Dative
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The '''dative case''' is a grammatical case of the '''indirect object''' generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. For example, in "Brutus gave a book '''to Cassius'''". | The '''dative case''' is a grammatical case of the '''indirect object''' generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. For example, in "Brutus gave a book '''to Cassius'''". | ||
| − | The dative generally marks the indirect object of a verb, although in some instances the dative is used for the direct object of a verb pertaining directly to an act of giving something. | + | The dative generally marks the indirect object of a verb, although in some instances the dative is used for the direct object of a verb pertaining directly to an act of giving something. |
| − | Here are the basic and '''very''' general rules for making a dative: | + | ==Form== |
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| + | Here are the basic and '''very''' general rules for making a dative in singular: | ||
*If a word ends in "'''-us'''", then the dative ends in "'''-o'''". "'''''Tullius'''''" becomes "'''''Tullio'''''". | *If a word ends in "'''-us'''", then the dative ends in "'''-o'''". "'''''Tullius'''''" becomes "'''''Tullio'''''". | ||
*If a word ends in "'''-a'''", then the dative ends in "'''-ae'''". "'''''Livia'''''" becomes "'''''Liviae'''''". | *If a word ends in "'''-a'''", then the dative ends in "'''-ae'''". "'''''Livia'''''" becomes "'''''Liviae'''''". | ||
*If a word ends in "'''-o'''", then the dative ends in "'''-oni'''". "'''''Cicero'''''" becomes "'''''Ciceroni'''''". | *If a word ends in "'''-o'''", then the dative ends in "'''-oni'''". "'''''Cicero'''''" becomes "'''''Ciceroni'''''". | ||
| + | *If a word ends in "'''-ns'''", then the dative ends in "'''-nti'''". "'''''Sapiens'''''" becomes "'''''Sapienti'''''". | ||
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*Many other words change their ending to "'''-i'''" whose rules are more difficult and are not detailed here. Here are some just for example: | *Many other words change their ending to "'''-i'''" whose rules are more difficult and are not detailed here. Here are some just for example: | ||
| − | "''''' | + | :"'''''Senatus'''''" in dative is "'''''Senatui'''''", |
| − | "''''' | + | :"'''''Venus'''''" in dative is "'''''Veneri'''''", |
| − | "''''' | + | :"'''''exercitus'''''" in dative is "'''''exercitui'''''", |
| − | "''''' | + | :"'''''homo'''''" in dative is "'''''homini'''''", |
| − | "''''' | + | :"'''''consul'''''" in dative is "'''''consuli'''''", |
| − | "''''' | + | :"'''''praetor'''''" in dative is "'''''praetori'''''", |
| + | :"'''''aedilis'''''" in dative is "'''''aedili'''''", and so on. | ||
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| + | ==Function== | ||
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| + | ===Indirect object=== | ||
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| + | ===Reference=== | ||
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| + | Possessive pronouns in Latin indicate possession strictly. Some relations that are expressed in English with a possessive, such as reference ('''My''' name is Gaius) use the dative of reference (Nomen '''mihi''' Gaius est.) | ||
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| + | ===Dative with compound verbs=== | ||
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| + | Compound transitive verbs built with the following prefixes normally take a direct object in the dative. | ||
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| + | * ab- | ||
| + | * ante- | ||
| + | * circum- | ||
| + | * con- | ||
| + | * in- | ||
| + | * inter- | ||
| + | * ob- | ||
| + | * post- | ||
| + | * prae- | ||
| + | * pro- | ||
| + | * sub- | ||
| + | * super- | ||
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===Usage in practice=== | ===Usage in practice=== | ||
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Revision as of 04:26, 16 January 2009
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The dative case is a grammatical case of the indirect object generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. For example, in "Brutus gave a book to Cassius".
The dative generally marks the indirect object of a verb, although in some instances the dative is used for the direct object of a verb pertaining directly to an act of giving something.
Contents |
Form
Here are the basic and very general rules for making a dative in singular:
- If a word ends in "-us", then the dative ends in "-o". "Tullius" becomes "Tullio".
- If a word ends in "-a", then the dative ends in "-ae". "Livia" becomes "Liviae".
- If a word ends in "-o", then the dative ends in "-oni". "Cicero" becomes "Ciceroni".
- If a word ends in "-ns", then the dative ends in "-nti". "Sapiens" becomes "Sapienti".
- Many other words change their ending to "-i" whose rules are more difficult and are not detailed here. Here are some just for example:
- "Senatus" in dative is "Senatui",
- "Venus" in dative is "Veneri",
- "exercitus" in dative is "exercitui",
- "homo" in dative is "homini",
- "consul" in dative is "consuli",
- "praetor" in dative is "praetori",
- "aedilis" in dative is "aedili", and so on.
Function
Indirect object
Reference
Possessive pronouns in Latin indicate possession strictly. Some relations that are expressed in English with a possessive, such as reference (My name is Gaius) use the dative of reference (Nomen mihi Gaius est.)
Dative with compound verbs
Compound transitive verbs built with the following prefixes normally take a direct object in the dative.
- ab-
- ante-
- circum-
- con-
- in-
- inter-
- ob-
- post-
- prae-
- pro-
- sub-
- super-
Usage in practice
An average Nova Roman citizen would use the dative case in the Latin beginning of an e-mail. Learn more about Latin for e-mail.
