Toga - Revision history

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 22:37, 12 November 2012

2012-11-12T22:37:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:37, 12 November 2012
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	''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.		''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.
−		+	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>
−	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>~~<onlyinclude>~~The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."~~</onlyinclude>~~<ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>	+	The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity"<ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref>. Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people"<ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>.
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		+
	==Social meaning of the toga==		==Social meaning of the toga==

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 16:01, 1 April 2009

2009-04-01T16:01:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:01, 1 April 2009
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	}}		}}

		+	[[Category:Toga]]
	[[Category:Roman Clothing and Equipment]]		[[Category:Roman Clothing and Equipment]]

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 15:46, 1 April 2009

2009-04-01T15:46:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 1 April 2009
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	}}		}}

−	[[Category:Roman Clothing]]	+	[[Category:Roman Clothing and Equipment]]

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: added photo

2008-11-26T15:23:07Z

added photo

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:23, 26 November 2008
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−	{{LanguageBar\|Toga}}	+	{{LanguageBar\|Toga}}{{Roman clothing articles}}[[Image:Titus in toga.jpg\|right\|thumb\|190px\|Emperor Titus in classical Roman toga]]

	''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.		''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.

−	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>~~{{Roman clothing articles}}[[Image:Titus in toga.jpg\|right\|thumb]]~~<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>	+	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div><onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>
−		+
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	==Social meaning of the toga==		==Social meaning of the toga==

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 15:11, 26 November 2008

2008-11-26T15:11:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 26 November 2008
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	''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.		''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.

−	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>{{Roman clothing articles}}[[Image:~~Priest togate capite velato~~.jpg\|right\|thumb]]<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>	+	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>{{Roman clothing articles}}[[Image:Titus in toga.jpg\|right\|thumb]]<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>

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Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 15:00, 1 October 2008

2008-10-01T15:00:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 1 October 2008
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	;''Toga virilis'' (or ''toga pura''): The ordinary [[Citizen\|citizen's]] toga. It is undyed, and thus off-white or cream coloured.		;''Toga virilis'' (or ''toga pura''): The ordinary [[Citizen\|citizen's]] toga. It is undyed, and thus off-white or cream coloured.

−	;''Toga praetexta'': The toga worn by current and former [[~~Magistrate~~\|curule magistrates]] (and also by boys under the age of 16). It bears the purple stripe, the width of which varies according to the wearer. [[Senator]]s did not wear the ''toga praetexta'' unless they held previously a curule magistracy.	+	;''Toga praetexta'': The toga worn by current and former [[Magistrates\|curule magistrates]] (and also by boys under the age of 16). It bears the purple stripe, the width of which varies according to the wearer. [[Senator]]s did not wear the ''toga praetexta'' unless they held previously a curule magistracy.

	;''Toga candida'': The stark-white toga worn by candidates running for office. The English word "candidate" comes from this usage.		;''Toga candida'': The stark-white toga worn by candidates running for office. The English word "candidate" comes from this usage.

M. Lucretius Agricola: try nav box

2008-08-21T03:02:50Z

try nav box

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:02, 21 August 2008
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	''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.		''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.

−	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>[[Image:Priest togate capite velato.jpg\|right\|thumb]]<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>	+	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>{{Roman clothing articles}}[[Image:Priest togate capite velato.jpg\|right\|thumb]]<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>

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Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 09:12, 20 August 2008

2008-08-20T09:12:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:12, 20 August 2008
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	;''Toga virilis'' (or ''toga pura''): The ordinary [[Citizen\|citizen's]] toga. It is undyed, and thus off-white or cream coloured.		;''Toga virilis'' (or ''toga pura''): The ordinary [[Citizen\|citizen's]] toga. It is undyed, and thus off-white or cream coloured.

−	;''Toga praetexta'': The toga worn by [[Magistrate\|magistrates]] (and also by boys under the age of 16). It bears the purple stripe, the width of which varies according to the wearer. [[Senator~~\|Senators]] and magistrates holding [[Imperium\|imperium~~]] wear ~~a broad (3") purple stripe. Members of~~ the ~~[[Ordo Equester]] and magistrates without imperium wear~~ a ~~thin (1") purple stripe. Such stripes do not go all the way around the toga, but instead are placed on edge BEFA on the diagram (the upper-half of the toga)~~.	+	;''Toga praetexta'': The toga worn by current and former [[Magistrate\|curule magistrates]] (and also by boys under the age of 16). It bears the purple stripe, the width of which varies according to the wearer. [[Senator]]s did not wear the ''toga praetexta'' unless they held previously a curule magistracy.

	;''Toga candida'': The stark-white toga worn by candidates running for office. The English word "candidate" comes from this usage.		;''Toga candida'': The stark-white toga worn by candidates running for office. The English word "candidate" comes from this usage.
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	This was the original semicircular form in the republican times until the end of the 2nd century BC, which can be seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/toga3.jpg on this statue]:		This was the original semicircular form in the republican times until the end of the 2nd century BC, which can be seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/toga3.jpg on this statue]:

−	===Development during the 2nd-1st ~~centuries~~ BCE===	+	===Development during the 2nd-1st c. BCE===

−	[[Image:Enlargement_phase1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|~~End~~ of ~~2nd c. BCE~~]]In the end of the 2nd century BCE, the aristocracy started to enlarge their toga to have a more impressive draping. They increased the width of the material bigger and bigger through the decades.	+	[[Image:Enlargement_phase1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Enlargement of the toga]]
		+	In the end of the 2nd century BCE, the aristocracy started to enlarge their toga to have a more impressive draping. They increased the width of the material bigger and bigger through the decades.

−	~~[[Image:Enlargement_phase2.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Enlarged form.]]~~Now they had a very large toga draped the way seen [https://oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/2003/summer02/togatus2.jpg on this statue], and a bit later, this version of draping became even more popular at the end of the republic with the ''sinus'', seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/togaedman.jpg on this statue]:	+	Now they had a very large toga draped the way seen [https://oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/2003/summer02/togatus2.jpg on this statue], and a bit later, this version of draping became even more popular at the end of the republic with the ''sinus'', seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/togaedman.jpg on this statue]:

	===The "classical" toga - theories about its shape===		===The "classical" toga - theories about its shape===
		+	[[Image:Lentulus togatus.jpg.jpeg\|right\|thumb\|left\|160px\|Modern reconstruction of the classical Roman toga]]
		+	[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Theory 1. Classical toga with the even cutting]]
		+	But having this new fashion of draping and the large measure of the material, they had a problem caused by the lots of material in the corners '''"x"''' and '''"y"'''. The last end of the toga falling from the back and its first part under the visible draping downstage were getting to be very unwieldy, because, if the corners are not enough narrow, the first and last parts of the toga become too podgy that makes it very bad to drap. Also, the Roman aristocracy continued to increase the width of the toga to have a larger ''sinus'', and it caused even more problems because of those corners with "too much material", so finally they simply started to cut down the corners:

		+	[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Theory 2. Toga with the ellipsis-form]]
		+	An other hypothesis says that they cut it down in a semicircular way, so they had an oval, ellipsis-like shape:

−	[~~[Image~~:~~Toga_shape_hypothesis2~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|right\|Theory 1~~. ~~Classical toga with the even cutting]]But having~~ this ~~new fashion~~ of ~~draping and~~ the ~~large measure of the material, they had a problem caused by the lots of material in the corners '''~~"x"~~'''~~ and ~~'''~~"y"~~'''. The last end of the toga falling from the back and its first part under the visible draping downstage were getting to be very unwieldy~~, because~~, if the corners are not enough narrow,~~ the ~~first~~ and ~~last parts~~ of the toga ~~become too podgy that makes it very bad to drap~~. Also, the Roman aristocracy continued to increase the width of the toga to have a larger ''sinus'', and it caused even more problems because of those corners with "too much material", so finally they simply started to cut down the corners:	+	Though we don't know the final answer, the even cutting seems more likely because it is a more simple solution; anyway, the Romans now had [http://www.romancoins.info/p-augustus-statue-vat.JPG this variant of the toga] that is called "imperial", and was worn mostly during the principate. However, "classical toga" is a better name for this variant, because it is which became the most symbolic and characteristic version of the Roman toga.

−	[[~~Image~~:~~Toga_shape_hypothesis1~~.jpg~~\|thumb\|right\|Theory 2~~. ~~Toga with the ellipsis~~-~~form~~]~~]An other hypothesis says that they cut it down in~~ a ~~semicircular~~ way, ~~so they had an oval~~, ~~ellipsis-~~like ~~shape~~:	+	In the photo at left, you can see a reconstruction of the classical toga which is made according to the "Theory 1": compare it yourselves with ones on the Roman statues, like [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/7094/titus3.jpg this], or [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/nerochild.jpg this], or [http://www.virginia.edu/artmuseum/WE_List_Large/images/Togata-5.jpg this] and so on...
		+
		+	===The toga of the Late Empire===
		+
		+	After the 2nd c. AD, a new, much more shorter fashion became popular, seen [http://www.vroma.org/~abarker/srollhold on this statue]. This new variant opened the way for [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/mappa_old.jpg this type] of the toga, one very characteristic of the Late Empire which existed together with several other, longer and larger variants, like [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/funerarymonument2.jpg this] (the one at right).

−	[[Image:Lentulus togatus.jpg.jpeg\|right\|\|220px]]Though we don't know the final answer but it seems that the even cutting is more likely because it is a more simple solution; anyway, the Romans now had [http://www.romancoins.info/p-augustus-statue-vat.JPG this variant of the toga] that is called "imperial", and was worn during the principate. However, "classical toga" is a better name for this variant, because it is which became the most symbolic and characteristic version of the Roman toga.

−	~~In the photo at right, you can see a reconstruction of the classical toga which is made according to the "Theory 1":~~

−	Compare it yourselves with ones on the Roman statues, like [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/7094/titus3.jpg this], or [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/nerochild.jpg this], or [http://www.virginia.edu/artmuseum/WE_List_Large/images/Togata-5.jpg this] and so on...

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Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 07:59, 20 August 2008

2008-08-20T07:59:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:59, 20 August 2008
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	''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.		''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.

−	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>[[Image:Priest togate capite velato.jpg\|right\|thumb]]<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of ~~things~~, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>	+	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>[[Image:Priest togate capite velato.jpg\|right\|thumb]]<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of the world, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>

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	==Evolution of the toga==		==Evolution of the toga==
	[[Image:Original_cemicircular_form.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Semicircular form.]]		[[Image:Original_cemicircular_form.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Semicircular form.]]
−	=== The early toga ===	+	===The early toga===

−	This was original semicircular form in the republican times until the ~~1st~~ century BC, which can be seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/toga3.jpg on this statue]:	+	This was the original semicircular form in the republican times until the end of the 2nd century BC, which can be seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/toga3.jpg on this statue]:

−	===2nd-1st c. BCE===	+	===Development during the 2nd-1st centuries BCE===

	[[Image:Enlargement_phase1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|End of 2nd c. BCE]]In the end of the 2nd century BCE, the aristocracy started to enlarge their toga to have a more impressive draping. They increased the width of the material bigger and bigger through the decades.		[[Image:Enlargement_phase1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|End of 2nd c. BCE]]In the end of the 2nd century BCE, the aristocracy started to enlarge their toga to have a more impressive draping. They increased the width of the material bigger and bigger through the decades.
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	[[Image:Enlargement_phase2.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Enlarged form.]]Now they had a very large toga draped the way seen [https://oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/2003/summer02/togatus2.jpg on this statue], and a bit later, this version of draping became even more popular at the end of the republic with the ''sinus'', seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/togaedman.jpg on this statue]:		[[Image:Enlargement_phase2.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Enlarged form.]]Now they had a very large toga draped the way seen [https://oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/2003/summer02/togatus2.jpg on this statue], and a bit later, this version of draping became even more popular at the end of the republic with the ''sinus'', seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/togaedman.jpg on this statue]:

−	===The "classical" toga===	+	===The "classical" toga - theories about its shape===

−	But having this new fashion of draping and the large measure of the material, they had problem with it's falling from the back and in the first part under the visible draping downstage, caused by the lots of material in the corners "x" and "y". Also, they continued to increase the width to have a larger sinus, and it caused even more problems because of those "too much material" corners, so they simply started to cut down the corners.

−	~~===="~~Theory 1"~~====~~	+	[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Theory 1. Classical toga with the even cutting]]But having this new fashion of draping and the large measure of the material, they had a problem caused by the lots of material in the corners '''"x"''' and '''"y"'''. The last end of the toga falling from the back and its first part under the visible draping downstage were getting to be very unwieldy, because, if the corners are not enough narrow, the first and last parts of the toga become too podgy that makes it very bad to drap. Also, the Roman aristocracy continued to increase the width of the toga to have a larger ''sinus'', and it caused even more problems because of those corners with "too much material", so finally they simply started to cut down the corners:

−	[[Image:~~Toga_shape_hypothesis2~~.jpg\|thumb\|right\|"Theory 1"]]An other hypothesis says that they cut it down in a semicircular way, so they had an oval, ellipsis-like shape:	+	[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Theory 2. Toga with the ellipsis-form]]An other hypothesis says that they cut it down in a semicircular way, so they had an oval, ellipsis-like shape:

−	~~====~~"~~Theory 2~~"~~====~~	+	[[Image:Lentulus togatus.jpg.jpeg\|right\|\|220px]]Though we don't know the final answer but it seems that the even cutting is more likely because it is a more simple solution; anyway, the Romans now had [http://www.romancoins.info/p-augustus-statue-vat.JPG this variant of the toga] that is called "imperial", and was worn during the principate. However, "classical toga" is a better name for this variant, because it is which became the most symbolic and characteristic version of the Roman toga.

−	~~[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis1.jpg\|thumb\|~~right\|"Theory 2"]]	+	In the photo at right, you can see a reconstruction of the classical toga which is made according to the "Theory 1":

−	~~===Final shape ===~~	+	Compare it yourselves with ones on the Roman statues, like [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/7094/titus3.jpg this], or [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/nerochild.jpg this], or [http://www.virginia.edu/artmuseum/WE_List_Large/images/Togata-5.jpg this] and so on...
−		+
−	~~[[Image:Lentulus togatus.jpg.jpeg\|right\|\|220px]]~~	+
−	I think that the even cutting is more likely because it is a more simple solution; anyway, they now had [http://www.romancoins.info/p-augustus-statue-vat.JPG this variant of the toga] that is called "imperial", and was worn during the principate. I think "classical toga" is a better name for this variant, because it is which became the most symbolic and characteristic version of the Roman toga.	+
−		+
−	~~In the photo at right, you can see my classical toga which is made according to the "Theory 1":~~	+
−		+
−	~~Please compare~~ it yourselves with ones on the Roman statues, like [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/7094/titus3.jpg this], or [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/nerochild.jpg this], or [http://www.virginia.edu/artmuseum/WE_List_Large/images/Togata-5.jpg this] and so on...	+

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M. Lucretius Agricola: headings, style TOC

2008-08-20T02:31:49Z

headings, style TOC

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:31, 20 August 2008
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	''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.		''For making and wearing a toga, see [[Toga (Nova Roma)]]''.

−	[[Image:Priest togate capite velato.jpg\|right\|thumb]]<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of things, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>	+	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>[[Image:Priest togate capite velato.jpg\|right\|thumb]]<onlyinclude>The '''toga''' developed over time from the simple, common and possibly sole garment of the Roman people to become the distinctive signifier of the power and culture of the Roman state, "...inseparable from every manifestation of their civic activity."</onlyinclude><ref name="carcopino">Carcopino, J. (1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. E. Lorimer trans.</ref> Romans conceived of themselves as "Romans, masters of things, the togate people". <ref name="virgil">[[Aeneid]] I.284: Iupiter refers to the Romans as "''Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam''"</ref>

		+	<br style="clear:both"/>
	==Social meaning of the toga==		==Social meaning of the toga==

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	==Evolution of the toga==		==Evolution of the toga==
	[[Image:Original_cemicircular_form.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Semicircular form.]]		[[Image:Original_cemicircular_form.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Semicircular form.]]
−	=== The ~~primitive~~ toga ===	+	=== The early toga ===

	This was original semicircular form in the republican times until the 1st century BC, which can be seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/toga3.jpg on this statue]:		This was original semicircular form in the republican times until the 1st century BC, which can be seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/toga3.jpg on this statue]:

−	=== ~~Development during the~~ 2nd-1st ~~centuries BC~~ ===	+	===2nd-1st c. BCE===

	[[Image:Enlargement_phase1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|End of 2nd c. BCE]]In the end of the 2nd century BCE, the aristocracy started to enlarge their toga to have a more impressive draping. They increased the width of the material bigger and bigger through the decades.		[[Image:Enlargement_phase1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|End of 2nd c. BCE]]In the end of the 2nd century BCE, the aristocracy started to enlarge their toga to have a more impressive draping. They increased the width of the material bigger and bigger through the decades.
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	[[Image:Enlargement_phase2.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Enlarged form.]]Now they had a very large toga draped the way seen [https://oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/2003/summer02/togatus2.jpg on this statue], and a bit later, this version of draping became even more popular at the end of the republic with the ''sinus'', seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/togaedman.jpg on this statue]:		[[Image:Enlargement_phase2.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Enlarged form.]]Now they had a very large toga draped the way seen [https://oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/www/2003/summer02/togatus2.jpg on this statue], and a bit later, this version of draping became even more popular at the end of the republic with the ''sinus'', seen [http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/togaedman.jpg on this statue]:

−	=== The classical toga ~~- theories about its shape~~ ===	+	===The "classical" toga===

	But having this new fashion of draping and the large measure of the material, they had problem with it's falling from the back and in the first part under the visible draping downstage, caused by the lots of material in the corners "x" and "y". Also, they continued to increase the width to have a larger sinus, and it caused even more problems because of those "too much material" corners, so they simply started to cut down the corners.		But having this new fashion of draping and the large measure of the material, they had problem with it's falling from the back and in the first part under the visible draping downstage, caused by the lots of material in the corners "x" and "y". Also, they continued to increase the width to have a larger sinus, and it caused even more problems because of those "too much material" corners, so they simply started to cut down the corners.
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	===="Theory 1"====		===="Theory 1"====

−	[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|"Theory 1"]]	+	[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|"Theory 1"]]An other hypothesis says that they cut it down in a semicircular way, so they had an oval, ellipsis-like shape:
−		+
−		+
−	An other hypothesis says that they cut it down in a semicircular way, so they had an oval, ellipsis-like shape:	+

	===="Theory 2"====		===="Theory 2"====

	[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|"Theory 2"]]		[[Image:Toga_shape_hypothesis1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|"Theory 2"]]
−

	===Final shape ===		===Final shape ===