Ludi Novi Romani/MMDCCLXVII/Certamen Latinum Augusteum - Revision history

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: RESULTS

2014-03-22T12:41:12Z

RESULTS

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:41, 22 March 2014
Line 952:		Line 952:

	At this high level of advanced Latin composition we can't give you any example. Review all previous exercises, and study the corrections you got for your exercises sent in.		At this high level of advanced Latin composition we can't give you any example. Review all previous exercises, and study the corrections you got for your exercises sent in.
		+
		+
		+
		+	== Final Results ==
		+	The final results for the '''Certamen Latinum Augusteum 2000''' for Ludi Novi Romani 2767:
		+
		+	:'''1st place:''' [[Gaius Claudius Quadratus (Nova Roma)\|C. Claudius Quadratus]] -- 459/476 pts + 35/35 Speed pts = 494 pts (Answered 7 Qs)
		+	:'''2nd place:''' P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus -- 432/476 pts + 35/35 Speed pts = 467 pts (Answered 7 Qs)
		+	:'''3rd place:''' C. Claudius Barbatus -- 369/476 pts + 30/35 Speed pts = 399 pts (Answered 7 Qs)
		+	:'''4th place:''' Christopher D. S. Hughes (foreigner) -- 135/476 + 15/35 Speed pts = 150 pts (Answered 3 Qs)

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: Q7

2014-03-15T23:17:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:17, 15 March 2014
Line 907:		Line 907:

	:"Audivimus milites Pompei vehementer bellavisse, sed nescimus cur Caesar vicerit."		:"Audivimus milites Pompei vehementer bellavisse, sed nescimus cur Caesar vicerit."
		+
		+
		+	==Question 7 (March 14th)==
		+
		+
		+	'''I. INTRODUCTION 7 - Writing Your Own Latin'''
		+
		+	Latinist friends, Nova Romans, countrymen! What else could I say to you? You know everything. You know all the fundamental grammar of Latin, you can write now about anything. Our last exercise will aim this goal: writing an own composition in Latin, using all the knowledge we practiced in these days. I don't say "good bye": I say welcome! Welcome to the world of Romans, welcome among the ''Catones'', ''Caesares'' and ''Scipiones'', welcome to the world of Augustus!
		+
		+
		+	'''II. QUESTION 7'''
		+
		+	Augustus used a laconic, impressive, severe and ritualistically formal language to summarize very concisely his greatest achievements of his life, the highlights of his lifetime. This was the ''Res Gestae Divi Augusti''.
		+
		+	Now you have to write your own ''Res Gestae'' in Latin, of course only a tiny one, which shall contain no more and no less than 100 words. If you write more, you will not get extra points for the words above 100, neither will you get the maximum points if you write less than 100.
		+
		+	Content requirement: your little ''Res Gestae'' shall highlight the "milestones" of your life, facts, events, achievements, episodes which you consider the most important. If you are a Nova Roman, your Nova Roman deeds, career and offices shall be also mentioned. The text shall be continuous, a coherent narrative told in singular first person like the Augustan ''Res Gestae''.
		+
		+	You may use any words you choose. If you don't have Latin dictionary, I recommend the following on-line dictionaries where you can search for the English words' Latin translations:
		+
		+	http://perseus.uchicago.edu/Reference/lewisandshort.html
		+
		+	or
		+
		+	http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wordes.exe
		+
		+	or
		+
		+	http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/showcase/wordsonline.html
		+
		+
		+	It is very important that you review all previous grammar, declensions, conjugations, adjectives and the indirect speech. You can find all information on the Certamen's website:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Novi_Romani/MMDCCLXVII/Certamen_Latinum_Augusteum
		+
		+	Or here:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence
		+
		+
		+	'''III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:'''
		+
		+	At this high level of advanced Latin composition we can't give you any example. Review all previous exercises, and study the corrections you got for your exercises sent in.

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: /* Question 6 (March 12th) */

2014-03-13T18:58:53Z

Question 6 (March 12th)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:58, 13 March 2014
Line 848:		Line 848:
	'''I. INTRODUCTION 6 - Full Text Composition'''		'''I. INTRODUCTION 6 - Full Text Composition'''

−	My Latinist friends, contestants! I call my Latinist friends because all of you who reached this point can be considered a person who knows Latin, even if his studies are not yet finished, anyone who is attempting today's exercise, that person is a honorary Latinist! We have learned all the most important facets of Latin grammar, we will not go beyond that in this Certamen. But we want to make our knowledge a reality, and after having translated single sentences, today you will be challenged to translate a full Latin composition. That's to become Roman in practice! From now on, you are conversing with ''Cicerones'' and ''Livii'', with ''Caesares'' and ''Catulli'', with the Romans themselves. Latinist friends, Nova Romans, countrymen! We arrived: we are at home.	+	My Latinist friends, contestants! I call you my Latinist friends because all of you who reached this point can be considered a person who knows Latin, even if his studies are not yet finished, anyone who is attempting today's exercise, that person is a honorary Latinist! We have learned all the most important facets of Latin grammar, we will not go beyond that in this Certamen. But we want to make our knowledge a reality, and after having translated single sentences, today you will be challenged to translate a full Latin composition. That's to become Roman in practice! From now on, you are conversing with ''Cicerones'' and ''Livii'', with ''Caesares'' and ''Catulli'', with the Romans themselves. Latinist friends, Nova Romans, countrymen! We arrived: we are at home.

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: Q6

2014-03-13T18:15:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:15, 13 March 2014
Line 821:		Line 821:

	'''III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:'''		'''III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:'''
		+
		+	:"We heard that the soldiers of Pompey had fought vehemently, but we don't know why Caesar won." (7 pts)
		+
		+	::audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (hear)
		+	::miles, -itis, m (soldier)
		+	::Pompeius, -i, m (Pompey)
		+	::bello, -are, -avi, -atum (fight)
		+	::vehemens, -entis (vehement)
		+	::nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (do/does not know)
		+	::cur (why)
		+	::Caesar, -aris, m (Caesar)
		+	::vinco, -ere, vici, victum (win)
		+
		+	- in the first part is an Indirect Statement, which means that we have to use the Accusative with Infinitive construction here. We see that the time of the reported statement's verb "had fought" is prior to the time of the reporting verb "heard", so "had fought" will be translated with a Perfect Infinitive: "''bellavisse''". '''(1 pt)'''
		+	<br>- We put "the soldiers" in accusative ("''milites''"), because that's the object of the construction "we heard the soldiers ''to have fought''". '''(1pt)'''
		+	<br>- The second part is an Indirect Question (why Caesar won), thus we will use the Subjunctive. The time of the reported question's verb, "won" is prior to the time of the reporting verb "I don't know", which is a Present Tense. So, according to the rules of the Sequence of Tenses, after Present reporting verb if a verb of prior time follows, the repored verb shall be in Perfect Subjunctive. In this case it's "''vicerit''". '''(1 pt)'''
		+	<br>- After translating everything else '''(4 pts)''', which is not new grammar, we get the following result:
		+
		+	:"Audivimus milites Pompei vehementer bellavisse, sed nescimus cur Caesar vicerit."
		+
		+
		+	== Question 6 (March 12th) ==
		+
		+	<br>
		+
		+	'''I. INTRODUCTION 6 - Full Text Composition'''
		+
		+	My Latinist friends, contestants! I call my Latinist friends because all of you who reached this point can be considered a person who knows Latin, even if his studies are not yet finished, anyone who is attempting today's exercise, that person is a honorary Latinist! We have learned all the most important facets of Latin grammar, we will not go beyond that in this Certamen. But we want to make our knowledge a reality, and after having translated single sentences, today you will be challenged to translate a full Latin composition. That's to become Roman in practice! From now on, you are conversing with ''Cicerones'' and ''Livii'', with ''Caesares'' and ''Catulli'', with the Romans themselves. Latinist friends, Nova Romans, countrymen! We arrived: we are at home.
		+
		+
		+	'''II. QUESTION 6'''
		+
		+	You have to translate the following continuous composition, written mostly by Augustus, or inspired by his autobiography, the ''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' (Chapter 34). You don't have to emulate to recreate the original text, although if you wish to use the same words Augustus used, you may, of course, search for the original Latin text (''Res Gestae'', Chapter 34) and use the words Augustus used. However, don't forget that the text to be translated is not the same text, it is a modified version of it where numbers, cases, tenses may be different from what Augustus wrote, it includes phrases or words he did not use; so you can not simply copy Augustus' original, but you have to reshape it completely in some places, to change some of his words, and to add some words he didn't use.
		+
		+	This also means that you don't get a vocabulary list to these translations. You may use any words you choose. If you don't have Latin dictionary, I recommend the following on-line dictionaries where you can search for the English words' Latin translations:
		+
		+	http://perseus.uchicago.edu/Reference/lewisandshort.html
		+
		+	or
		+
		+	http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wordes.exe
		+
		+	or
		+
		+	http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/showcase/wordsonline.html
		+
		+	'''One important rule''': you have to translate the text following closely and strictly the English text word by word. Don't use various grammatical constructions we did not exercise so far (like the ablative absolute, participles or gerundive). Translate the text literally, word by word, as you did with all previous sentences of the Certamen.
		+
		+	The composition contains ALL GRAMMAR we exercised do far, and you don't have to use any additional information or don't need to rely on any other knowledge except the one we discussed during the last 5 questions-exercises. It is very important that you review all previous grammar, declensions, conjugations, adjectives and the indirect speech. You can find all information on the Certamen's website:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Novi_Romani/MMDCCLXVII/Certamen_Latinum_Augusteum
		+
		+	Or here:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
		+	<br>http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
		+	<br>http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence
		+
		+
		+	:THE TEXT TO BE TRANSLATED
		+
		+	:In his sixth and seventh consulships, Augustus, when he had extinguished the last civil war between Roman citizens, and when with universal consent he was governing our republic with supreme power, gave back all powers to the Roman senate, but we don't know whether the republic got out from his power to the dominion of the Roman people. We read in his ''Res Gestae'' that, for his service to the republic, the senators named our honorable man "Augustus" by a solemn decree, and they adorned his house with a public wreath, but we don't find many words why the senate fixed a civic crown over his door. We only find that, upon the order of the people, the senators set a golden shield in the Curia Iulia because of his various virtues. After these times he excelled all in authority, although he possessed power equal to his colleagues'. Augustus knew where the Romans had lost the customs of the ancestors, and he lived in order that he might restore the good customs and might expel the bad (ones).
		+
		+
		+	'''III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:'''
		+
		+	Here I only repeat the method described in the previous exercise since there is no new grammar in today's question.

	:"We heard that the soldiers of Pompey had fought vehemently, but we don't know why Caesar won." (7 pts)		:"We heard that the soldiers of Pompey had fought vehemently, but we don't know why Caesar won." (7 pts)

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: /* Question 5 (March 10th) */

2014-03-11T19:35:24Z

Question 5 (March 10th)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:35, 11 March 2014
Line 584:		Line 584:
	Instead of this rule, in Latin we find that there is an entirely different construction, the Accusative with Infinitive, used for reporting statements.		Instead of this rule, in Latin we find that there is an entirely different construction, the Accusative with Infinitive, used for reporting statements.

−	:'''1.1. ~~Accusative with Infinitive~~'''	+	:'''1.1. ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE'''

	:There is a similar construction in English, when you say "I see Brutus come," and "I see him go," where "come" is an infinitive without the usual "to" (otherwise it would have been "comes"), and "Brutus" is an accusative. English uses the Accusative plus Infinitive with verbs of wishing, believing and perception ("I believe Brutus to come"). The infinitive is usually introduced by "to", but in some cases (e.g. with "see") it's without "to".		:There is a similar construction in English, when you say "I see Brutus come," and "I see him go," where "come" is an infinitive without the usual "to" (otherwise it would have been "comes"), and "Brutus" is an accusative. English uses the Accusative plus Infinitive with verbs of wishing, believing and perception ("I believe Brutus to come"). The infinitive is usually introduced by "to", but in some cases (e.g. with "see") it's without "to".
Line 599:		Line 599:
	::"Dico Brutum venire." (Literally: "I say Brutus ''to come''.")		::"Dico Brutum venire." (Literally: "I say Brutus ''to come''.")

−	:'''1.2. ~~Reported~~ Statments' Timing in the Accusative with Infinitive Construction'''	+	:'''1.2. Indirect Statments' Timing in the Accusative with Infinitive Construction'''

	::'''1.2.1.''' If the Reported Statement is about an event which is '''contemporaneous, simultaneous with the time of the reporting verb''', like "I say (that) Brutus comes (is coming)", or "I said (that) Brutus came (was coming), we use the Present Infinitive, i.e. the 2nd dictionary form:		::'''1.2.1.''' If the Reported Statement is about an event which is '''contemporaneous, simultaneous with the time of the reporting verb''', like "I say (that) Brutus comes (is coming)", or "I said (that) Brutus came (was coming), we use the Present Infinitive, i.e. the 2nd dictionary form:
Line 655:		Line 655:
	:http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Pluperfect		:http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Pluperfect

−	:'''2.2. Sequence of Tenses in ~~the~~ Indirect Commands'''	+	:'''2.2. Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Commands'''

	:All Latin Indirect Commands have to be in Present or Imperfect Subjunctive following these rules:		:All Latin Indirect Commands have to be in Present or Imperfect Subjunctive following these rules:
Line 662:		Line 662:
	:English never varies, it uses always the Present Subjunctive. Let's see it on examples:		:English never varies, it uses always the Present Subjunctive. Let's see it on examples:

−	:With the reporting verb in '''Present''':	+	::With the reporting verb in '''Present''':

−	::"I beg that Brutus come."	+	:::"I beg that Brutus come."
−	::"Oro ut Brutus veniat."	+	:::"Oro ut Brutus veniat."

−	:With the reporting verb in '''Past''':	+	::With the reporting verb in '''Past''':

−	::"I begged that Brutus come."	+	:::"I begged that Brutus come."
−	::"Oravi ut Brutus veniret." (Literally: "I begged that Brutus ''came''/''would come''.")	+	:::"Oravi ut Brutus veniret." (Literally: "I begged that Brutus ''came''/''would come''.")

	'''3. Indirect Questions'''		'''3. Indirect Questions'''
Line 681:		Line 681:
	We can see that English changes word order and does not use the auxiliary verb "do/does" for Indirect Questions. In Latin you must use the Subjunctive to indicate Indirect Question. The Latin Sequence of Tenses for Indirect Questions is the following:		We can see that English changes word order and does not use the auxiliary verb "do/does" for Indirect Questions. In Latin you must use the Subjunctive to indicate Indirect Question. The Latin Sequence of Tenses for Indirect Questions is the following:

−	:'''3.1. Sequence of Tenses in ~~the~~ Indirect Questions'''	+	:'''3.1. Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Questions'''

	:All Latin Indirect Questions have to be in the Subjunctive Mood following these rules:		:All Latin Indirect Questions have to be in the Subjunctive Mood following these rules:

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: Q5

2014-03-11T19:25:47Z

Show changes

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: Q4

2014-03-08T13:54:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:54, 8 March 2014
Line 403:		Line 403:

	::"Romam a Gallis defendimus." 3 points		::"Romam a Gallis defendimus." 3 points
		+
		+
		+	== Question 4 (March 8th) ==

	<br>		<br>
		+
		+	'''I. INTRODUCTION 4 - Using Adjectives'''
		+
		+
		+	What is an adjective? An adjective is a word that describes, identifies, qualifies or modifies a noun, for example: "big", "fast", "green", "exciting", "Roman".
		+
		+	You must remember that Latin nouns have genders, marked by "m.", "f.", "n." in the dictionary forms. These are abbreviations for masculine, feminine and neuter. English has a similar phenomenon when we use “he”, “she” or “it”. Latin, however, uses these genders for things or abstract concepts, too, like in these examples where “loyalty” (fides, -ei, f) is feminine in Latin, the “senate” (senatus, -ús, m) is masculine, “Rome” (Roma, -ae, f) is, again, feminine. In general, we can state that things connectable with males, or virile, robust things are masculine (thus "senatus" is masculine because the senate consisted of men), things connectable with females, womanly, soft and gentle things, abstract ideas, terms and concepts (noble concepts like "freedom", "fatherland", countries, cities) are all of feminine gender (hence "Roma" is feminine, as a city/country, and "fides" as and abstract idea or noble concept), and simple objects, means or places and things, especially those made of non-living material, are neuter. However, there are certain typical word endings which betray the gender of a noun. If you memorize these typical word endings, you will know the gender of 90% of all Latin nouns without checking the dictionary. Some typical endings: ''-a'', ''-io'', ''-tas'', ''-tudo'' are feminine; ''-us'', ''-or'', ''-er'' are masculine; ''-um'', ''-en'' are neuter. There are a lot of other endings and rules, but we are not going for perfection here in this little exercise. The more Latin words you learn, the better you will see what these rules are. But truth is that in a lot of cases you must memorize the gender of each Latin word you want to know. 'But why this all trouble with the genders?' - you ask. Here come to the picture: the adjectives.
		+
		+
		+	:'''1.1. Gender-Number-Case Agreement Rule'''
		+
		+	:Latin adjectives must agree in gender, number and case with the noun to which they are attached to: so it's essential that you know the gender of each noun if you want to add an adjective to it. A neuter noun in genitive singular can only get a neuter adjective in genitive singular, a masculine plural noun in accusative can only get a masculine plural adjective in the accusative.
		+
		+
		+	:'''1.2. Types of Adjectives'''
		+
		+	:In order to assure that each adjective can accompany all nouns of any gender, all Latin adjectives are of three genders. Each adjective is masculine, feminine and neuter at the same time. Adjectives of the 1st-2nd declension have three separate forms as variants for all three genders (''bonus, -i, m.; bona, -ae, f.; bonum, -i, n.'': "good"); adjectives of the 3rd declension have only two forms, one variant for the masculine-feminine, and another variant for the neuter (''fortis, -is, m./f.; forte, -is, n.'': "brave"), and there are some adjectives of the 3rd declension that have only one form, which may be used for all three genders (''felix, -icis m./f./n.'': "fortunate").
		+
		+	:Please revise what we learned about declensions so that you can understand better that follows:
		+
		+	:http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
		+
		+	::'''1.2.1. Adjectives of three forms in the 1st-2nd Declensions'''
		+
		+	::Adjectives which have three separate forms, as you can see from the example above, in masculine have an ending in "-us" (bonus), in neuter in "-um" (bonum), and both have the genitive "-i", which makes both the masculine and neuter forms belong to the 2nd declension. The feminine variant, however, ends in "-a" (bona), and with the genitive "-ae" it belongs to the 1st declension. They have the abbreviated dictionary form:
		+
		+	:::bonus, -a, -um (good)
		+
		+	::where the genitive forms are omitted because the users of the dictionaries are expected to know that all of the adjectives of this type follow the same pattern, the masculine and neuter belonging to the 2nd declension, the feminine to the 1st declension.
		+
		+	::Note that there a few adjectives of which the masculine variant ends in “–er”, like in “pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum” (beautiful). But they, too, work exactly the same way as the adjectives ending “-us, -a, -um.”
		+
		+	::'''1.2.2. Adjectives of two forms in the 3rd Declension'''
		+
		+	::Adjectives having only two forms, one combined masculine-feminine, and another for the neuter, have the ending "-is" in the masculine-feminine variant (fortis), and the ending "-e" for the neuter form (forte). Both variants, however, share the same genitive "-is", which means that this class of adjectives belongs entirely to the third declension, and within that, to the I-Stem sub-group. Their dictionary form is:
		+
		+	:::fortis, -e (brave)
		+
		+	::with genitive forms omitted again, as they, too, follow the same pattern always.
		+
		+	::'''1.2.2. Adjectives of one single form in the 3rd Declension'''
		+
		+	::Adjectives with only one single form, like "felix, -icis", don't have a specific nominative ending, but they all have the genitive ending "-is", which means, they are all belonging to the third declension. Most of them are of I-Stem (they end in “-ns” or “–x”), some of them are of Consonant-Stem. Their dictionary form is:
		+
		+	:::felix, -icis (fortunate)
		+
		+	::where the genitive is given, because their genitive form may show great variety, including forms like:
		+
		+	:::sapiens, -entis (wise)
		+	:::audax, -acis (bold)
		+	:::vetus, -eris (ancient)
		+
		+	::So what to do with all these adjectives, when placing them into a sentence?
		+
		+
		+	:'''1.3. Adjectives' Word Order'''
		+
		+	:You make them agree in gender, number and case with the noun you want to attach them to, and place them after the noun, because Latin adjectives follow the nouns. It's like as if you would say "house big" instead of "big house" in English. But sometimes English does this, too! Or can't we say "all things Roman", instead of "all Roman things"?
		+
		+
		+	'''II. QUESTION 4'''
		+
		+	We will now take a section of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, and will adorn it with various adjectives. The text below is taken directly from the autobiography of Augustus (chapters 1-4), but I took out the adjectives originally therein, and I have also simplified the sentences for you. Your task will be a little more creative than so far in these exercises.
		+	<br>- You have to add an adjective (carefully observing the Gender-Number-Case Agreement Rule) to EACH noun of the text. You can not use the one that was originally used in the text of Augustus. You have to add a new adjective, chosen by you. (I selected adjectives for you that aren't the same as Augustus' ones, but for reference, here are the first four sections in which you can check whether a certain adjective was already used by Augustus for the same noun: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/resgestae.html ).
		+	<br>- You can use a given adjective in the text no more than 3 times. For example, you can add ''magnus, -a, -um'' ("big") to "exercitum", to "consilio" and to "libertatem", but after that you can't use ''magnus, -a, -um'' again.
		+	<br>- The context must remain sensible.
		+
		+	Before starting this exercise, revise the basics of declension:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
		+
		+	And also, check out what '''I-Stem''' meas in the Third Declension, because almost every Third Declension adjective is of I-Stem:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Third_declension
		+
		+	- Send your solution to [mailto:cnaeus_cornelius@yahoo.com <cnaeus_cornelius@yahoo.com>]
		+
		+
		+	:THE TEXT FROM THE ''RES GESTAE'' TO BE ADORNED WITH YOUR ADJECTIVES
		+
		+	:Exercitum consilio et impensa comparavi. Rem publicam a dominatione factionis in libertatem vindicavi. Senatus decretis in ordinem me adlegit. Laurum de fascibus deposui in Capitolio. In triumphis duxi ante currum reges aut regum filios novem. Consul fueram terdecies.
		+
		+
		+	:THESE ARE THE ADJECTIVES YOU CAN CHOOSE FROM
		+
		+	:probus, -a, -um (upstanding, honest, good)
		+	:clemens, -entis (merciful)
		+	:vehemens, -entis (vehement)
		+	:utilis, -e (useful)
		+	:sapiens, entis (wise)
		+	:macer, -cra, -crum (thin)
		+	:blandus, -a, -um (sweat, dear)
		+	:audax, -acis (bold)
		+	:acutus, -a, -um (sharp)
		+	:bonus, -a, -um (good)
		+	:efficax, -acis (effective)
		+	:magnus, -a, -um (big, great)
		+	:parvus, -a, -um (small)
		+	:longus, -a, -um (long)
		+	:brevis, -e (short)
		+	:meus, -a, -um (my)
		+	:suus, -a, -um (his/her/its/their own)
		+	:Romanus, -a, -um (Roman)
		+	:nobilis, -e (noble)
		+	:fortis, -e (brave)
		+	:noster, -tra, -trum (our)
		+	:grandis, -e (great)
		+	:hostilis, -e (hostile)
		+	:optimus, -a, -um (best)
		+	:pulcher, -chra, -chrum (beautiful)
		+	:maximus, -a, -um (biggest, greatest)
		+	:gloriosus, -a, -um (glorious)
		+	:beatus, -a, -um (happy)
		+
		+
		+	'''III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:'''
		+
		+	:"Patriciorum numerum auxi iussu populi."
		+
		+	- After deciphering the meaning of the sentence (you can use dictionaries or English translations found online, but the sentences contain no other grammar than what we practiced), you see its meaning is "I increased the number of patricians upon the order of the people and senate". So, you see that you have to add adjectives to "patricians", "number", "order" and "people". You have to find the dictionary forms of these words and identify their gender so that you can make the adjectives agree with them in gender.
		+	<br>- You had to choose an adjective for "patriciorum". Let's say you have chosen "bonus, -a, -um" ("good"). The endings "-us, -a, -um" identify this is of type 1st-2nd Declension.
		+	<br>- Having analyzed the dictionary form of "patriciorum", you see that it is "patricius, -i, m", its abbreviated genitive form is "-i", which means that its genitive form written out is: "patricii". Thus, 2nd declension. The letter "m" means it's masculine. So we have to use "bonus" since it's the masculine variant of "good".
		+	<br>- According to the Gender-Number-Case Agreement Rule "bonus" must agree with "patriciorum" in number and case, too. Since "bonus", as all masculine variants of 1st-2nd declension adjectives, has to be declined in the 2nd declension, it will be "bonorum". (1 pt)
		+	<br>- Next is "numerum". The dictionary tells us it is "numerus, -i, m." It stands in accusative in the sentence. Let's say, we choose "grandis, -e" (great) for the adjective to be added. This is a "two forms" adjective, having one combined masculine-feminine (grandis), and another for the neuter (grande). They are declined in the 3rd declension I-Stem sub-group. I have to put grandis (m) into the accusative case to agree with "numerum". The result is "grandem". (1 pt)
		+	<br>- Now, "iussus". The dictionary shows it's "iussus, -ús, m". I choose the adjective "efficax, -acis" ("effective"). It is an invariable "one ending for all genders" adjective, which means it is from the 3rd Declension (I-Stem). Since "iussu" is masculine and ablative, efficax must follow this, and the result is "efficaci" (1 pt).
		+	<br>- "Populi" from "populus, -i, m" is in the genitive, a masculine noun. I choose "Romanus, -a, -um" ("Roman"). The genetive of the masculine variant is "Romani". (1 pt) So the final result of the sentence adorned with adjectives (which shall follow the nouns normally) is:
		+
		+	:"Patriciorum bonorum numerum grandem auxi iussu efficaci populi Romani."
		+	:(I increased the great number of good patricians upon the effective order of the Roman people.)

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 21:45, 6 March 2014

2014-03-06T21:45:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:45, 6 March 2014
Line 274:		Line 274:
	- When you have finished with all five nouns that you had to decline, you must choose three verbs from separate conjugations. As for how to do it, you will find help in our previous Question #1 exercise, so please review the "III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT" section of Question #1.		- When you have finished with all five nouns that you had to decline, you must choose three verbs from separate conjugations. As for how to do it, you will find help in our previous Question #1 exercise, so please review the "III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT" section of Question #1.
	<br>- Don't forget that you only have to give the third person singular and plural ("he" and "they") forms of the three verbs in the Present and three past tenses, with translations. (The determination of conjugation type and each correct verb form will earn 1 pt).		<br>- Don't forget that you only have to give the third person singular and plural ("he" and "they") forms of the three verbs in the Present and three past tenses, with translations. (The determination of conjugation type and each correct verb form will earn 1 pt).
		+
		+
		+	== Question 3 (March 6th) ==
		+
		+	<br>
		+
		+	'''I. INTRODUCTION 3 - Simple Latin Sentences'''
		+
		+	We have so far discussed the dictionary forms of the Latin nouns and verbs. We tried out how to decline nouns, adjectives, and how to conjugate verbs in the Present Tense and in the 3 past tenses, in the Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tense. Today we start making use of our knowledge, and we will create our first Latin sentences! What? Only our third exercise and we are writing full sentences on Augustus' language? It's a big deal! We get real! That's what we all waited for - now, we'll taste speaking and writing in Latin.
		+
		+	In order to start this, please review everything we learned about conjugations and declensions, following these links:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
		+
		+	Today we try out writing some simple Latin sentences. But how to start this? Let's clarify four simple rules about Latin sentences.
		+
		+	'''1. Word order'''
		+
		+	Good news for you! There is absolutely no obligatory word order in Latin! You can place the words in any particular order. It means that you can not screw up the word order of a Latin sentence - but you must be informed that any change in the word order indicates a slightly different emphasis in the sentence. Normal, non-emphatic Latin sentences tend to display a "'''Subject - Indirect Object - Object - Adverbial - Verb'''" word order. But it's not our level of knowledge, and we will not engage in this depth of Latin grammar. So, for now, write in the order as you like. It can't be wrong.
		+
		+	'''2. Word endings - using the cases of the declensions'''
		+
		+	That's a bit more difficult, but we have already discussed most if it. We know that Latin indicates grammatical function such as "subject" and "object", by changing the ending of the words. English uses word order to express who is the subject (the performer, who does something) or the object (which is what the action is being done to, for example, "reading a book", where "book" is the object). In English, the object is always placed after the verb, word order determines whether a word is an object or not. Latin, however, uses the accusative word ending to express the object of the sentence. Latin differentiates subject from object (or any grammatical function) by word ending. You must use -
		+
		+	:- the nominative form for expressing subject ("CICERO writes a letter."),
		+	:- the accusative ending to express an object (Cicero writes A LETTER."),
		+	:- the genitive for possession ("It's CICERO'S letter."),
		+	:- the dative for indirect object ("Cicero writes a letter TO BRUTUS.")
		+	:- and the ablative for various adverbials ("Cicero writes a letter BY HAND/ON PAPYRUS/FOR FUN/etc.").
		+
		+	We have already learned how to determine which declension a noun belongs to. Now it's time to make use of this knowledge and to use the declined forms of nouns in sentences.
		+
		+	'''3. Word endings - using the personal endings of the conjugations'''
		+
		+	We saw that unlike English, Latin uses verb endings to express the person and number of the verb, and its tense or mood. You must identify who performs the action described by the verb of the sentence: I, you, he/she/it, we, you (plural) or they. Once it's determined, you will use the proper personal endings, respectively to the conjugation which the verb belongs to. You must pay attention to the tense used in the sentence, and you can decide what Latin tense is to be used if you consult our website:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
		+
		+	'''4. Articles'''
		+
		+	There are no articles in Latin! Yahoooo!... There is no definite ("the") or indefinite article ("a", "an") either. When you write in Latin, you simply forget about them. No rules to be memorized, no problems when to use them or when not to. Long live the freedom from articles! :)
		+
		+	Learn more about how to write a Latin sentence here:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence
		+
		+
		+	'''II. QUESTION 3'''
		+
		+	Before you start, review the basic grammatical rules here:
		+	<br>http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
		+	<br>http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
		+
		+	Translate the following simple sentences about Augustus to Latin. The Latin words needed to these translations are given below in their dictionary forms. Use them. The only verbal tenses that you need to use in the sentences are those four tenses we exercised so far.
		+
		+	You may follow the guidelines here in addition to what I have explained above:
		+	<br>http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence
		+
		+	:"Augustus as a ruler had the name Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus." (10 pts)
		+
		+	::Augustus, -i, m (Augustus)
		+	::princeps, -cipis m (ruler)
		+	::habeo, -ere, -bui, -bitum (have)
		+	::nomen, -inis, n (name)
		+	::Imperator, -oris, m (Imperator)
		+	::Gaius, -i, m (Gaius)
		+	::Iulius, -i, m (Iulius)
		+	::Caesar, -aris, m (Caesar)
		+	::Octavianus, -i, m (Octavianus)
		+	::* Comment: the word "as" does not need to be translated in such a context (it can be translated with "ut", but not needed here).
		+
		+	:"He occupied Pannonia while he was defending the people of the empire." (5 pts)
		+
		+	::occupo, -are, -avi, -atum (occupy)
		+	::Pannonia, -ae, f (Pannonia)
		+	::dum (while)
		+	::defendo, -ere, -endi, -ensum (defend)
		+	::populus, -i, m (people)
		+	::imperium, -i, n (empire)
		+
		+	:He had adopted Tiberius, although he wished to have Gaius and Lucius as heirs. (7 pts)
		+
		+	::adopto, -are, -avi, -atum (adopt)
		+	::Tiberius, -i, m (Tiberius)
		+	::although (quamquam)
		+	::cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum (wish)
		+	::Lucius -i, m (Lucius)
		+	::heres, -edis, m (heir)
		+
		+	:"The Romans today honor the memory of Imperator Iulius Caesar Augustus, because he restored the glory of Rome, and was always working for the stability of the empire. (13 pts)
		+
		+	::Romanus, -i, m (the Roman)
		+	::hodie (today)
		+	::honoro, -are, -avi, -atum (to honor)
		+	::memoria, -ae, f (memory)
		+	::quia (because)
		+	::restituo, -ere, -ui, -utum (restore)
		+	::gloria, -ae, f (glory)
		+	::Roma, -ae, f (Rome)
		+	::semper (always)
		+	::laboro, -are, -avi, -atum (work)
		+	::pro + ablative (for)
		+	::firmitudo, -inis, f (stability)
		+
		+	:"Augustus lives in the memory of the peoples of the world." (5 pts)
		+
		+	::vivo, -ere, vixi, victum (live)
		+	::in + ablative (in)
		+	::mundus, -i, m (world)
		+
		+
		+	'''III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:'''
		+
		+	::"We are defending Rome from the Gauls." (would be 3 pts)
		+
		+	::defendo, -ere, -endi, -ensum (defend)
		+	::Roma, -ae, f (Rome)
		+	::a + ablative (from)
		+	::Gallus, -i, m (Gaul person, Gaulish)
		+
		+	- After analyzing this English sentence, we find that "are defending" is the predicate of the sentence, and as we learned from the previous exercises, Latin Present Tense includes both English Present Progressive (is defending) and Present Simple (defends). Thus, "we are defending" is equal to "we defend", Present plural first person. We dont' have to put "we" in the sentence since Latin expresses "we" by the verb ending. We examine the dictionary form of "''defendo''": we see it's third conjugation because infinitive ending "''-ere''" indicates belonging to the third conjugation. In the table of conjugations on the website, we find that the third conjugation plural 1st person ending is "''-imus''". So "we are defending" becomes "''defendimus''" '''(1 pt)'''.
		+	<br>- We find that the subject is "we", but it's already expressed by the ending "-imus", so we are done with the subject.
		+	<br>- We find the object, which is "Rome". The genitive ending of the dictionary form "''-ae''" shows it's first declension, where singular accusatives end in "''-am''". So "Rome" becomes "''Romam''" '''(1 pt)'''.
		+	<br>- We see that "from" in Latin is "''a'' + ablative". Then we must put "''Gallus''" into plural ablative and place it after the preposition "''a''". From the table of declensions, after we have realized it's second declension as the genitive "''-i''" indicates, we chose the ending "''-is''", and the final form will be "''a Gallis''" '''(1 pt)'''.
		+	<br>- We put the sentence together, in any optional word order, but keeping in mind that normal, un-emphatic Latin word order is Subject - Indirect Object - Object - Adverbial - Verb:
		+
		+	::"Romam a Gallis defendimus." 3 points
		+
		+	<br>

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: added Q2

2014-03-04T12:09:13Z

added Q2

Show changes

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: pts

2014-03-03T08:11:56Z

pts

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:11, 3 March 2014
Line 110:		Line 110:
	:cupitis - you (plural) wish		:cupitis - you (plural) wish
	:cupiunt - they wish		:cupiunt - they wish
		+
		+	(6 pts)

	<br>- Next, you look at the conjugation table, '''Imperfect Tense''' personal endings in 3rd Conjugation I-Stem, and add the personal endings to "cup-". You will write the following forms:		<br>- Next, you look at the conjugation table, '''Imperfect Tense''' personal endings in 3rd Conjugation I-Stem, and add the personal endings to "cup-". You will write the following forms:
Line 119:		Line 121:
	:cupiebatis - you (plural) were wishing		:cupiebatis - you (plural) were wishing
	:cupiebant - they were wishing		:cupiebant - they were wishing
		+
		+	(6 pts)

	<br>- Perfect and Pluperfect is formed from the "perfect stem" (the third dictionary form of the verb, by cutting off the ending "-i"), you look at the conjugation table, '''Perfect Tense''' personal endings which are the same in all conjugations, and add the personal endings to the perfect stem, "cupiv-". You will write the following forms:		<br>- Perfect and Pluperfect is formed from the "perfect stem" (the third dictionary form of the verb, by cutting off the ending "-i"), you look at the conjugation table, '''Perfect Tense''' personal endings which are the same in all conjugations, and add the personal endings to the perfect stem, "cupiv-". You will write the following forms:
Line 128:		Line 132:
	:cupivistis - you (plural) have wished - you (plural) wished		:cupivistis - you (plural) have wished - you (plural) wished
	:cupiverunt - they have wished - they wished		:cupiverunt - they have wished - they wished
		+
		+	(6 pts)

	<br>- Perfect and Pluperfect is formed from the "perfect stem" (the third dictionary form of the verb, by cutting off the ending "-i"), you look at the conjugation table, '''Pluperfect Tense''' personal endings which are the same in all conjugations, and add the personal endings to the perfect stem, "cupiv-". You will write the following forms:		<br>- Perfect and Pluperfect is formed from the "perfect stem" (the third dictionary form of the verb, by cutting off the ending "-i"), you look at the conjugation table, '''Pluperfect Tense''' personal endings which are the same in all conjugations, and add the personal endings to the perfect stem, "cupiv-". You will write the following forms:
Line 137:		Line 143:
	:cupiveratis - you (plural) had wished		:cupiveratis - you (plural) had wished
	:cupiverant - they had wished		:cupiverant - they had wished
		+
		+	(6 pts)