but it could have been Volturnus.

A bust, identified as Volturnus and dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996).

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953), pp. 40-56, "Les prétendus dieux du Tibre".

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published in 2004 at Gens Ambrosia, http://www.ambrosii.com.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Volturnus

2010-05-13T14:36:13Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]
[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]

The Roman god Volturnus, or Tiberis Pater, was the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. He was one of the [[di indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the [[Cultus Deorum]].

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of the old religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure"<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>.

Surviving fragments show that Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, the river must have been the Tiber. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

The river God of the Tiber apparently acquired his name from an Etruscan analog. The city of Capua in Campania was anciently called Volturnum. It is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome at this time<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. Such removals of Gods to Rome were commonplace, the most famous being when [[Camillus]] evoked Uni from [[Veii]], and installed her at Rome as [[Iuno|Iuno Regina]].

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Janus===

Some scholars equate [[Tiberinus]] with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Tiberinus was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Volturnus with [[Portunus]], as well as with Tiberinus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Tiberinus might have been identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Tiberinus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848).</ref>.

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848).</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' (Boston: Brill, 1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar / Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong / With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Mythology==

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber River was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

It was renamed for a youth who drowned there.

Another version says that the river was renamed for the ninth legendary king of Alba Longa, [[Tiberinus Silvius]], a descendant of [[Aeneas]].

Tiberinus aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>.

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Tiberinus as one of the Oceanids, the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantova, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantova was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Tiberinus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Tiberinus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. (Kessinger Publishing Company, 1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that crossing a river angers its tutelary spirit. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

==Festivals==

===Argeia===

There are hints that human sacrifice might have once honored Tiberinus. Each May 15th, 24 rush puppets tied hand and foot, called ''Argei'' were taken in a procession of magistrates, pontifices and Vestals to the Sublician Bridge, where the Vestals cast the puppets into the Tiber. The puppets were believed by the common people of the time to be substitutes for old men, who had once been the victims. <ref>William Warde Fowler, ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic'' (Macmillan Co., 1898), 57, 112-113; Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani, ''New Tales of Old Rome'' (Rome: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1901), 16.</ref>

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Volturnus' daughter Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

"Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur, altitonans Volturnus et Auster fulmine pollens."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river, Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

At Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni, is a representation of a man having a fish offered to him. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848), citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>, but it could have been Volturnus.

A bust of Volturnus, dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953).

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published at [http://www.ambrosii.com/ Gens Ambrosia].

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-13T14:03:40Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' was born in Regio Montanus, and became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He now lives in Denver, Colorado; the Shining City in Regio Montes Saxosi. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era, and through them to many ancient Roman families.

Iustinus is a member of [http://www.juliansociety.org/ The Julian Society], and a lifelong student of Stoic philosophers Seneca and Marcus Aurelius.

His favorite quote is, ''"The thing which is the most outstanding and the most desirable to all healthy and good and well-off persons, is a peaceful life with honor."'' ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BCE-43 BCE), ''Pro Sestio'', xlv, 98.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
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[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
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[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
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[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
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[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
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File:CIV-Gaius Ambosius Artorus Iustinus.jpg

2010-05-09T22:07:27Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus: Category:Citizen photos

[[Category:Citizen photos]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-08T19:59:36Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' was born in Regio Montanus, and became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He now lives in Denver, Colorado; the Shining City in Regio Montes Saxosi. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era, and through them to many ancient Roman families, including the Aelii, Aemillii, Arii, Aurelii, Cassii, Caecilli, Claudii, Cornelii, Domitii, Flavii Petronii, Iulii, Iunii, Lartii Flavii, Livii, Lucii, Plautii and Servilii.

Iustinus is a member of [http://www.juliansociety.org/ The Julian Society], and a lifelong student of Stoic philosophers Seneca and Marcus Aurelius.

His favorite quote is, ''"The thing which is the most outstanding and the most desirable to all healthy and good and well-off persons, is a peaceful life with honor."'' ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BCE-43 BCE), ''Pro Sestio'', xlv, 98.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
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[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
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[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
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[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-06T05:43:14Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' was born in Regio Montanus, and became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He now lives in Denver, Colorado, the Shining City in Regio Montes Saxosi. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era.

Iustinus is a member of [http://www.juliansociety.org/ The Julian Society], and a lifelong student of Stoic philosophers Seneca and Marcus Aurelius.

His favorite quote is attributed to the God Volturnus: ''Amnis esse coepi'' -- I have begun to be a river (i.e. my proper self).

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
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[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
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[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
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[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
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Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-04T22:32:14Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' was born in Regio Montanus, and became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He now lives in Denver, Colorado, the Shining City in Regio Montes Saxosi. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era. He is said to descend in the male line from Tonantius Ferreolus, Gallo-Roman Senator, ''Vir Clarissimus'', ''Praefectus Praetorio Galliarum'' (Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, 451-452/3), Consul of Rome (453), and a close friend and kinsman of Sidonius Apollinaris. On this subject Iustinus offers no opinion.

Iustinus is a member of [http://www.juliansociety.org/ The Julian Society], and a lifelong student of Stoic philosophers Seneca and Marcus Aurelius.

His favorite quote is attributed to the God Volturnus: ''Amnis esse coepi'' -- I have begun to be a river (i.e. my proper self).

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
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[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
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[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
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Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-04T22:28:09Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' was born in Regio Montanus, and became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He now lives in Denver, Colorado, the Shining City in Regio Montes Saxosi. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era. He is said to descend in the male line from Tonantius Ferreolus, a Gallo-Roman Senator, ''Praefectus Praetorio Galliarum'' (Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, 451-452/3), Consul of Rome (453), a ''Vir Clarissimus'', and close friend and kinsman of Sidonius Apollinaris. On this subject Iustinus offers no opinion.

Iustinus is a member of [http://www.juliansociety.org/ The Julian Society], and a lifelong student of Stoic philosophers Seneca and Marcus Aurelius.

His favorite quote is attributed to the God Volturnus: ''Amnis esse coepi'' -- I have begun to be a river (i.e. my proper self).

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
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[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
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[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
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[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
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Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-04T22:15:07Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' was born in Regio Montanus, and became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He now lives in Denver, Colorado, the Shining City in Regio Montes Saxosi. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

Like many Nova Romans, Iustinus can trace his ancestry to the Gallo-Roman nobility of the 4th and 5th centuries of the Common Era. He is said to descend in the male line from Tonantius Ferreolus, a Gallo-Roman Senator, ''Praefectus Praetorio Galliarum'' (Praetorian Prefect of Gaul) 451-452/3, Consul of Rome (453), a ''Vir Clarissimus'', and close friend and kinsman of Sidonius Apollinaris. On this subject Iustinus offers no opinion.

Iustinus is a member of [http://www.juliansociety.org/ The Julian Society], and a lifelong student of Stoic philosophers Seneca and Marcus Aurelius.

His favorite quote is attributed to the God Volturnus: ''Amnis esse coepi'' -- I have begun to be a river (i.e. my proper self).

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
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[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
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[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
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[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-04T21:38:03Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-04T21:09:51Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He lives in Denver, Colorado, the Shining City. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-04T21:01:37Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He lives in Denverensis (Denver, Colorado), the Shining City. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-04T20:45:01Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He lives in Denver, Colorado (America Austrooccidentalis). He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Lotus Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-04T20:44:12Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}}. He lives in Denver, Colorado (America Austrooccidentalis). He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Louts Metaphysical Bookstore]. His sister Camilla Ambrosia Artora Callista is also a citizen of Nova Roma.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2010-05-02T03:36:11Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}} as ''Gaius Iulius Iustinus''. Adopted by [[Merlinia Ambrosia Artoria]], the [[paterfamilias|materfamilias]] of [[Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)]], he became ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iulianus'', then ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus'' shortly after.

Born {{Dec 15}}, at the [[Feriae|Feria]] [[Consualia]], Gaius Ambrosius shares his birthday with [[Nero]]. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.shininglotus.com/ Shining Louts Metaphysical Bookstore] in Denver.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2008-11-12T05:39:49Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}} as ''Gaius Iulius Iustinus''. Adopted by [[Merlinia Ambrosia Artoria]], the [[paterfamilias|materfamilias]] of [[Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)]], he became ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iulianus'', then ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus'' shortly after.

Born {{Dec 15}}, at the [[Feriae|Feria]] [[Consualia]], Gaius Ambrosius shares his birthday with [[Nero]]. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.metaphysicalbookstore.com/ The Metaphysical Bookstore & Center] in Denver.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Priests (Nova Roma)

2008-04-17T03:50:27Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar | Priests (Nova Roma)}}

The public rites of the [[Religio Romana]] were performed and controlled by a number of different priestly collegia and other special priests and magistrates. Those priestly organizations that ranked below the collegia were known as sodalicia, and there were many "independent" priests of various cults who bore the title sacerdos. In addition, there were a number of priesthoods of well-established "foreign" cults (such as the cult of [[Isis]] and [[Serapis]]). For a list of current Foreign Priesthoods of these "foreign cults" within Nova Roma, see [[Foreign priesthoods (Nova Roma)|Foreign priesthoods in Nova Roma]]. Some of these cults were initiatory, and were called "Mysteries" (such as the [[Mysteries of Mithras]]). [[Nova Roma]] has reinstated these ancient Priesthoods as part of our effort to reconstruct Roman religion and culture.

==Joining the Priesthood==

Nova Roma is accepting applications for various Priesthoods. If you are interested in helping to rebuild the Religio Romana and the worship of the ancient [[:Category:Roman Gods|Roman deities]] on an official public basis, we would be pleased to hear from you. The Priesthoods in Nova Roma are open to both men and women, with the exception of the [[Vestals (Nova Roma)|Vestals]]. As Priesthood is an important position of responsibility we do ask that you read the guidelines for applications before applying. Any questions about Priesthood should be directed to the [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]].

If you would like to become a Priest or Priestess of Nova Roma, please submit an [http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/guidelines.html Application].

==Offices of the Public Religio Romana==

The [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]] (College of Pontiffs)

The Collegium Pontificum consists of fifteen priests who serve the public rites of the State religion and have general authority to determine the structure and nature of both the public rites and the priesthoods themselves. They act as the general oversight committee for the public rites of the Religio Romana and appoint members of the various Priesthoods. Some specific administrative duties of the Collegium include: advising the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] on religious matters, setting the dates of religious festivals, organizing and assisting the Priesthood, and acting as the final arbiters of Sacred Law and religious disputes.

===Pontifex Maximus===
The [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]] acts as the Speaker for the Collegium Pontificum, and oversees the [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] and the Vestals. ''1 position; 0 filled.''

===[[Rex Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|Rex Sacrorum]] / [[Regina Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|Regina Sacrorum]]===

The Rex and Regina Sacrorum (King/Queen of the Sacred) are a legally married couple that perform various public rites and make announcements of Festival days. First among the Priests and members of the Collegium Pontificum, but subordinate to the Pontifex Maximus. The Rex and Regina Sacrorum may hold no other religious or political posts. ''2 positions; 0 filled; 2 available.''

===Pontifices===

{{Table_Pontifices}}
''(15 positions; 10 filled; 5 available)''

==Flamines==

The Flamines are thirteen priests who served specific deities - though they are allowed to worship other deities as well. The Flamines hold public rites on the days sacred to their deity, and oversee the general worship of that deity. The Flamines are present in the Collegium Pontificum.

===Flamines Maiores (Major Flamines)===

{|width="100%"
|-
|colspan=2|
====Flamen Dialis====

Position not open at this time. The [[Flamen Dialis]] serves the cult of [[Iuppiter|Iuppiter (Jupiter)]], and participates in the Vinalia festivals and at conferratio marriage ceremonies. This priesthood is subject to a large number of complex taboos which have not yet been resolved for reconstruction. The wife of the Flamen Dialis was known as the Flaminica Dialis, and assisted in the rites and was subject to the same taboos.
| '''''position open'''''
|-
|
====Flamen Martialis====
The Flamen Martialis oversees the cult of [[Mars]], the God of War, leading public rites on the days sacred to Mars.

|{{CitizenBox | n=Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur | img=Lucius.Equitius.Cincinnatus.Augur | id=9 |text=Flamen Martialis}}

|-
|
====Flamen Quirinalis====

The Flamen Quirinalis oversees the cult of [[Quirinus]], a god related to the peaceful aspect of Mars, who presides over organized Roman social life. The Flamen Quirinalis leads public rites on the days sacred to Quirinus.

| '''''position open'''''
|-
|}

===Flamines Minores (Minor Flamines)===

{|width="100%"
|-
|
====Flamen Carmentalis====

The Flamen Carmentalis oversees the cult of [[Carmenta]] (Carmentis), a goddess of Prophecy and Oracles. The Flamen Carmentalis leads public rites on the days sacred to Carmenta.
| {{CitizenBox | n=Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus | img=Marcus.Moravius.Piscinus.Horatianus | id=432 |text=Flamen [[{{NAMESPACE}}:Carmentis|Carmentalis]] }}
|-
|
====Flamen Cerealis====

The Flamen Cerealis oversees the cult of [[Ceres]], Goddess of grains (identified with the Greek Demeter). The Flamen Cerealis leads public rites on the days sacred to Ceres.
| {{CitizenBox | n=Flavius Galerius Aurelianus | id=2994 |
text=Flamen [[{{NAMESPACE}}:Ceres|Cerealis]] }}
|-
|
====Flamen Falacer====

The Flamen Falacer oversees the cult of [[Falacer]], a deified Roman hero (who presumably personified qualities such as strength, courage, etc.) The Flamen Falacer leads public rites on days sacred to Falacer.
| {{CitizenBox | n=Quintus Valerius Poplicola|id=11334|text=Flamen {{Global|Falacer}} }}
|-
|
====Flamen Florealis====

The Flamen Florealis oversees the cult of [[Flora]], the Goddess of flowers, and Spring (and therefore new beginnings). The Flamen Florealis leads public rites on the days sacred to Flora.
| {{CitizenBox | n=Gaius Iulius Iulianus | id=4239 |
text=Flamen [[{{NAMESPACE}}:Flora|Florealis]] }}
|-
|
====Flamen Furrinalis====

The Flamen Furrinalis oversees the cult of [[Furrina]], a Goddess of Springs who had a sacred grove associated with water (possibly connected with health and healing). The Flamen Furrinalis leads public rites on the days sacred to Furrina.
| '''''position open'''''
|-
|
====Flamen Palatualis====

The Flamen Palatualis oversees the cult of [[Palatua]], the guardian of the Palatine Hill (the oldest settled part of Rome, therefore making Palatua possibly a goddess of Rome's beginnings.) The Flamen Palatualis leads public rites on the days sacred to Palatua.
| {{CitizenBox | n=Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus | id=1065|text=Flamen {{Global|Palatualis}} }}
|-
|
====Flamen Pomonalis====

The Flamen Pomonalis oversees the cult of [[Pomona]], Goddess of fruit. The Flamen Pomonalis leads public rites on days sacred to Pomona (there was no major single festival day).
|{{CitizenBox | n=Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus | img=Gaius.Fabius.Buteo.Modianus | id=4006 |
text=Flamen [[{{NAMESPACE}}:Pomona|Pomonalis]]}}
|-
|
====Flamen Portunalis====

The Flamen Portunalis oversees the cult of [[Portunus]], God of Harbors and doors. The Flamen Portunalis leads public rites sacred to Portunus.

| '''''position open'''''
|-
|
====Flamen Volcanalis====
The Flamen Volcanalis oversees the cult of [[Volcanus]] (Vulcan), God of Fire and smithcraft. The Flamen Volcanalis leads public rites sacred to Volcanus.
| '''''position open'''''
|-
|
====Flamen Volturnalis====

The Flamen Volturnalis oversees the cult of [[Volturnus]], a River God sometimes also associated with the Southeast wind. (Both these aspects may be related to travel and trade.) The Flamen Volturnalis leads public rites sacred to Volturnus.
| '''''position open'''''
|-
|

==Virgines Vestales (The Vestal Virgins)==

A priesthood of six women who guard the Sacred Hearth of Rome. They oversee the cult of [[Vesta]], Goddess of the Hearth and Fire, and lead public rites sacred to Vesta. The duties of the Vestals included maintaining the fire in the Sacred Hearth of Rome, and making [[Mola Salsa]] (sacred cakes made from spelt flour used in public rites.)

The Vestals also guarded some sacred objects, including the [[Palladium]] (an ancient image of Pallas Athene said to have been rescued from Troy). In ancient Rome the Vestals were virgins — in Nova Roma this has been replaced by a voluntary vow of chastity for the duration of office. Until Nova Roma has a central hearth, the Vestals each keep a Sacred Flame as a symbol of the Sacred Hearth of Rome. The Vestals receive great public respect for their work, and are entitled to be proceeded by Lictors.

'''Chief Vestal''': Position open

The Chief Vestal oversees the efforts of the Vestals, and is present in the Collegium Pontificum.

{{Table Vestales}}
''(six positions, two filled, four available)''

'''Past Vestals''': (honoured for their former vows and duties)

* Vespasia Pollia
* Prima Lucilla Cornelia Fortunata
* Gaia Iulia Caesaria Victorina
* [[Lucia Modia Lupa (Nova Roma)|L. Modia Lupa]]

==Collegium Augurum (College of Augures)==

Nine priests who take [[auspices]] and create [[templum|templa]], or sacred spaces. The Collegium Augurium is the second rank of priestly colleges. The duties of the Augurs include taking auspices before military and political actions, consecrating the sites of temples and shrines, overseeing the laws of augury ([[ius augurium]] — the discipline or art of augury itself) and advising the Senate.

===Active Augures===

{{Table Augures}}

''(nine positions, three filled, six available (four plebeian, two patrician))''

===Augures Emeriti===
* [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|F. Vedius Germanicus]]
* Caius Aelius Ericius
* Marcus Gladius Saevus
* Damianus Lucianus Dexippus

==Septemviri Epulones==

Seven priests who oversee the organization of public religious feasts. The Epulones arrange the Epulum Iovis — (feast of Jupiter which is attended by the Senate and People, and presided over by the images of the [[Capitoline]] deities), as well as the public banquets at other festivals and games. The Epulones are one of the four major colleges of priests, and have sacred as well as organizational duties.

''(seven positions, seven open)''

==Sodales Fratres Arvales (The Arval Brethren)==

Twelve priests who compose the oldest priestly college in Rome. The Arval Brethren offer public sacrifices for the fertility of the fields, and preside over the worship of the Dea Dia, a Goddess of Grain and Cereal crops.

The rites of the Arval Brethren are one of the few virtually complete sets of Roman rituals to survive antiquity. In ancient Rome the Arval Brethren met in a grove sacred to the Dea Dia, where there was a circular temple and bath house. Until Nova Roma is able to provide such a central place, the Arval Brethren are to gather yearly in person if possible.

; Magister (President of the Arval Brethren): This position is elected yearly among the Arval Brethren.
; Flamen Arvales (Assistant to the President: This position is elected yearly among the Arval Brethren.
; Sacerdotes Arvales: twelve positions open

==Sodales Luperci==
The Luperci ("Wolfmen" Priests who officiate at the Lupercalia) were responsible for purification and fertility, and the festival of Lupercalia is a time of fun and revelry. The exact number of Lupercii is not recorded and may have varied over time.

===Luperci Quinctiales (or Quintilii)===

:(founded by Romulus): Positions open

===Luperci Fabiani (or Fabianii)===

: (Founded by Remus): Positions open

==Sodales Salii==

Twenty-four "leaping priests" of [[Mars]] who who dance in procession during public festivals of Mars. The Salii are responsible for keeping the sacred ancilia (shields) and dancing and singing the public festivals sacred to Mars. The Salii in antiquity wore archaic armor and carried arms, and would stop their procession at certain places to carry out ritual dances and sing.

===Sodales Palatini===

A ''sodalis Palatinus'' is particularly devoted to Mars Gravidus. There are twelve sodales Palatini:

* [[Marcus Martianius Gangalius (Nova Roma)|M. Martianius Gangalius]]
* [[Lucius Curtius Paullus (Nova Roma)|L. Curtius Paullus]]

===Sodales Collini (or Agonenses)===

Twelve priests particularly devoted to Quirinus

==Collegium Fetalium (College of the Fetiales)==

Twenty priests who represent Rome in foreign diplomacy and the making of treaties and declarations of war. In Nova Roma the Fetiales act as diplomats with other nations and organizations, and are therefore expected to be well versed in Nova Roma laws and policy.

* [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus (Nova Roma)|Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus]]

''(20 positions; 1 filled; 19 available)''

==Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis==
One of four major priestly colleges. Fifteen priests who are in charge of the Sibylline Books (and their restoration).

* [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Fl. Vedius Germanicus]]

''(15 positions; 1 filled; 14 available)''

==Sacerdotes (minor priesthoods)==

There are a vast number of major and minor Roman deities that were served by "lesser known" Priests and Priestesses in the ancient Roman world. The Sacerdotes are the lesser "everyday" priesthoods that tend the temples and shrines, indextain the worship of a deity, and who assist the populace with their worship of that deity.

Within Nova Roma the Sacerdotes that oversee the worship of deities that do not have their own Flamen or Collegia (or who assist Flamens in the worship of specific God or Goddess). There is, in essence, no limit to the number of Sacerdotes that may serve a deity.

Please note that since there are many Gods and Goddesses from the Roman World, all the possible Sacerdos Priesthood positions cannot be listed here. If there is a Roman deity that you are interested in serving both publicly and privately, you are welcome to apply to be an official Sacerdos of that deity by applying to the Collegium Pontificum.

===Apollinis Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Cyrene Lucretia Corva Apollinaris (Nova Roma)|Cyrene Lucretia Corva Apollinaris]]

===Concordiae Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Nova Roma)|Cn. Cornelius Lentulus]]

===Dianae Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Lucia Modia Lupa (Nova Roma)|L. Modia Lupa]]
* [[Arnamentia Moravia Aurelia (Nova Roma)|Arnamentia Moravia Aurelia]]

===Iani Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Tiberius Octavius Claudianus (Nova Roma)|Ti. Octavius Claudianus]]

===Magnae Matris Deum Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Quinta Iulia Caesar (Nova Roma)|Q. Iulia Caesar]]

===Mentis Aedis Sacerdotes===

*[[Marca Hortensia Maior (Nova Roma)|M. Hortensia Maior]]

===Mercurii Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Marcus Cornelius Felix (Nova Roma)|M. Cornelius Felix]]
* [[Titus Iulius Sabinus (Nova Roma)|T. Iulius Sabinus]]

===Minervae Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix (Nova Roma)|C. Minucius Hadrianus Felix]]

===Neptuni Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Violentilla Galeria Saltatrix (Nova Roma)|Violentilla Galeria Saltatrix]]

===Palatuae Aedis Sacerdotes===

* [[Quinta Iulia Caesar (Nova Roma)|Q. Iulia Caesar]]

=== Veneris Aedis Sacerdotes ===

* [[Diana Octavia Aventina (Nova Roma)|Diana Octavia Aventina]]

[[Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2008-04-17T03:48:51Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}} as ''Gaius Iulius Iustinus''. Adopted by [[Merlinia Ambrosia Artoria]], the [[paterfamilias|materfamilias]] of [[Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)]], he became ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iulianus'', then ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus'' shortly after.

Gaius Ambrosius maintains the [http://www.ambrosii.com Ambrosii website] and [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Ambrosii/ mailing list].

Born {{Dec 15}}, at the [[Feriae|Feria]] [[Consualia]], Gaius Ambrosius shares his birthday with [[Nero]]. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.metaphysicalbookstore.com/ The Metaphysical Bookstore & Center] in Denver.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Flamen (Nova Roma)

2008-04-17T03:47:45Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar|Flamen (Nova Roma)}}{{ArticleStub}}

==The Flamen==

The sources tell us that the flamen (pl., ''flamines'') was a ''sacerdos'' proper, and who was dedicated to the service of a particular deity. A number of sources fix the number of flamines at fifteen (three ''maiores'' and twelve ''minores''), however the names of only twelve of these are known with certainty.

==Album Flaminum==

Listed here are all the flaminates of Nova Roma, together with a listing of the office holders and their terms of service.

===Flamines Maiores===

====Flamen Dialis====

('''not yet held''')

====Flamen Martialis====

*[[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur]]
:from pr. Non. Quint. {{1999}}

====Flamen Quirinalis====

*Marcus Cornelius Scriptor
:from {{2000}} to ?
*[[Gaius Iulius Scaurus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Iulius Scaurus]]
:from {{2003}}

===Flamines Minores===

====Flamen Carmentalis====

====Flamen Cerealis====

*[[Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Moravius Piscinus]]
:from a.d. V Kal. Dec. {{2000}}
:to Id. Mar. {{2001}}

*[[Flavius Galerius Aurelianus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Galerius Aurelianus]]
:from pr. Non. Sex. {{2004}}

====Flamen Falacer====

====Flamen Florealis====

*Nicolaus Moravius Vado
:from a.d. XII Kal. Iun. {{2000}}

====Flamen Furrinalis====

*[[Caius Iulius Barcinus Ciconius (Nova Roma)|Caius Iulius Barcinus Ciconius]]
:from {{2006}} to {{2007}}

====Flamen Palatualis====

====Flamen Pomonalis====

*[[Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus]]
:from {{Oct 11}} {{2002}}

====Flamen Portunalis====

*Marcus Arcadius Pius
:from a.d. IV Kal. Feb. {{2001}}

====Flamen Volcanalis====

*Marcus Equitius Paternus
:from a.d. III Id. Mai. {{2002}}

====Flamen Volturnalis====
*[[Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus]]
:from a.d. XII Kal. Feb. {{2004}}
:to a.d. XVII Kal. Mai. {{2008}}

==Vide==

;The Flamen : (J. Vanggaard / 1988 / ISBN 8772890592) Gathers together all the known evidence on the Roman flamines.

[[Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2008-04-16T00:50:01Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}} as ''Gaius Iulius Iustinus''. Adopted by [[Merlinia Ambrosia Artoria]], the [[paterfamilias|materfamilias]] of [[Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)]], he became ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iulianus'', then ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus'' shortly after.

Gaius Ambrosius maintains the [http://www.ambrosii.com Ambrosii website] and [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Ambrosii/ mailing list].

Born {{Dec 15}}, at the [[Feriae|Feria]] [[Consualia]], Gaius Ambrosius shares his birthday with [[Nero]]. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.metaphysicalbookstore.com/ The Metaphysical Bookstore & Center] in Denver.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Flamines (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Sacerdotes (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Roma Aeterna

2008-04-15T15:15:41Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Roma Aeterna}}

Roma Aeterna was the personification of the power of Rome. She had altars and votive offerings throughout the Empire.

== Epigraphy ==

* DEAE AETERNAE TEMPLVM L VATERIVS MARCELLVS PRAEF REST ("For the goddess Eternity, the prefect Lucius Vaterius Marcellus restores this temple."), at Old Carlisle, Cumbria, England (RIB 886; milestone).

* GENIO LOCI FORTVN REDVCI ROMAE AETERN ET FATO BONO G CORNELIVS PEREGRINVS TRIB COHOR EX PROVINCIA MAVR CAESA DOMO SALDIS DEC V S L L M ("To the Genius of this place, Fortune the Homebringer, Eternal Rome, and Good Fate, Gaius Cornelius Peregrinus, Tribune of the Cohort, Decurion of his home town of Saldae in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis, gladly, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow."), at Maryport, Cumbria, England (RIB 812; altar stone).

* D R S DVPL N EXPLOR BREMEN ARAM INSTITVERVNT N EIVS C CAEP CHARITIMO TRIB VSLM ("To Sacred Roma, the Duplicarii of Numerus Exploratorum Bremeniorum have established this altar for their descendants, Gaius Caepio Charitimus, tribune, willingly and deservedly fulfilled their vow.") at High Rochester, Northumberland, England (RIB 1270; Burn 200; base).

== External Links ==

[http://www.roman-britain.org/rbgods.htm The Gods of Roman Britain]

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2008-04-12T14:55:36Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}} as ''Gaius Iulius Iustinus''. Adopted by [[Merlinia Ambrosia Artoria]], the [[paterfamilias|materfamilias]] of [[Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)]], he became ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iulianus'', then ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus'' shortly after.

Gaius Ambrosius serves as [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen Volturnalis]] and [[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]. He also maintains the [http://www.ambrosii.com Ambrosii website] and [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Ambrosii/ mailing list].

Born {{Dec 15}}, at the [[Feriae|Feria]] [[Consualia]], Gaius Ambrosius shares his birthday with [[Nero]]. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.metaphysicalbookstore.com/ The Metaphysical Bookstore & Center] in Denver.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, Gaius]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Flamines (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Sacerdotes (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Gaius Aurelius Suenseranus Iustinus (Nova Roma)

2008-04-12T14:53:02Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{BioHeader|name=Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus|id=6125}}

'''C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus''' became a citizen of Nova Roma {{Jul 1}} {{2003}} as ''Gaius Iulius Iustinus''. Adopted by [[Merlinia Ambrosia Artoria]], the [[paterfamilias|materfamilias]] of [[Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)]], he became ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iulianus'', then ''Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus'' shortly after.

Gaius Ambrosius serves as [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen Volturnalis]], [[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]] and [[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]]. He also maintains the [http://www.ambrosii.com Ambrosii website] and [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Ambrosii/ mailing list].

Born {{Dec 15}}, at the [[Feriae|Feria]] [[Consualia]], Gaius Ambrosius shares his birthday with [[Nero]]. He earned a B.A. (Medieval Studies) and a J.D. He is a practicing attorney and owner of [http://www.metaphysicalbookstore.com/ The Metaphysical Bookstore & Center] in Denver.

==[[Cursus Honorum (Nova Roma)|''Cursus Honorum'']]==

==''Munera Alia''==

[[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] [[Volturnus|Volturnalis]]
:ab {{2004}}

[[Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma) | Musaeus Collegi Calliopes]]
:ab {{2004}}
:ad {{2004}}

[[Legatus (Nova Roma)|Legatus]] [[Provincia America Austroccidentalis (Nova Roma)|Regionis Montes Saxosi]], (Colorado and Utah)
:ab {{2006}}
:ad {{2008}}

[[Neptunus|Neptuni]] [[Sacerdos (Nova Roma)|Aedis Sacerdos]]
:ab {{2006}}

[[Category:Gens Ambrosia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, Gaius]]
[[Category:Tribus Aemilia (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Flamines (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]
[[Category:Sacerdotes (Nova Roma)|Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus, C.]]

Volturnus

2008-04-07T14:41:35Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]
[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]

The Roman god Volturnus, or Tiberis Pater, was the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. He was one of the [[di indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the Cultus Deorum.

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of the old religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure"<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>.

Surviving fragments show that Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, the river must have been the Tiber. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

The river God of the Tiber apparently acquired his name from an Etruscan analog. The city of Capua in Campania was anciently called Volturnum. It is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome at this time<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. Such removals of Gods to Rome were commonplace, the most famous being when [[Camillus]] evoked Uni from [[Veii]], and installed her at Rome as [[Iuno|Iuno Regina]].

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Janus===

Some scholars equate Volturnus with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Volturnus was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Volturnus with Portunus, as well as with Tiberinus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Volturnus might have been identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Volturnus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848).</ref>.

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848).</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' (Boston: Brill, 1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Mythology==

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

It was renamed for a youth who drowned there.

Another version says that the river was renamed for the ninth legendary king of Alba Longa, Tiberinus Silvius, a descendant of Aeneas.

Tiberinus aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>.

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Volturnus as one of the Oceanids, the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantova, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantova was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Volturnus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Volturnus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. (Kessinger Publishing Company, 1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that crossing a river angers its tutelary spirit. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

There are hints that human sacrifice might have once honored Tiberinus. Each May 15th, 24 rush puppets tied hand and foot, called ''Argei'' were taken in a procession of magistrates, pontifices and Vestals to the Sublician Bridge, where the Vestals cast the puppets into the Tiber. The puppets were believed by the common people of the time to be substitutes for old men, who had once been the victims. <ref>William Warde Fowler, ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic'' (Macmillan Co., 1898), 57, 112-113; Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani, ''New Tales of Old Rome'' (Rome: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1901), 16.</ref>

==Festivals==

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Volturnus' daughter Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

"Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur, altitonans Volturnus et Auster fulmine pollens."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river, Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

At Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni, is a representation of a man having a fish offered to him. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria'' (London: John Murray, 1848), citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>, but it could have been Volturnus.

A bust of Volturnus, dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953).

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published at [http://www.ambrosii.com/ Gens Ambrosia].

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Quirinus

2008-04-07T04:11:58Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Quirinus}}

[[Image:quirinus.gif|frame|right|Quirinus.]]

Quirinus is the deified [[Romulus]], the founder of Rome. He was served by the [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His [[feriae|festival]], the Quirinalis, was celebrated February 17.

== Connections to Other Gods ==

He was son of [[Mars]] and [[Rhea Silvia]]. His mother was a descendant of [[Aeneas]]. His consort and cult partner was [[Hora]].

== Historical Development ==

Quirinus was originally a Sabine god of storms and thunder. He was assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the [[Quirinal]], a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times.

== Cult ==

The [[feriae|festival]] of Quirinus, called the ''Quirinalia'' was celebrated on {{Feb 17}}. However, very little is known about his cult. His sacred tree was the myrtle.

== Iconography ==

Quirinus was depicted as a bearded man, wearing a combination of military and clerical clothing.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Neptunus

2008-04-07T00:14:57Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar | Neptunus }}

'''Neptunus''' ancient Roman deity of the sea and still waters. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates|Quintilis]]''.

As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.
[[Image:Neptunus from Ostia courtesy of Vroma.jpg|right|frame]]

==Festivals==

===Neptunalia===

The ''Neptunalia'' is celebrated {{Jul 23}}. Very little is known about the celebrations that took place on this day, or about the cult which would have celebrated it. About the celebrations of the day, Fowler <ref>Fowler, W. W. The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An introduction to the study of the religion of the Romans (ISBN 1402148577)</ref> says that huts or booths of foliage were set up by the ''cultores'', but this only to protect those who came to worship Neptunus on that day.

Its placement in mid-Summer suggests also the connection with trade, particularly trade by sea, from an astronomical view. In light of the fact that the Moon is at its farthest distance from Earth at this time, waves would have been significantly less than at other times of the year, which would be favourable to any sea-based trade. This would have been an optimal time to propitiate Neptunus in the hopes that he would continue to keep the waves minimised, allowing easier and more successful trade.

This also connects to agriculture. This festival is placed in enough time before the harvest to allow cultores to attempt to propitiate Neptunus such that, when the time comes, farmers will be able to harvest their crops successfully and use them at the markets to trade and barter. The favour of Neptunus would be essential to allow goods from other parts of the Mediterranean to reach Rome and all of Italy safely, something which the agricultural community of early Italy would have desired more than not.

==Temples, Priests, and Cult==

Just as there is little known about the ''Neptunalia'', there is just as little known about his cult at Rome and throughout Italy. There is no known priest of Neptunus as sponsored by the State (as, for example, the Flamines).
:During the Empire, there is evidence of ''un flamen'' at Henchir-Ouradi near Bizacena (modern Tunisia), ''sacerdotes Neptuni'' in Numidia , amd a ''cultor'' all from Africa, a ''sacerdos Neptuni'' at Corinth, and ''magistri Neptunales'' at Delos.

In popular religion Neptune protected men and women from dangers from the sea and lakes. And prayed to for ''salus'' - life, welfare and ''incolumitas'' - safety. Yet as the god of moving and still waters, he was also worshiped on the inland of Italy as numerous examples of epigpraphy attest.

He was also called upon by farmers so the running waters, streams, rivers,would not dry out during the hot season of summer and by fishermen. His epithets were ''Pater'' -venerable, ''Adiutor'' - helper, ''Redux'' - who brings men back. He probably was also seen as a god who promoted vegetation, and during Imperial times, called upon for sea victories.

Neptune, unlike Greek Poseidon was never associated with horses, though his inland worshipers may have associated him with fruitfulness ''pythalmios'' and earthquakes.

==Epigraphy==

[[CIL|C.I.L]] III 13400 Pannonia Superior:
''Neptuno et Nymphis pro Cassia Clementilla''

==References==
<references/>

2. Arnaldi, Ricerche Storico-Epigraphiche sul Culto di 'Neptunus' p. 224-5.
[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Gaius Iulius Caesar

2008-04-07T00:01:58Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

Dictator of Rome. Assassinated by [[Marcus Iunius Brutus]], 44 BCE.

Cognomen is pronounced "Kaiser".

He was deified by the Senate after his death in 44 BCE. Augustus, his successor built a temple to the Divine Julius on the west side of the Forum. The temple, called Templum Divi Iuli or Aedes Divus Iulius, was dedicated 18 August 29 BCE.

==Vide==

* [[Plutarch]]'s [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/caesar.html life of Caesar].
* [[Suetonius]]' [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-julius.html life of Caesar].
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/plutarch-caesar.html The Assassination of Julius Caesar], from Plutarch's life of Marcus Brutus.

[[Category: Magistrates]]
[[Category: Historians]]
[[Category: Pontifices]]
[[Category: Consulars]]
[[Category: Gens Iulia|Caesar]]

Venus

2008-04-07T00:00:03Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar|{{PAGENAME}} }}

[[Image:Venus courtesy of Vroma.jpg|right|thumb|Venus, courtesy of Vroma]]

'''Venus''' is a goddess of Spring, flowers and vines. Her Latin name defined her character (''venerari'', "to entreat, charm"). She has taken on many attributes of Aphrodite, her Greek equivalent.

After the military defeat at Trasimene, the Sibylline Books were consulted, and a temple to Venus of Eryx, Phoenician Astarte, was dedicated on the Capitoline hill in 217 B.C.E. It was exceptional for a foreign deity to have a temple in the heart of the Capitoline. Capitoline Venus' cult did not have the ritual prostitutes famous on Mt. Eryx, Sicily; rather the cult was Roman, and linked to the Romans' Trojan origins.

Another temple was vowed to Venus Erycina extra Portam Collinam, the 23 of April 184 B.C.E. The cult statue, Venus seated with a dove and Amor, was said to have been a copy of that on Mt. Eryx. Outside the Pomerium, Venus' cult maintained more of its Sicilian character.

The Roman honored her as ''Venus Genetrix'', the mother of the Roman people. According to legend, she fell in love with [[Anchises]], a Trojan prince, but he was blinded when he saw her in her full glory. Their son [[Aeneas]] escaped the Fall of Troy and, after many adventures, settled in Italy. He became the forefather of the Roman people, and an ancestor of the ''Julii''. Both [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Hadrian]] dedicated temples to ''Venus Genetrix''. Hadrian's still stands near the Flavian amphitheatre.

Venus has darker aspects too, such as ''Venus Libitina'', an aspect of ''Venus'' associated with the extinction of life force.

Here is a full list of her epithets: Calva, Capitolina, Cloacina, Erycina, Felix, Fisica, Frutis, Genetrix, Iovia, Libitina, Martialis, Myrtea, Obsequens, Plagiaria, Syntrophus, Verticordia, Victrix.

= Poem =

from [[Titus Lucretius Carus|Lucretius]]' ''De Rerum Natura'':

Mother of Rome, delight of Gods and men, 
Dear Venus that beneath the gliding stars 
Makest to teem the many-voyaged main 
And fruitful lands- for all of living things 
Through thee alone are evermore conceived, 
Through thee are risen to visit the great sun- 
Before thee, Goddess, and thy coming on, 
Flee stormy wind and massy cloud away, 
For thee the daedal Earth bears scented flowers, 
For thee waters of the unvexed deep 
Smile, and the hollows of the serene sky 
Glow with diffused radiance for thee! 
For soon as comes the springtime face of day, 
And procreant gales blow from the West unbarred, 
First fowls of air, smit to the heart by thee, 
Foretoken thy approach, O thou Divine, 
And leap the wild herds round the happy fields 
Or swim the bounding torrents. Thus amain, 
Seized with the spell, all creatures follow thee 
Whithersoever thou walkest forth to lead, 
And thence through seas and mountains and swift streams, 
Through leafy homes of birds and greening plains, 
Kindling the lure of love in every breast, 
Thou bringest the eternal generations forth, 
Kind after kind. And since 'tis thou alone 
Guidest the Cosmos, and without thee naught 
Is risen to reach the shining shores of light, 
Nor aught of joyful or of lovely born, 
Thee do I crave co-partner in that verse 
Which I presume on Nature to compose 

= Invocation =

"Seu tu caelestis Venus, quae primis rerum exordiis sexuum diversitatem generato Amore sociasti et aeterna subole humano genere propagato nunc circumfluo Paphii sacrario coleris." — Apuleius, ''Metamorphosis'' 11.2

[You celestial Venus, who at the beginnings of the world united the difference of the sexes making to rise the Love and propagating the eternal progeny of the human kind, now you are honored in the temple of Paphos that the sea surrounds."]

= Sources =

"La Réligion Romaine de Venus" Robert Schilling
"Dieux et Déesses de L'Univers Phénecien et Punique" E. Lipinski

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Roma Aeterna

2008-04-06T23:12:06Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Roma Aeterna}}

Roma Aeterna was the personification of the power of Rome. She had altars and votive offerings throughout the Empire.

= Epigraphy =

* DEAE AETERNAE TEMPLVM L VATERIVS MARCELLVS PRAEF REST ("For the goddess Eternity, the prefect Lucius Vaterius Marcellus restores this temple."), at Old Carlisle, Cumbria, England (RIB 886; milestone).

* GENIO LOCI FORTVN REDVCI ROMAE AETERN ET FATO BONO G CORNELIVS PEREGRINVS TRIB COHOR EX PROVINCIA MAVR CAESA DOMO SALDIS DEC V S L L M ("To the Genius of this place, Fortune the Homebringer, Eternal Rome, and Good Fate, Gaius Cornelius Peregrinus, Tribune of the Cohort, Decurion of his home town of Saldae in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis, gladly, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow."), at Maryport, Cumbria, England (RIB 812; altar stone).

* D R S DVPL N EXPLOR BREMEN ARAM INSTITVERVNT N EIVS C CAEP CHARITIMO TRIB VSLM ("To Sacred Roma, the Duplicarii of Numerus Exploratorum Bremeniorum have established this altar for their descendants, Gaius Caepio Charitimus, tribune, willingly and deservedly fulfilled their vow.") at High Rochester, Northumberland, England (RIB 1270; Burn 200; base).

= External Links =

[http://www.roman-britain.org/rbgods.htm The Gods of Roman Britain]

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Volturnus

2008-04-06T22:53:18Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]
[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]

The Roman god Volturnus, or Tiberis Pater, was the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. He was one of the [[di indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the Cultus Deorum.

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of the old religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure"<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>.

Surviving fragments show that Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, the river must have been the Tiber. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

The river God of the Tiber apparently acquired his name from an Etruscan analog. The city of Capua in Campania was anciently called Volturnum. It is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome at this time<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. Such removals of Gods to Rome were commonplace, the most famous being when [[Camillus]] evoked Uni from [[Veii]], and installed her at Rome as [[Iuno|Iuno Regina]].

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Janus===

Some scholars equate Volturnus with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Volturnus was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Volturnus with Portunus, as well as with Tiberinus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Volturnus might have been identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Volturnus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>.

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' Boston: Brill (1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Mythology==

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

It was renamed for a youth who drowned there.

Another version says that the river was renamed for the ninth legendary king of Alba Longa, Tiberinus Silvius, a descendant of Aeneas.

Tiberinus aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>.

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Volturnus as one of the Oceanids, the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantova, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantova was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Volturnus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Volturnus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. Kessinger Publishing Company (1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

There are hints that human sacrifice might have once honored Volturnus. A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that the rivers resent being crossed. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

==Festivals==

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Volturnus' daughter Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

"Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur, altitonans Volturnus et Auster fulmine pollens."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river, Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

At Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni, is a representation of a man having a fish offered to him. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848, citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>, but it could have been Volturnus.

A bust of Volturnus, dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953).

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published at [http://www.ambrosii.com/ Gens Ambrosia].

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Roma Aeterna

2008-04-06T22:52:00Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus: New page: {{LanguageBar |Roma Aeterna}} Roma Aeterna was the personification of the power of the Roman Empire. She had altars in Britannia. There was an altar and votive pillar to Roma Aeterna at ...

{{LanguageBar |Roma Aeterna}}

Roma Aeterna was the personification of the power of the Roman Empire. She had altars in Britannia.

There was an altar and votive pillar to Roma Aeterna at Maryport.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Volturnus

2008-04-06T22:48:09Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]
[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]

The Roman god Volturnus, or Tiberis Pater, was the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. He was one of the [[di indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the Cultus Deorum.

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of the old religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure"<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>.

Surviving fragments show that Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, the river must have been the Tiber. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

The river God of the Tiber apparently acquired his name from an Etruscan analog. The city of Capua in Campania was anciently called Volturnum. It is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome at this time<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. Such removals of Gods to Rome were commonplace, the most famous being when [[Camillus]] evoked Uni from [[Veii]], and installed her at Rome as [[Iuno|Iuno Regina]].

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Janus===

Some scholars equate Volturnus with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Volturnus was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Volturnus with Portunus, as well as with Tiberinus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Volturnus might have been identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Volturnus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>.

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' Boston: Brill (1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Mythology==

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

It was renamed for a youth who drowned there.

Another version says that the river was renamed for the ninth legendary king of Alba Longa, Tiberinus Silvius, a descendant of Aeneas.

Tiberinus aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>.

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Volturnus as one of the Oceanids, the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantova, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantova was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Volturnus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Volturnus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. Kessinger Publishing Company (1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

There are hints that human sacrifice might have once honored Volturnus. A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that the rivers resent being crossed. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

==Festivals==

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Volturnus' daughter Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

"Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur, altitonans Volturnus et Auster fulmine pollens."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river, Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

At Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni, is a representation of a man having a fish offered to him. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848, citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>, but it could have been Volturnus.

A bust of Volturnus, dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953).

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published at [http://www.ambrosii.com/ Gens Ambrosia]. [[Roma Aeterna]]

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Flamen (Nova Roma)

2008-04-06T22:38:29Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar|Flamen (Nova Roma)}}{{ArticleStub}}

==The Flamen==

The sources tell us that the flamen (pl., ''flamines'') was a ''sacerdos'' proper, and who was dedicated to the service of a particular deity. A number of sources fix the number of flamines at fifteen (three ''maiores'' and twelve ''minores''), however the names of only twelve of these are known with certainty.

==Album Flaminum==

Listed here are all the flaminates of Nova Roma, together with a listing of the office holders and their terms of service.

===Flamines Maiores===

====Flamen Dialis====

('''not yet held''')

====Flamen Martialis====

*[[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur]]
:from pr. Non. Quint. {{1999}}

====Flamen Quirinalis====

*Marcus Cornelius Scriptor
:from {{2000}} to ?
*[[Gaius Iulius Scaurus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Iulius Scaurus]]
:from {{2003}}

===Flamines Minores===

====Flamen Carmentalis====

====Flamen Cerealis====

*[[Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Moravius Piscinus]]
:from a.d. V Kal. Dec. {{2000}}
:to Id. Mar. {{2001}}

*[[Flavius Galerius Aurelianus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Galerius Aurelianus]]
:from pr. Non. Sex. {{2004}}

====Flamen Falacer====

====Flamen Florealis====

*Nicolaus Moravius Vado
:from a.d. XII Kal. Iun. {{2000}}

====Flamen Furrinalis====

====Flamen Palatualis====

====Flamen Pomonalis====

*[[Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus]]
:from {{Oct 11}} {{2002}}

====Flamen Portunalis====

*Marcus Arcadius Pius
:from a.d. IV Kal. Feb. {{2001}}

====Flamen Volcanalis====

*Marcus Equitius Paternus
:from a.d. III Id. Mai. {{2002}}

====Flamen Volturnalis====
*[[Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus]]
:from a.d. XII Kal. Feb. {{2004}}

==Vide==

;The Flamen : (J. Vanggaard / 1988 / ISBN 8772890592) Gathers together all the known evidence on the Roman flamines.

[[Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]]

Sodalitas Musarum (Nova Roma)

2008-04-06T22:26:59Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar|Sodalitas Musarum}}[[Category:Nova Roma]] [[Category:Events for Romans]]

One of the [[Sodalitates (Nova Roma)|Sodalitates]] of Nova Roma.

[[Sodalitas Musarum]] - '''Arts and Literature'''

[[Image:Musarum.jpg|right]]<onlyinclude>The Sodalitas Musarum, under the patronage of [[Apollo]] and the Nine [[Muse]]s, endeavours to develop and serve the cultural and artistic life of Nova Roma.</onlyinclude>

The Sodalitas Musarum is composed of ten ''Collegia'', each of which is named after and under the patronage of the appropriate Muse or Apollo.

Coryphaea: [[Aula Tullia Scholastica (Nova Roma)|Aula Tullia Scholastica]]

Website:http://www.freewebtown.com/musarum/curatores.html

Mailing List: [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ForTheMuses/ groups.yahoo.com/group/ForTheMuses/]

Established: {{Dec 5}} {{2000}}

==Collegia Sodalitatis==

===Calliope (Epic Poetry)===

Musaeus:

*[[Gnaeus Equitius Marinus (Nova Roma) | Gnaeus Equitius Marinus ]]

Members

*[[L. Aemilia Bucco (Nova Roma) | L. Aemilia Bucco]]
*[[Aulus Apollonius Cordus (Nova Roma) | Aulus Apollonius Cordus ]]
*[[T. Artoria Marcella (Nova Roma) | T. Artoria Marcella]]
*[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Postumius Pius (Nova Roma)| Quintus Caecilius Metellus Postumius Pius]]
*[[Helena Galeria Aureliana (Nova Roma) | Helena Galeria Aureliana ]]
*[[Lucia Galeria Mira (Nova Roma) | Lucia Galeria Mira]]
*[[Lucius Modius Kaelus (Nova Roma) | Lucius Modius Kaelus ]]
*[[Salvia Sempronia Graccha (Nova Roma) | Salvia Sempronia Graccha]]
*[[Tiberia Sempronia Modesta (Nova Roma) | Tiberia Sempronia Modesta]]
*[[Flavia Tullia Valeria Scholastica (Nova Roma) | Flavia Tullia Valeria Scholastica ]]

===Clio (History and Social Science)===

Mailing list: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CollegiumClius

[[Image:clio us house.jpg|frame|right|The Greek muse, Clio, stands on top of the “Car of History” overlooking the Old House Chamber (Statuary Hall). Marble, Carlo Franzoni, 1819, courtesy of Architect of the Capitol. Image from the public domain website of the Architect of the Capitol [http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/car_of_history.cfm] ]]

'''The Collegia Clius is one of ten Collegia of Nova Roma's [[Sodalitas Musarum]]. Each in their own area, in our case history and social science are designed to develop and serve the cultural and artistic life of Nova Roma. One does not have to be a citizen of Nova Roma to join but you do have to be a member of the Sodalitas Musarum and have an abiding love and interest in all things Roman'''

The following Citizens are members and are listed in alphabetical order by ''Nomen''.
Currently '''27''' members are registered.

Musaeus:

*[[Tiberius Galerius Paulinus (Nova Roma) | Tiberius Galerius Paulinus ]]

Members

*[[Gnaeus Aelius Baeticus Nebrissensis (Nova Roma) | Gnaeus Aelius Baeticus Nebrissensis]]
*[[Aulus Apollonius Cordus (Nova Roma) | Aulus Apollonius Cordus ]]
*[[Tiberius Apollonius Cicatrix (Nova Roma) | Tiberius Apollonius Cicatrix ]]
*[[ Franciscus Apulus Caesar (Nova Roma) | Franciscus Apulus Caesar ]]
*[[Marcus Arminius Maior (Nova Roma) | Marcus Arminius Maior ]]
*[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Postumianus ( Nova Roma) | Quintus Caecilius Metellus Postumianus ]]
*[[D. Claudius Aquilius Germanicus (Nova Roma) | D. Claudius Aquilius Germanicus ]]
*[[Ti. Domitia (Nova Roma) | Ti. Domitia ]]
*[[Gnaeus Equitius Marinus (Nova Roma) | Gnaeus Equitius Marinus ]]
*[[ Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus (Nova Roma) | Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus ]]
*[[Lucia Galeria Mira (Nova Roma) | Lucia Galeria Mira ]]
*[[ Publius Julius Caesar Hibernianus (Nova Roma) | Publius Julius Caesar Hibernianus ]]
*[[C. Maria Caeca (Nova Roma) | C. Maria Caeca ]]
*[[Marcus Minucius Audens (Nova Roma) | Marcus Minucius Audens ]]
*[[Lucius Modius Kaelus (Nova Roma) | Lucius Modius Kaelus ]]
*[[ Sappho Modia Rodacilla (Nova Roma) | Sappho Modia Rodacilla ]]
*[[C. Moravius Brutus (Nova Roma) | C. Moravius Brutus ]]
*[[Lucius Quintius Constantinus (Nova Roma) | Lucius Quintius Constantinus ]]
*[[Aulus Scribonius Dento (Nova Roma) | Aulus Scribonius Dento]]
*[[ Julilla Sempronia Magna (Nova Roma) | Julilla Sempronia Magna]]
*[[M. Sempronia Iustina (Nova Roma) | M. Sempronia Iustina]]
*[[Salvia Sempronia Graccha (Nova Roma) | Salvia Sempronia Graccha ]]
*[[Marcus Scipiadus Scipio Africanus (Nova Roma) | Marcus Scipiadus Scipio Africanus ]]
*[[ Flavia Tullia Valeria Scholastica (Nova Roma) | Flavia Tullia Valeria Scholastica]]
*[[Lucia Valeria Secunda Ianuaria (Nova Roma) | Lucia Valeria Secunda Ianuaria]]
*[[Lucius Vitellius Triarius (Nova Roma) |Lucius Vitellius Triarius]]

===Euterpe (Music)===

===Melpomene (Tragedy)===

Musaeus:

*[[Aulus Apollonius Cordus (Nova Roma)| Aulus Apollonius Cordus ]]

Members

*[[L. Aemilia Bucco (Nova Roma) | L. Aemilia Bucco ]]
*[[T. Artoria Marcella (Nova Roma)| T. Artoria Marcella ]]
*[[Lucius Arminius Faustus (Nova Roma)| Lucius Arminius Faustus ]]
*[[Gnaeus Equitius Marinus (Nova Roma)| Gnaeus Equitius Marinus ]]
*[[Gaia Fabia Livia (Nova Roma)| Gaia Fabia Livia ]]
*[[Tiberius Galerius Paulinus (Nova Roma)| Tiberius Galerius Paulinus ]]
*[[Lucius Modius Kaelus (Nova Roma)| Lucius Modius Kaelus ]]
*[[C. Moravius Brutus (Nova Roma)| C. Moravius Brutus ]]
*[[Flavia Tullia Valeria Scholastica (Nova Roma)|Flavia Tullia Valeria Scholastica ]]

===Terpsichore (Dance)===

Musaeus:

*[[Gnaeus Equitius Marinus (Nova Roma) | Gnaeus Equitius Marinus ]]

Members

*[[Helena Galeria Aureliana (Nova Roma) | Helena Galeria Aureliana ]]
*[[Lucia Modia Lupa (Nova Roma) | Lucia Modia Lupa ]]
*[[Lucius Modius Kaelus (Nova Roma) | Lucius Modius Kaelus ]]
*[[Lucia Valeria Secunda Ianuaria (Nova Roma) | Lucia Valeria Secunda Ianuaria ]]
*[[Gaia Livia (Nova Roma) | Gaia Livia ]]
*[[C. Moravius Brutus (Nova Roma) | C. Moravius Brutus ]]
*[[Ti. Domitia (Nova Roma) | Ti. Domitia ]]

===Erato (Lyric Poetry)===

Musaeus:

*[[Marcus Iulius Severus (Nova Roma) | Marcus Iulius Severus]]

Members

*[[Gnaeus Aelius Baeticus Nebrissensis (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Aelius Baeticus Nebrissensis]]
*[[T. Artoria Marcella (Nova Roma) | T. Artoria Marcella ]]
*[[Gnaeus Equitius Marinus (Nova Roma) | Gnaeus Equitius Marinus ]]
*[[Helena Galeria Aureliana (Nova Roma) | Helena Galeria Aureliana ]]
*[[Lucia Galeria Mira (Nova Roma) | Lucia Galeria Mira]]
*[[ Appius Iulius Priscus (Nova Roma) | Appius Iulius Priscus ]]
*[[Horatia Minucia-Tiberia Caesar (Nova Roma) | Horatia Minucia-Tiberia Caesar ]]
*[[C. Moravius Brutus (Nova Roma) | C. Moravius Brutus ]]
*[[Lucius Quintius Constantius (Nova Roma) | Lucius Quintius Constantius ]]
*[[Tiberia Sempronia Modesta (Nova Roma) | Tiberia Sempronia Modesta]]
*[[A. Tullia Scholastica (Nova Roma) | A. Tullia Scholastica ]]
*[[Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus (Nova Roma) | Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus ]]

===Polyhymnia (Sacred Song and Verse)===

===Urania (Astronomy and Natural Science)===

===Thalia (Comedy)===

===Apollo (Graphic and Plastic Arts, and Architecture)===

Musaeus:

*[[D. Claudius Aquilius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|D. Claudius Aquilius Germanicus ]]

Members

*[[Aulus Apollonius Cordus (Nova Roma) | Aulus Apollonius Cordus ]]
*[[Salvia Apollonia Viatrix (Nova Roma) | Salvia Apollonia Aviatrix ]]
*[[Marcus Arminius Maior (Nova Roma) | Marcus Arminius Maior ]]
*[[T. Artoria Marcella (Nova Roma) | T. Artoria Marcella ]]
*[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Postumianus (Nova Roma) | Quintus Caecilius Metellus Postumianus ]]
*[[Gnaeus Equitius Marinus (Nova Roma) | Gnaeus Equitius Marinus ]]
*[[Lucia Galeria Mira (Nova Roma) | Lucia Galeria Mira ]]
*[[Tiberius Galerius Paulinus (Nova Roma) | Tiberius Galerius Paulinus ]]
*[[Flavia Tullia Valeria Scholastica (Nova Roma) | Flavia Tullia Valeria Scholastica ]]
*[[Marcus Minucius Audens (Nova Roma) | Marcus Minucius Audens ]]
*[[C. Moravius Brutus (Nova Roma) | C. Moravius Brutus ]]
*[[Lucius Quintius Constantius (Nova Roma) | Lucius Quintius Constantius ]]
*[[Julilla Sempronia Magna (Nova Roma) | Julilla Sempronia Magna ]]
*[[Marca Sempronia Iustina (Nova Roma) | Marca Sempronia Iustina ]]
*[[Salvia Sempronia Graccha (Nova Roma) | Salvia Sempronia Graccha ]]

Quirinus

2008-04-06T19:48:33Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Quirinus}}

[[Image:quirinus.gif|frame|right|Quirinus.]]

The Roman god Quirinus was the deification of Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was served by the [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His [[feriae|festival]], the Quirinalis, was celebrated February 17.

= Connections to Other Gods =

His consort and cult partner was [[Hora]], patron of the seasons.

= Historical Development =

He was originally a Sabine god, assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the Quirinal, a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. He was originally a storm and thunder god. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times.

= Cult =

The [[feriae|festival]] of Quirinus, called the ''Quirinalia'' was celebrated on {{Feb 17}}. However, very little is known about his cult. His sacred tree was the myrtle.

= Iconography =

Quirinus was depicted as a bearded man, wearing a combination of military and clerical clothing.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Quirinus

2008-04-06T19:43:59Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Quirinus}}

[[Image:quirinus.gif|frame|right|Quirinus.]]

The Roman god Quirinus was the deification of Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was served by the [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His [[feriae|festival]], the Quirinalis, was celebrated on February 17th.

= Connections to Other Gods =

His consort and cult partner was [[Hora]], patron of the seasons.

= Historical Development =

He was originally a Sabine god, assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the Quirinal, a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. He was originally a storm and thunder god. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times.

= Cult =

The [[feriae|festival]] of Quirinus, called the ''Quirinalia'' was celebrated on February 17th. However, very little is known about his cult. His sacred tree was the myrtle.

= Iconography =

Quirinus was depicted as a bearded man, wearing a combination of military and clerical clothing.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Quirinus

2008-04-06T19:42:33Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Quirinus}}

[[Image:quirinus.gif|frame|right|Quirinus.]]

The Roman god Quirinus was the deification of Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was served by the [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|Flamen]] Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His festival, the Quirinalis, was celebrated on February 17th.

= Connections to Other Gods =

His consort and cult partner was [[Hora]], patron of the seasons.

= Historical Development =

He was originally a Sabine god, assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the Quirinal, a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. He was originally a storm and thunder god. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times.

= Cult =

The festival of Quirinus, called the ''Quirinalia'' was celebrated on February 17th. However, very little is known about his cult. His sacred tree was the myrtle.

= Iconography =

Quirinus was depicted as a bearded man, wearing a combination of military and clerical clothing.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Quirinus

2008-04-06T19:41:59Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Quirinus}}

[[Image:quirinus.gif|frame|right|Quirinus.]]

The Roman god Quirinus was the deification of Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was served by the [[Flamen]] Quirinalis, one of the three major flamines who served the oldest gods of Rome. His festival, the Quirinalis, was celebrated on February 17th.

= Connections to Other Gods =

His consort and cult partner was [[Hora]], patron of the seasons.

= Historical Development =

He was originally a Sabine god, assimilated into the state cult of Rome when Rome annexed the Quirinal, a fortified settlement for whom Quirinus was the eponymous. He was originally a storm and thunder god. Under Greek influence, he lost his original attributes to Iuppiter, but continued, with Iuppiter and Mars, to form the triad of sky gods. By the time of the late Republic, he had become the deified form of Romulus. Prominent in early Rome, he faded into obscurity in later times.

= Cult =

The festival of Quirinus, called the ''Quirinalia'' was celebrated on February 17th. However, very little is known about his cult. His sacred tree was the myrtle.

= Iconography =

Quirinus was depicted as a bearded man, wearing a combination of military and clerical clothing.

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Volturnus

2008-04-06T19:40:09Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]
[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]

The Roman god Volturnus, or Tiberis Pater, was the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. He was one of the [[di indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the Cultus Deorum.

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of the old religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure"<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>.

Surviving fragments show that Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, the river must have been the Tiber. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

The river God of the Tiber apparently acquired his name from an Etruscan analog. The city of Capua in Campania was anciently called Volturnum. It is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome at this time<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. Such removals of Gods to Rome were commonplace, the most famous being when [[Camillus]] evoked Uni from [[Veii]], and installed her at Rome as [[Iuno|Iuno Regina]].

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Janus===

Some scholars equate Volturnus with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Volturnus was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Volturnus with Portunus, as well as with Tiberinus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Volturnus might have been identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Volturnus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>.

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' Boston: Brill (1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Mythology==

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

It was renamed for a youth who drowned there.

Another version says that the river was renamed for the ninth legendary king of Alba Longa, Tiberinus Silvius, a descendant of Aeneas.

Tiberinus aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>.

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Volturnus as one of the Oceanids, the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantova, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantova was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Volturnus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Volturnus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. Kessinger Publishing Company (1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

There are hints that human sacrifice might have once honored Volturnus. A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that the rivers resent being crossed. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

==Festivals==

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Volturnus' daughter Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

"Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur, altitonans Volturnus et Auster fulmine pollens."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river, Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

At Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni, is a representation of a man having a fish offered to him. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848, citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>, but it could have been Volturnus.

A bust of Volturnus, dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953).

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published at [http://www.ambrosii.com/ Gens Ambrosia].

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Volturnus

2008-04-06T19:38:39Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]
[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]

The Roman god Volturnus, or Tiberis Pater, was the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. He was one of the [[di indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the Cultus Deorum.

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of the old religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure"<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>.

Surviving fragments show that Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, the river must have been the Tiber. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

The river God of the Tiber apparently acquired his name from an Etruscan analog. The city of Capua in Campania was anciently called Volturnum. It is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome at this time<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. Such removals of Gods to Rome were commonplace, the most famous being when [[Camillus]] evoked Uni from [[Veii]], and installed her at Rome as [[Iuno|Iuno Regina]].

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Janus===

Some scholars equate Volturnus with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Volturnus was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Volturnus with Portunus, as well as with Tiberinus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Volturnus might have been identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Volturnus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>.

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' Boston: Brill (1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Mythology==

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

It was renamed for a youth who drowned there.

Another version says that the river was renamed for the ninth legendary king of Alba Longa, Tiberinus Silvius, a descendant of Aeneas.

Tiberinus aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>.

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Volturnus as one of the Oceanids, the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantova, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantova was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Volturnus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Volturnus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. Kessinger Publishing Company (1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

There are hints that human sacrifice might have once honored Volturnus. A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that the rivers resent being crossed. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

==Festivals==

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Volturnus' daughter Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

"Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur, altitonans Volturnus et Auster fulmine pollens."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river, Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

At Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni, is a representation of a man having a fish offered to him. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848, citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>, but it could have been Volturnus.

A bust of Volturnus, dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953).

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published at [http://www.ambrosii.com/ Gens Ambrosia].

[[Category:Roman Gods]]

File:Volturnus.jpg

2008-04-06T19:37:13Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

Volturnus

2008-04-06T19:37:02Z

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus:

{{LanguageBar |Volturnus}}

[[Image:Tiberis_Pater.jpg|frame|right|Tiberis Pater.]]
[[Image:Volturnus.jpg|frame|right|Volturnus.]]

The Roman god Volturnus, or Tiberis Pater, was the tutelary deity of the Tiber river. He was one of the [[di indigetes]], and, like the other ancient Gods of Rome, he was served by a [[flamen]], the Flamen Volturnalis. His [[Feriae|festival]], the Volturnalia, was a market day celebrated {{Aug 27}}.

==Etymology==

The etymology of ''Volturnus'' is uncertain. It is thought to derive from ''volvere'', "to roll along or wind around".

==History==

Little is known about Volturnus, although scholars have attempted to reconstruct his myth and role in the Cultus Deorum.

Volturnus was one of 15 Gods served by state-sponsored flamines, in a system conventionally said to have been established by Numa. From that fact, Volturnus was probably an agricultural deity, Although the subject is controversial, the authority of the flamines seems to have been overthrown by a pontifical revolution when the Roman religion was reconstituted along Greek lines. This reform took place at early but unknown date, perhaps about 350 BCE. Thereafter, the original deities declined in importance. By the beginning of the Republic, the flamines seem to have been anachronistic. By the time of Varro (116 BCE - 27 BCE), a scholar who collected the surviving materials, there were only traces left of the old religion. He reported the survival of a Flamen Volturnalis, but found the God to be "obscure"<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'', 7:45</ref>.

Surviving fragments show that Volturnus was a river God, and, being Roman, the river must have been the Tiber. However, the identification encounters immediate difficulties. The tutelary God of the Tiber was almost certainly named ''Tiberinus'' by the Latins, while the Volturnus is a river in Campania. The prevailing view among scholars is that Volturnus was the cult name of the Tiber's God<ref>Cf. Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 25. This was the view of Theodor Mommsen, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)'', 327; but see Georges Dumézil, ''Archaic Roman Religion''. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. (1966, 1996), 388-89</ref>.

The river God of the Tiber apparently acquired his name from an Etruscan analog. The city of Capua in Campania was anciently called Volturnum. It is situated on the Volturno (anc. Voluturnus) river, which apparently had a Samnite river God of the same name. Rome extended its borders to the Volturno during the Latin War (340-338 BCE), and decisively defeated the Samnites on the other side of the Volturno during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BCE). The Samnites were allowed to retain their independence, becoming allies of Rome. Probably, Volturnus' cult was brought to Rome at this time<ref>Andreas Alfödi, ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1971), 206</ref>. Then, at some unknown date, the cults of the river Gods Tiberinus and Volturnus were conflated. Such removals of Gods to Rome were commonplace, the most famous being when [[Camillus]] evoked Uni from [[Veii]], and installed her at Rome as [[Iuno|Iuno Regina]].

A minority view among scholars is that Volturnus was a generic God of rivers<ref>Cf. Shailer Mathews and Gerald Birney Smith, ''A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics'' sub ''Roman Religion''. Macmillan (1921), 384</ref>, and gave his name both to the Tiber and the Volturno.

==Correspondences to Other Gods==

===Janus===

Some scholars equate Volturnus with [[Janus]], the Roman calendrical god, but by the time of the late Republic Volturnus was conventionally regarded as father of Janus' wife [[Juturna]].

===Portunus===

Mommsen identified Volturnus with Portunus, as well as with Tiberinus, on the basis of a late calendar where the Portinalia is also called the Tiberinalia.<ref>''CIL'' citing Fast. Philocal.'', 327</ref>. Further, the sacrifices on that day were held "in porto Tiberindo."<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 6.19</ref>

===Turnus===

By the time of the Late Republic, Volturnus might have been identified with the Latin hero [[Turnus]], King of the Rutuli. In the Trojan legend, Vergil identified Iuturna, daughter of Volturnus and wife of Janus, as the sister of Turnus<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 12; Amanda Claridge, ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''. New York: Oxford University Press (1998), 95</ref>. Aeneas, on his journey to Rome, defeated Turnus.

===Vertumnus===

[[Vertumnus]] was the Etruscan Bacchus, God of wine and fruits. His consort [[Voltumna]], whom the Romans equated with [[Pomona]], was the patron of the Etruscan League. Dennis notes that Vertumnus was called Vortumnus by Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 5.8; 6:3</ref> and speculates that he was identical with the Volturnus mentioned by Festus<ref>Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia</ref> and Varro<ref>Varro, ''Lingua Latine'' 8.45</ref> – “though neither recognise the relation in this case."<ref>George Dennis, ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>.

Velthurna, the equivalent of Voltumna or Volturna was an Etruscan family-name attested by sepulchral inscriptions at Perugia and Sovana<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848.</ref>. It has been suggested that Volturnus was originally the tutelary deity of the Etruscan Velthur family.<ref>Hendrik Wagenvoort, ''Pietas: Studies in Roman Religion'' Boston: Brill (1980), 237, citing Altheim</ref>.

===Vulturnus===

Lucretius associated Volturnus with the Tempestates: "And other Winds do follow: the high roar Of great Volturnus, and the Southwind strong With thunder-bolts."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

From this passage, it appears the Romans might have equated Volturnus with [[Vulturnus]], one of the [[Venti]]. Vulturnus' Greek analog was Eurus (Εύρος), the God of the east wind, and a son of Eos, possibly by Astræus. In Italy, the Vulturno, now called the Scirocco, blows from the southeast. The Vulturno takes its name from Monte Vulture (anc. Vultur).

Those who equate Volturnus with Vulturnus believe that the Volturnalia was a festival to avert the drought caused by these drying winds.

However, most contemporary scholars separate Volturnus the river from Vulturnus the east wind and point to the timing of the Volturnalia at harvest time as evidence that it would have been offered in thanks for the irrigation water drawn from rivers rather than as a supplication to avert drought.

==Mythology==

According to ancient authorities, the Tiber was originally called ''Albula''. It it said to have been renamed ''Tiberis'', but details vary.

Vergil says the river was re-named for Thybris, an ancient king. He has [[Evander]] recount the history of the area to [[Aeneas]], saying:

There were Kings, for instance Thybris with his vast
Body from whom in after times we Italians
Have named the river Tiber, and it lost
Its true and ancient name of Albula.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 1.8</ref>

It was renamed for a youth who drowned there.

Another version says that the river was renamed for the ninth legendary king of Alba Longa, Tiberinus Silvius, a descendant of Aeneas.

Tiberinus aided Aeneas on his journey advising him to settle in Latium<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198 ff.</ref>.

Under Greek influence, the Romans included Volturnus as one of the Oceanids, the 3,000 children of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys]]. Each of these children was the patron of a particular river, spring or lake.

==Consorts and Children==

===Albunea===

[[Albunea]] was probably the original cult partner, and perhaps the wife, of Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber river. Albunea was a nymph who resided near Tivoli (anc. Tibur) at a sulfuric spring on the Aniene (anc. Anio) river, where she had a small temple above the falls. She was the Tiburtine sibyl, the tenth in a series of famous [[sibyl|sibyls]]. From Etruscan times, it was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. Originally a colony of [[Alba Longa]], Tivoli was conquered by the Sabines, and later defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 338 BCE.

"The Tiburtine Sibyl, by name Albunea, is worshiped at Tibur as a goddess, near the banks of the Anio, in which stream her image is said to have been found, holding a book in her hand. Her oracular responses the Senate transferred into the capitol."<ref>Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes'' 1.6, citing Varro.</ref>

===Manto===

Tiberinus was the husband of [[Manto]]. Her legend is Greek rather than Roman. She was a daughter of Tiresias, the blind prophet, who in turn was the son of the shepherd Everes and the nymph Chariclo. Tiresias died after drinking water from a spring, and apparently became an oracular hero, for he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus. Manto is said to have been brought to Delphi as a war prize during the War of the Epigonoi. Apollo sent her to Colophon to found an oracle devoted to him. Instead, she went to Italy, where she married Tiberinus.<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.199</ref>

===Rhea Silvia===

[[Rhea Silvia]] was a [[Vestal Virgin]], seduced by [[Mars]]. When she gave birth to the twins [[Romulus]] and [[Remus]], the twins were exposed and she was sentenced to death by her uncle. Tiberinus found the twins, gave them to the she-wolf [[Lupa]] to suckle, then rescued and married their mother.

===Ocnus===

[[Ocnus]] is said to have been son of Tiberinus and [[Manto]]. Ocnus is said to have founded Mantova, which he named for his mother. Alternatively, Mantova was named after another Manto, who was a daughter of Heracles, or after Mantus, the Etruscan God of the Underworld.

However, other authorities make Ocnus a son or brother of [[Auletes]] and the founder of Bologna (anc. Felsina).<ref>Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.198</ref>

===Iuturna===

Volturnus was the father (or lover) of [[Iuturna]], the [[Camenae|Camena]] who was wife (or daughter) of [[Janus]], the calendar god. [[Iuppiter]] turned her into a nymph and gave her a spring near Lavinium on the Numicus river. Iuturna was later associated with a pool near the temple of Vesta in the Forum Romanum.

===Fontus===

Through Iuturna, Volturnus was a grandfather of [[Fontus]]. Fontus (or Fons), was the god/dess of springs. The [[Fontinalia]], in her honor, was held {{Oct 13}} when springs in Rome begin to flow again after the summer heat.

==Cult==

Tiberinus was able, when propitiated, to heal the diseases that his waters were supposed to bring.<ref>Walter Addison Jayne, ''Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations''. Kessinger Publishing Company (1925, 2003), 440-41</ref>.

There are hints that human sacrifice might have once honored Volturnus. A common feature of Mediterranean river gods is the belief that the rivers resent being crossed. We see this belief indirectly in connection with the Romans. One of the omens of Caesar's impending assassination: "Soon after this, news reached Caesar that the herd of horses which he dedicated to the spirit of the River Rubicon, after his crossing, who were allowed to roam freely in the valley, were showing disdain for the pasture, and crying copious amount of tears."

==Festivals==

===Volturnalia===

The [[Feriae|festival]] of Volturnus, called the Volturnalia was celebrated on {{Aug 27}} and belonged to the Numan calendar<ref>Einar Gjerstad, ''Early Rome''. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup (1953), 246</ref>. Details of the Volturnalia have not survived, but we have fragments addressed to Volturnus. We know that the Volturnalia was celebrated with feasting, wine-drinking and games. In the opinion of the Pontifex Maximus of Nova Roma, “At the very least a "standard" ritual of sacrifice, Roman feast, and standard Roman games would be a passable reconstruction of the day, pending the discovery of further specific information."<ref>Marcus Cassius Iulianus. Message at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/3255, message dated November 26, 2002, from Marcus Cassius Julianus, visited January 1, 2004.</ref>

Some scholars say Volturnus' daughter Iuturna was honored the same day. However, she also had her own festival, the [[Iuturnalia]], {{Jan 11}}.

==Epigraphy==

"Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur, altitonans Volturnus et Auster fulmine pollens."<ref>Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura'' 5.742</ref>

In a statement lauding [[Domitian|Domitian’s]] technological achievement channeling the Volturno river, Volturnus is made to say ''amnis esse coepi'', I have begun to be a river; meaning that he has become his true self.

==Iconography==

The most famous representation of Father Tiber is a 17th century statue on the Capitoline.

At Corneta, in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni, is a representation of a man having a fish offered to him. Gerhard identifies this as Vertumnus<ref>George Dennis. ''The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria''. London: John Murray, 1848, citing ''Gottheiten der Etrusker'', 31</ref>, but it could have been Volturnus.

A bust of Volturnus, dating from the 2nd century BCE, survives at the Arch of S. Eligio in Capua.

==References==

<references/>

==Further Reading==

===Primary Sources===

Festus, ''ap. Paul. Diac.'' v. Volturnalia.

Lactantius, ''Divine Institutes''.

Lucretius, ''De Rerum Natura''.

''Prop.'' 6.2.

Varro, ''Lingua Latine''.

Vergil, ''Aeneid''.

===Secondary Sources===

''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)''.

Joel Le Gall, ''Recherches sur le culte du Tibre'' (Paris 1953).

==External Links==

This article incorporates the text of an article of the same name, originally published at [http://www.ambrosii.com/ Gens Ambrosia].

[[Category:Roman Gods]]