Senate procedures - Revision history

Marcus Pompeius Caninus: /* Flamen Dialis */ added a space before the senate.

2016-04-26T21:34:52Z

Flamen Dialis: added a space before the senate.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 26 April 2016
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	====''Flamen Dialis''====		====''Flamen Dialis''====

−	Finally, the ''[[flamen Dialis]]'' also held the ''ius sententiae'' by virtue of his office and was therefore entitled to attend meetings of the[[senate]] while he held that priesthood (which was normally held for life).	+	Finally, the ''[[flamen Dialis]]'' also held the ''ius sententiae'' by virtue of his office and was therefore entitled to attend meetings of the [[senate]] while he held that priesthood (which was normally held for life).

	====Members of the senate====		====Members of the senate====

Marcus Pompeius Caninus: /* Others by special permission */ added a space before the presiding magistrate.

2016-04-26T21:34:07Z

Others by special permission: added a space before the presiding magistrate.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 26 April 2016
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	====Others by special permission====		====Others by special permission====

−	Anyone who was not normally entitled to attend meetings of the [[senate]] could be given special permission to attend a particular meeting by the[[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]]. Such people were entitled to attend only for so long and on such terms as the presiding magistrate permitted.	+	Anyone who was not normally entitled to attend meetings of the [[senate]] could be given special permission to attend a particular meeting by the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]]. Such people were entitled to attend only for so long and on such terms as the presiding magistrate permitted.

	This permission was most commonly given to the ''[[apparitor]]es'' and ''[[lictor]]es'' of the presiding magistrate himself, as well as to any special guests such as foreign ambassadors.		This permission was most commonly given to the ''[[apparitor]]es'' and ''[[lictor]]es'' of the presiding magistrate himself, as well as to any special guests such as foreign ambassadors.

Marcus Pompeius Caninus: /* Current magistrates */ added a space before the link to the senate.

2016-04-26T21:33:26Z

Current magistrates: added a space before the link to the senate.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:33, 26 April 2016
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	====Current magistrates====		====Current magistrates====

−	The ''ius sententiae'' was also held by the current occupant of any magistracy of the Roman people, who were thus entitled to attend meetings of the[[senate]] while in office, whether they were ''senatores'' or not:	+	The ''ius sententiae'' was also held by the current occupant of any magistracy of the Roman people, who were thus entitled to attend meetings of the [[senate]] while in office, whether they were ''senatores'' or not:

	* ''[[Dictator]]''		* ''[[Dictator]]''

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus: fix some links

2014-02-07T20:30:14Z

fix some links

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 7 February 2014
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	* ''[[Tribunus plebis]]''		* ''[[Tribunus plebis]]''
	* ''[[Interrex]]''		* ''[[Interrex]]''
−	* ''[[Praefectus urbi]]''	+	* ''[[Praefectus\|Praefectus urbi]]''

	Only one magistrate could convene the senate at any given time. If more than one magistrate with the ''ius agendi'' wished to convene the senate at the same time, it would be convened by the magistrate who was highest in the order of precedence listed above. However, once the senate was convened it was possible for other magistrates with the ''ius agendi'' to consult it (see [[senate procedures#Other presiding magistrates\|below]]).		Only one magistrate could convene the senate at any given time. If more than one magistrate with the ''ius agendi'' wished to convene the senate at the same time, it would be convened by the magistrate who was highest in the order of precedence listed above. However, once the senate was convened it was possible for other magistrates with the ''ius agendi'' to consult it (see [[senate procedures#Other presiding magistrates\|below]]).
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	Also entitled to attend were those former magistrates who were not ''senatores'' but who possessed the ''ius sententiae dicendae'' (the right to give their opinion in the [[senate]]) by virtue of their former magistracy. These former magistrates were:		Also entitled to attend were those former magistrates who were not ''senatores'' but who possessed the ''ius sententiae dicendae'' (the right to give their opinion in the [[senate]]) by virtue of their former magistracy. These former magistrates were:

−	* ''[[~~Dictatorius~~]]''	+	* ''[[Dictator]]ius''
−	* ''[[~~Censorius~~]]''	+	* ''[[Censor]]ius''
−	* ''[[~~Consularis~~]]''	+	* ''[[Consul]]aris''
−	* ''[[~~Praetorius~~]]''	+	* ''[[Praetor]]ius''
−	* ''[[Magistri equitum priores]]''	+	* ''[[Magister equitum\|Magistri equitum priores]]''

	Over time lower magistrates also gained the ''ius sententiae'':		Over time lower magistrates also gained the ''ius sententiae'':

−	* ''[[Aedilicii curules]]'' (from the fourth century B.C.)	+	* ''[[Aedilis\|Aedilicii curules]]'' (from the fourth century B.C.)
−	* ''[[Aedilicii plebis]]'' (from the late third century B.C.)	+	* ''[[Aedilis\|Aedilicii plebis]]'' (from the late third century B.C.)
−	* ''[[Tribunicii plebis]]'' (from the early second century B.C.)	+	* ''[[Tribunus plebis\|Tribunicii plebis]]'' (from the early second century B.C.)
−	* ''[[~~Quaestorii~~]]'' (from the early first century B.C.)	+	* ''[[Quaestor]]ii'' (from the early first century B.C.)

	It should be noted, however, that a former magistrate would lose the ''ius sententiae'' if he lost his citizenship, became [[infamia\|''infamis'']], or was passed over by the [[Censor\|''censores'']] during the ''[[lectio senatus]]''.		It should be noted, however, that a former magistrate would lose the ''ius sententiae'' if he lost his citizenship, became [[infamia\|''infamis'']], or was passed over by the [[Censor\|''censores'']] during the ''[[lectio senatus]]''.
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	====Current magistrates====		====Current magistrates====

−	The ''ius sententiae'' was also held by the current occupant of any magistracy of the Roman people, who were thus entitled to attend meetings of the [[senate]] while in office, whether they were ''senatores'' or not:	+	The ''ius sententiae'' was also held by the current occupant of any magistracy of the Roman people, who were thus entitled to attend meetings of the[[senate]] while in office, whether they were ''senatores'' or not:

	* ''[[Dictator]]''		* ''[[Dictator]]''
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	* ''[[Praetor]]''		* ''[[Praetor]]''
	* ''[[Magister equitum]]''		* ''[[Magister equitum]]''
−	* ''[[Aedilis curulis]]''	+	* ''[[Aedilis\|Aedilis curulis]]''
−	* ''[[Aedilis plebis]]''	+	* ''[[Aedilis\|Aedilis plebis]]''
	* ''[[Tribunus plebis]]''		* ''[[Tribunus plebis]]''
	* ''[[Quaestor]]''		* ''[[Quaestor]]''
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	====''Flamen Dialis''====		====''Flamen Dialis''====

−	Finally, the ''[[flamen Dialis]]'' also held the ''ius sententiae'' by virtue of his office and was therefore entitled to attend meetings of the [[senate]] while he held that priesthood (which was normally held for life).	+	Finally, the ''[[flamen Dialis]]'' also held the ''ius sententiae'' by virtue of his office and was therefore entitled to attend meetings of the[[senate]] while he held that priesthood (which was normally held for life).

	====Members of the senate====		====Members of the senate====
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	====Others by special permission====		====Others by special permission====

−	Anyone who was not normally entitled to attend meetings of the [[senate]] could be given special permission to attend a particular meeting by the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]]. Such people were entitled to attend only for so long and on such terms as the presiding magistrate permitted.	+	Anyone who was not normally entitled to attend meetings of the [[senate]] could be given special permission to attend a particular meeting by the[[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]]. Such people were entitled to attend only for so long and on such terms as the presiding magistrate permitted.

−	This permission was most commonly given to the ''[[~~apparitores~~]]'' and ''[[~~lictores~~]]'' of the presiding magistrate himself, as well as to any special guests such as foreign ambassadors.	+	This permission was most commonly given to the ''[[apparitor]]es'' and ''[[lictor]]es'' of the presiding magistrate himself, as well as to any special guests such as foreign ambassadors.

	====Listeners in the antechamber====		====Listeners in the antechamber====

−	Some people, though not permitted to enter the place where the [[senate]] was meeting, were customarily permitted to enter the antechamber and listen from there. These included, in particular, the young sons of men who were taking part in the meeting. This was also where the ''[[tribuni plebis]]'' listened to proceedings before they gained the ''ius sententiae'' in the third century B.C.	+	Some people, though not permitted to enter the place where the [[senate]] was meeting, were customarily permitted to enter the antechamber and listen from there. These included, in particular, the young sons of men who were taking part in the meeting. This was also where the ''[[Tribunus plebis\|tribuni plebis]]'' listened to proceedings before they gained the ''ius sententiae'' in the third century B.C.

	====Listeners outside====		====Listeners outside====
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	Meetings of the [[senate]] normally began with reports from absent persons such as magistrates away on campaign, or from magistrates recently returned from campaigns abroad, and also with the reception of foreign ambassadors. The person making the report or representation might be asked questions by the senate, but no debate would take place at this stage.		Meetings of the [[senate]] normally began with reports from absent persons such as magistrates away on campaign, or from magistrates recently returned from campaigns abroad, and also with the reception of foreign ambassadors. The person making the report or representation might be asked questions by the senate, but no debate would take place at this stage.

−	If some decision needed to be taken about such a report, or if some official answer needed to be given, then it would be for the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] to make a ''[[#~~Relatio_.28matter_for_discussion.29~~\|relatio]]'' on the subject. This might be done in the presence of the person who had made the report or representation or, if that person was not entitled to participate in the meeting in his own right, he might be asked to leave while the matter was discussed.	+	If some decision needed to be taken about such a report, or if some official answer needed to be given, then it would be for the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] to make a ''[[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter_for_discussion)\|relatio]]'' on the subject. This might be done in the presence of the person who had made the report or representation or, if that person was not entitled to participate in the meeting in his own right, he might be asked to leave while the matter was discussed.

	After such reports came the first ''relatio''. Strictly speaking the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] could put forward ''relationes'' in whatever order he pleased, but it was customary for ''relationes'' concerning religious matters to be made first.		After such reports came the first ''relatio''. Strictly speaking the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] could put forward ''relationes'' in whatever order he pleased, but it was customary for ''relationes'' concerning religious matters to be made first.
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	When the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] called on members of the [[senate]] to give their opinions on a [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']], he called them in a strict order of precedence. The order was:		When the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] called on members of the [[senate]] to give their opinions on a [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']], he called them in a strict order of precedence. The order was:

−	* [[Consul ~~designatus~~\|''Consules designati'']]	+	* [[Consul\|''Consules designati'']]
	* ''[[Princeps senatus]]''		* ''[[Princeps senatus]]''
−	* [[~~Dictatorius~~\|''Dictatorii'']]	+	* [[Dictator\|''Dictatorii'']]
−	* [[Censor ~~designatus~~\|''Censores designati'']]	+	* [[Censor\|''Censores designati'']]
−	* [[~~Censorius~~\|''Censorii'']]	+	* [[Censor\|''Censorii'']]
−	* [[~~Consularis~~\|''Consulares'']]	+	* [[Consul\|''Consulares'']]
−	* [[Praetor ~~designatus~~\|''Praetores designati'']]	+	* [[Praetor\|''Praetores designati'']]
−	* [[~~Praetorius~~\|''Praetorii'']]	+	* [[Praetor\|''Praetorii'']]
−	* [[Aedilis ~~curulis designatus~~\|''Aediles curules designati'']]	+	* [[Aedilis\|''Aediles curules designati'']]
−	* [[~~Aedilicius curulis~~\|''Aedilicii curules'']]	+	* [[Aedilis\|''Aedilicii curules'']]
−	* [[Aedilis ~~plebis deignatus~~\|''Aediles plebis designati'']]	+	* [[Aedilis\|''Aediles plebis designati'']]
−	* [[~~Aedilicius plebis~~\|''Aedilicii plebis'']]	+	* [[Aedilis\|''Aedilicii plebis'']]
−	* [[Tribunus plebis ~~designatus~~\|''Tribuni plebis designati'']]	+	* [[Tribunus plebis\|''Tribuni plebis designati'']]
−	* [[~~Tribunicius~~ plebis\|''Tribunicii plebis'']]	+	* [[Tribunus plebis\|''Tribunicii plebis'']]
−	* [[Quaestor ~~designatus~~\|''Quaestores designati'']]	+	* [[Quaestor\|''Quaestores designati'']]
−	* [[~~Quaestorius~~\|''Quaestorii'']]	+	* [[Quaestor\|''Quaestorii'']]
	* [[Privatus\|''Privati'']]		* [[Privatus\|''Privati'']]

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 15:30, 23 May 2008

2008-05-23T15:30:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:30, 23 May 2008
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−	{{LanguageBar\|Senate procedures}}~~[[Category:Roma Antiqua]]~~	+	{{LanguageBar\|Senate procedures}}

	This is a summary of the procedures followed in the ancient [[senate]] in the time of the free republic. For the procedures used by the senate of Nova Rome, see: [[Senate procedures (Nova Roma)]].		This is a summary of the procedures followed in the ancient [[senate]] in the time of the free republic. For the procedures used by the senate of Nova Rome, see: [[Senate procedures (Nova Roma)]].
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	Once it had been drawn up, the text of a ''[[senatus consultum]]'' or ''[[senatus auctoritas]]'' would be deposited in the ''[[aerarium Saturni]]'' by the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]].		Once it had been drawn up, the text of a ''[[senatus consultum]]'' or ''[[senatus auctoritas]]'' would be deposited in the ''[[aerarium Saturni]]'' by the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]].
		+
		+
		+	[[Category:Law and politics]]

M. Lucretius Agricola: lnk to NR article as well

2008-03-12T09:08:25Z

lnk to NR article as well

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:08, 12 March 2008
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	{{LanguageBar\|Senate procedures}}[[Category:Roma Antiqua]]		{{LanguageBar\|Senate procedures}}[[Category:Roma Antiqua]]

−	This is a summary of the procedures followed in the ancient [[senate]] in the time of the free republic.	+	This is a summary of the procedures followed in the ancient [[senate]] in the time of the free republic. For the procedures used by the senate of Nova Rome, see: [[Senate procedures (Nova Roma)]].

	==Convening the senate==		==Convening the senate==

M. Lucretius Agricola: + cat

2008-03-12T08:00:24Z

+ cat

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:00, 12 March 2008
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−	{{LanguageBar\|Senate procedures}}	+	{{LanguageBar\|Senate procedures}}[[Category:Roma Antiqua]]

	This is a summary of the procedures followed in the ancient [[senate]] in the time of the free republic.		This is a summary of the procedures followed in the ancient [[senate]] in the time of the free republic.

Aulus Apollonius Cordus: /* Delivering a ''sententia'' */ Italics

2007-09-04T15:58:38Z

Delivering a ''sententia'': Italics

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:58, 4 September 2007
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	====Delivering a ''sententia''====		====Delivering a ''sententia''====

−	The [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] called upon each person by name, saying, for example, "díc, M. Tullí, quid cénsés" ("say, M. Tullius, what you think") or simply "díc, M. Tullí" ("speak, M. Tullius").	+	The [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] called upon each person by name, saying, for example, "''díc, M. Tullí, quid cénsés''" ("say, M. Tullius, what you think") or simply "''díc, M. Tullí''" ("speak, M. Tullius").

	When called upon, a member of the [[senate]] was obliged to give some indication of his opinion, and if he refused to do so the presiding magistrate might fine him or punish him in some other way.		When called upon, a member of the [[senate]] was obliged to give some indication of his opinion, and if he refused to do so the presiding magistrate might fine him or punish him in some other way.

Aulus Apollonius Cordus: Corrected internal links

2006-10-27T23:23:28Z

Corrected internal links

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:23, 27 October 2006
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	No matter when the meeting began, the [[senate]] could not conclude any valid business after sunset. Any vote taken after sunset was invalid. Informal discussion could, however, continue after sunset.		No matter when the meeting began, the [[senate]] could not conclude any valid business after sunset. Any vote taken after sunset was invalid. Informal discussion could, however, continue after sunset.

−	For this reason, it was customary not to begin discussion on any new [[senate procedures#Relatio\|''relatio'']] after the tenth [[Timekeeping\|hour]] of the day. This ensured that any ''relatio'' would be guaranteed at least two hours for discussion.	+	For this reason, it was customary not to begin discussion on any new [[senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']] after the tenth [[Timekeeping\|hour]] of the day. This ensured that any ''relatio'' would be guaranteed at least two hours for discussion.

	A meeting which ran out of time could be adjourned for continuation on a subsequent day. This subsequent meeting would technically be a new meeting and not a continuation of the previous one, but in practice it could pick up where the previous one had finished.		A meeting which ran out of time could be adjourned for continuation on a subsequent day. This subsequent meeting would technically be a new meeting and not a continuation of the previous one, but in practice it could pick up where the previous one had finished.
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	====General rule====		====General rule====

−	During the republican period there was no minimum number of votes required to vote on an ordinary ''relatio'' and pass an ordinary ''[[senatus consultum]]''. It was left to the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] to judge whether the meeting was sufficiently full (''frequens'') for meaningful business to be done, and his decision was not open to challenge.	+	During the republican period there was no minimum number of votes required to vote on an ordinary [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']] and pass an ordinary ''[[senatus consultum]]''. It was left to the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] to judge whether the meeting was sufficiently full (''frequens'') for meaningful business to be done, and his decision was not open to challenge.

	====Exceptions====		====Exceptions====
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	:(A ''[[senatus consultum]]'' can be made in two ways: either by division, if it be agreed, or, if it be a doubtful matter, by asking the opinion of each.)		:(A ''[[senatus consultum]]'' can be made in two ways: either by division, if it be agreed, or, if it be a doubtful matter, by asking the opinion of each.)

−	This outlines the two procedures which a [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] could follow after making a [[Senate procedures#Relatio\|''relatio'']]. If he did not want a general debate, he could immediately make his own proposal and then call for a [[Senate procedures#Discessio\|vote]] without discussion. This was the procedure ''per discessionem'' (by division).	+	This outlines the two procedures which a [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] could follow after making a [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']]. If he did not want a general debate, he could immediately make his own proposal and then call for a [[Senate procedures#Discessio\|vote]] without discussion. This was the procedure ''per discessionem'' (by division).

	Alternatively the presiding magistrate could invite at least some members of the [[senate]] to state their opinions on the ''relatio'' before calling a vote. This was the procedure ''per singulorum sententias exquisitas'' or ''per relationem''.		Alternatively the presiding magistrate could invite at least some members of the [[senate]] to state their opinions on the ''relatio'' before calling a vote. This was the procedure ''per singulorum sententias exquisitas'' or ''per relationem''.
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	===Debate===		===Debate===

−	Having made his [[Senate procedures#Relatio\|''relatio'']] and any introductory remarks or proposals he wished to make, the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] would ordinarily open the matter for debate. This was done by calling each member of the [[senate]], in turn, to state his opinion on the matter, as follows.	+	Having made his [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']] and any introductory remarks or proposals he wished to make, the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] would ordinarily open the matter for debate. This was done by calling each member of the [[senate]], in turn, to state his opinion on the matter, as follows.

	====Order of debate====		====Order of debate====

−	When the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] called on members of the [[senate]] to give their opinions on a [[Senate procedures#Relatio\|''relatio'']], he called them in a strict order of precedence. The order was:	+	When the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] called on members of the [[senate]] to give their opinions on a [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']], he called them in a strict order of precedence. The order was:

	* [[Consul designatus\|''Consules designati'']]		* [[Consul designatus\|''Consules designati'']]
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	He could, however, express his opinion in several ways. First, he could remain seated and state simply that he agreed with a previous speaker: "''Cn. Pompéió adsentior''" ("I agree with Cn. Pompeius"). Secondly, he could get up and sit near a previous speaker with whom he agreed. Thirdly, he could stand up and deliver a speech.		He could, however, express his opinion in several ways. First, he could remain seated and state simply that he agreed with a previous speaker: "''Cn. Pompéió adsentior''" ("I agree with Cn. Pompeius"). Secondly, he could get up and sit near a previous speaker with whom he agreed. Thirdly, he could stand up and deliver a speech.

−	Once he was on his feet and speaking, a member of the senate could speak not only about the [[Senate procedures#Relatio\|''relatio'']] but about any subject he wished. He was also entitled to speak for as long as he wished without being stopped (although the presiding magistrate or another magistrate might make a brief interruption to ask a question or challenge a point). The only requirement was that he must, usually at the end of his speech, either make a specific proposal of what should be done about the ''relatio'' or else express his agreement with the proposal of a previous speaker.	+	Once he was on his feet and speaking, a member of the senate could speak not only about the [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']] but about any subject he wished. He was also entitled to speak for as long as he wished without being stopped (although the presiding magistrate or another magistrate might make a brief interruption to ask a question or challenge a point). The only requirement was that he must, usually at the end of his speech, either make a specific proposal of what should be done about the ''relatio'' or else express his agreement with the proposal of a previous speaker.

	====Responding to a ''sententia''====		====Responding to a ''sententia''====
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	===Proposal===		===Proposal===

−	When introducing the [[Senate procedures#Relatio\|''relatio'']], the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] would sometimes put forward a specific proposal for action to be taken by himself and / or other magistrates. If there was debate on the ''relatio'', one or more alternative proposals might be put forward by members of the [[senate]].	+	When introducing the [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']], the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] would sometimes put forward a specific proposal for action to be taken by himself and / or other magistrates. If there was debate on the ''relatio'', one or more alternative proposals might be put forward by members of the [[senate]].

	The presiding magistrate had complete freedom in deciding what to do about these proposals. He could put a proposal to a vote exactly as it had originally been suggested, or he could make changes to it, or he could refuse to put it to a vote at all. He could create entirely new proposals which had not been discussed during the debate. He was not, in fact, obliged to put any proposals to a vote at all. Normally, however, at least one proposal would be put to a vote, and it would normally be one which had been discussed during the debate. The presiding magistrate also had freedom to decide in which order he would put proposals to a vote, and the result of one vote might influence his decision about which, if any, proposal to put forward next.		The presiding magistrate had complete freedom in deciding what to do about these proposals. He could put a proposal to a vote exactly as it had originally been suggested, or he could make changes to it, or he could refuse to put it to a vote at all. He could create entirely new proposals which had not been discussed during the debate. He was not, in fact, obliged to put any proposals to a vote at all. Normally, however, at least one proposal would be put to a vote, and it would normally be one which had been discussed during the debate. The presiding magistrate also had freedom to decide in which order he would put proposals to a vote, and the result of one vote might influence his decision about which, if any, proposal to put forward next.
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	==''Intercessio'' (veto)==		==''Intercessio'' (veto)==

−	As mentioned [[Senate procedures#Obstruction\|above]], it was accepted that no one could prevent a magistrate with the [[Senate procedures#Who might convene the senate\|''ius agendi cum senatu'']] from convening the [[senate]]. Similarly, no one could prevent the senate itself from convening, or prevent the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] from putting forward a [[Senate procedures#Relatio\|''relatio'']] or putting a proposal to a vote. Indeed there is no record of ''[[intercessio]]'' being used to obstruct any aspect of the senate's proceedings except the outcome of the vote itself.	+	As mentioned [[Senate procedures#Obstruction\|above]], it was accepted that no one could prevent a magistrate with the [[Senate procedures#Who might convene the senate\|''ius agendi cum senatu'']] from convening the [[senate]]. Similarly, no one could prevent the senate itself from convening, or prevent the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] from putting forward a [[Senate procedures#Relatio (matter for discussion)\|''relatio'']] or putting a proposal to a vote. Indeed there is no record of ''[[intercessio]]'' being used to obstruct any aspect of the senate's proceedings except the outcome of the vote itself.

	To veto the outcome of a vote, the ''[[tribunus plebis]]'' (for it seems that it was always a ''tribunus plebis'' and never another magistrate) would stand up either during or immediately after the vote and declare:		To veto the outcome of a vote, the ''[[tribunus plebis]]'' (for it seems that it was always a ''tribunus plebis'' and never another magistrate) would stand up either during or immediately after the vote and declare:

Marcus Octavius Gracchus: /* Order of business */ relatio link

2006-10-25T01:20:26Z

Order of business: relatio link

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:20, 25 October 2006
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	Meetings of the [[senate]] normally began with reports from absent persons such as magistrates away on campaign, or from magistrates recently returned from campaigns abroad, and also with the reception of foreign ambassadors. The person making the report or representation might be asked questions by the senate, but no debate would take place at this stage.		Meetings of the [[senate]] normally began with reports from absent persons such as magistrates away on campaign, or from magistrates recently returned from campaigns abroad, and also with the reception of foreign ambassadors. The person making the report or representation might be asked questions by the senate, but no debate would take place at this stage.

−	If some decision needed to be taken about such a report, or if some official answer needed to be given, then it would be for the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] to make a [[~~Senate procedures~~#~~Relatio~~\|''relatio'']] on the subject. This might be done in the presence of the person who had made the report or representation or, if that person was not entitled to participate in the meeting in his own right, he might be asked to leave while the matter was discussed.	+	If some decision needed to be taken about such a report, or if some official answer needed to be given, then it would be for the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] to make a ''[[#Relatio_.28matter_for_discussion.29\|relatio]]'' on the subject. This might be done in the presence of the person who had made the report or representation or, if that person was not entitled to participate in the meeting in his own right, he might be asked to leave while the matter was discussed.

	After such reports came the first ''relatio''. Strictly speaking the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] could put forward ''relationes'' in whatever order he pleased, but it was customary for ''relationes'' concerning religious matters to be made first.		After such reports came the first ''relatio''. Strictly speaking the [[Senate procedures#The presiding magistrate\|presiding magistrate]] could put forward ''relationes'' in whatever order he pleased, but it was customary for ''relationes'' concerning religious matters to be made first.