Ludi Novi Romani/MMDCCLXV/Certamen Latinum - Revision history

Decimus Aurelius Ingeniarius: added hd tag

2024-07-06T07:51:57Z

added hd tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:51, 6 July 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{HistoricalDocument}}
	[[Category:MMDCCLXV]]		[[Category:MMDCCLXV]]
	[[Category:Curule Aediles]]		[[Category:Curule Aediles]]

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 23:58, 15 March 2012

2012-03-15T23:58:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:58, 15 March 2012
Line 1,176:		Line 1,176:

	====Answers 8====		====Answers 8====
		+
		+	:"Multas mulieres sciebam, sed optimam nunquam inveni."
		+
		+	:"Popillia et Maria in forum lente descendebant, cum subito constiterunt, quia felis trans viam cucurrerat."
		+
		+	:"Cum cenam nostram incipere decrevimus, hospites nostri iam omne vinum biberant, et carmina Latine hilare canebant."
		+
		+	:"Mali senatores Marcum Tullium Ciceronem orationibus iratis heri vehementer oppugnaverunt, quamquam rem publicam suis sententiis defendebat."
		+
		+	:"Cicero librum suum de natura deorum scribere incepit, quia cetera sua officia finiverat, et tandem tempus liberum habebat."

	<br>		<br>
Line 1,355:		Line 1,365:

	====Answers 9====		====Answers 9====
		+
		+	:"Si comitia Romana Marcum Tullium Ciceronem, virum singularem, non creavissent, coniuratio impia Lucii Sergii Catilinae fundamenta rei publicae nostrae terribiliter subvertisset."
		+
		+	:"Si ex nectari dulci deorum immortalium biberemus, vires divinas in corporibus nostris sentiremus, sed vinum simplex bibimus."
		+
		+	:"Verba sapientia Marci Ciceronis audiamus, quia multas res magni momenti diceret."
		+
		+	:"Puero versuto crediderit, sed pater puerum, filium suum reprehendit, quia puer multa detrimenta attulerat."
		+
		+	:"Quamquam usque ad finem cenae exspectavissent, hospites omne vinum iam bibissent, quia carmina Latina canebant."

	<br>		<br>
Line 1,657:		Line 1,677:

	====Answers 10====		====Answers 10====
		+
		+	:"Sine dubio dico meum amicum multas mulieres scivisse, sed optimam nunquam invenisse."
		+
		+	:"Lentulus videbat Popilliam et Mariam in forum lente descendere, et propter felem pulchram subito consistere."
		+
		+	:"Tullia quaesivit, cur nostri hospites carmina Latina hilare canerent, et num vinum dulce iam bibissent."
		+
		+	:"Non intellego, cur mali senatores Marcum Tullium Ciceronem orationibus iratis suis heri vehementer oppugnaverint, quia scio Ciceronem nostrum tantum rem publicam sententiis suis defendisse."
		+
		+	:"Atticus imperavit, ut Cicero librum suum de natura deorum scribere inciperet, quia Atticus sciebat Ciceronem cetera officia sua finivisse, et tempus liberum habere, sed Cicero locum non invenit, ubi stylum deposuerat."
		+
		+	:"Lentulus quaerit, num Aemilia, Aeternia, Caninus, Hadrainus, Placidus et Valeria certamen Latinum nostrum probaverint, quia Lentulus putat Aeliam, Aemiliam, Aeterniam, Caninum, Hadrianum, Placidum et Valeriam mirabiliter bellavisse."

	</div>		</div>
Line 1,667:		Line 1,699:
	The final results for the Certamen Latinum for Ludi Novi Romani 2765:		The final results for the Certamen Latinum for Ludi Novi Romani 2765:

−	* ''1st Place'': [[(Nova Roma)\|~~(Nova Roma)~~]] - pts; (Participated in all questions)	+	* ''1st Place'': [[Publius Annaeus Constantinus Placidus (Nova Roma)\|P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus]] - 484 pts; (Participated in all questions)
−	* ''2nd Place'':	+	* ''2nd Place'': [[Aulus Liburnius Hadrianus (Nova Roma)\|A. Liburnius Hadrianus]] - 473.5 pts; (Participated in all questions)
−	* ''3rd Place'':	+	* ''3rd Place'': [[Lucia Aelia Corva (Nova Roma)\|L. Aelia Corva]] - 466; (Participated in all questions)
−	* ''4th Place'':	+	* ''4th Place'': [[Vibia Aemilia Regilla (Nova Roma)\|V. Aemilia Regilla]] - 446 pts; (Participated in all questions)
−	* ''5th Place'':	+	* ''5th Place'': [[Marcus Pompeius Caninus (Nova Roma)\|M. Pompeius Caninus]] - 329 pts; (Participated in 8 questions)
−	* ''6th Place'':	+	* ''6th Place'': [[Tiberia Valeria Celeris (Nova Roma)\|Ti. Valeria Celeris ]] - 166 pts; (Participated in 5 questions)
−	* ''7th Place'':	+	* ''7th Place'': [[Statia Cornelia Valeriana Iuliana Aeternia (Nova Roma)\|St. Cornelia Valeriana Iuliana Aeternia]] - 12 pts; (Participated in 1 question)
−	* ''8th Place'':	+


	</div>		</div>

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 21:07, 13 March 2012

2012-03-13T21:07:21Z

Show changes

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 20:20, 12 March 2012

2012-03-12T20:20:56Z

Show changes

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 17:23, 12 March 2012

2012-03-12T17:23:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 12 March 2012
Line 1,061:		Line 1,061:
	::mulier, -eris, f (lady, adult woman)		::mulier, -eris, f (lady, adult woman)
	::sed (but)		::sed (but)
−	::invenio, -ire, -~~ivi~~, -~~itum~~ (find)	+	::invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum (find)
	::numquam (never)		::numquam (never)
	::optimus, -a, -um (perfect)		::optimus, -a, -um (perfect)

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: added today's Q

2012-03-10T23:17:00Z

added today's Q

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:17, 10 March 2012
Line 1,003:		Line 1,003:

	<br>		<br>
		+
		+	=== March 10th - Day 10 of the Ludi Novi Romani – Question 8 of the Certamen Latinum ===
		+
		+	<br>
		+
		+	'''I. INTRODUCTION 8 - Past Tenses'''
		+
		+	We have so far learned the dictionary forms of Latin nouns and verbs. We declined nouns, and conjugated verbs in the Present Tense, and we composed simple Latin sentences. Yesterday we discussed and practiced the usage of Latin adjectives and adverbs.
		+
		+	Today we will learn about the three Past Tenses of Latin verbs.
		+
		+	'''1. The Imperfect Tense'''
		+
		+	The Imperfect Tense indicates either a perpetual, or an ongoing but incomplete action in the past. It can express any action in the past that was not completed. This tense is similar to the English Past Progressive ("I was saying"), but depending on context, it can also be identified with English Past Simple ("I said"). "''Dícébam''" can be translated to mean "I was saying," and less frequently: "I said," or "I used to say".
		+
		+	This tense is formed from the 2nd dictionary part, by cutting off the infinitive endings "'''-are'''", "'''-ére'''", "'''-ere'''" and "'''-ire'''", and replacing them with the personal endings shown in the table on our website, respectively to the conjugation group to which the verb belongs to.
		+
		+	Learn the conjugation of the Imperfect Tense on our website:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Imperfect_Tense
		+
		+	'''2. The Perfect Tense'''
		+
		+	The Perfect Tense refers to an action completed in the past. It expresses a finished action in the past. If the action were not finished, but still lies in the past, one would use the Imperfect Tense. The Latin Perfect Tense is equivalent to the English Present Perfect ("I have said"), but unlike English, the Latin Perfect Tense is used in the function of English Past Simple whenever it describes a finished, completed event, the series of actions in a past time story. Thus "''díxí''" can be translated as "I have said," or, more often, "I said".
		+
		+	This tense is formed from the 3rd dictionary part, by cutting off the Perfect Tense first person singular ending "'''-í'''", and replacing it with the personal endings shown in the table on our website.
		+
		+	Learn the conjugation of the Perfect Tense on our website:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Perfect_Tense
		+
		+	'''3. The Pluperfect Tense'''
		+
		+	Just like in English, in Latin, too, the Pluperfect Tense is used to assert an action that was completed before another action in the past. "''Díxeram''" translates as "I had said."
		+
		+	This tense is formed from the 3rd dictionary part, by cutting off the Perfect Tense first person singular ending "'''-í'''", and replacing it with the personal endings shown in the table on our website.
		+
		+	Learn the conjugation of the Pluperfect Tense on our website:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Pluperfect_Tense
		+
		+	'''II. QUESTION 8'''
		+
		+	Translate the following simple sentences to Latin, using the three types of Past Tenses, the Imperfect, the Perfect and the Pluperfect in their proper places. The Latin words needed to these translations are given below in their dictionary form. Use them.
		+	Follow the guidelines here:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
		+	<br>http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence
		+
		+	Be careful, and read ALL information on the pages!
		+
		+
		+	:”I knew many women, but I have never found the perfect one.” (6 pts)
		+
		+	::scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (know)
		+	::multus, -a, -um (much, many)
		+	::mulier, -eris, f (lady, adult woman)
		+	::sed (but)
		+	::invenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (find)
		+	::numquam (never)
		+	::optimus, -a, -um (perfect)
		+	::*Comment: The word “one” does not have to be translated.
		+
		+	:”Popillia and Maria were slowly walking down to the forum, when they suddenly stopped, because a cat had run across the street.” (9 pts)
		+
		+	::Popillia, -ae f (Popillia)
		+	::et (and)
		+	::Maria, -ae f (Maria)
		+	::lentus, -a, -um (slow)
		+	::descend, -ere, -scendi, -scensum (walk down)
		+	:: in + accusative (to, into)
		+	::forum, -i, n (square, forum)
		+	::cum (when)
		+	::subito (suddenly)
		+	::consisto -sistere -stiti –stitum (stop)
		+	::quia (because)
		+	::felis, -is, f (cat)
		+	::curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum (run)
		+	::trans + accusative (across)
		+	::via, -ae, f (street)
		+
		+	:”When we decided to start our dinner, our guests had already drunk all the wine, and they were cheerfully singing songs in Latin.” (13 pts)
		+
		+	::cum (when)
		+	::decerno, -ere, decrevi, -cretum (decide)
		+	::incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum (start)
		+	::noster, -tra, -trum (our)
		+	::cena, -ae, f (dinner)
		+	::hospes, -itis, mf (guest)
		+	::iam (already)
		+	::bibo, -ere, bibi, bibitum (drink)
		+	::omnis, -e (all)
		+	::vinum, -i, n (wine)
		+	::cano, -ere, cecini, cantum (sing)
		+	::hilarus, -a, -um (cheerful)
		+	::carmen, -inis, n (song)
		+	::Latinus, -a, -um (Latin)
		+	::*Comment: The phrase “in Latin” is expressed in Latin by an adverb, derived regularly from “Latinus, -a, um”.
		+
		+	:"The bad senators vehemently attacked Marcus Tullius Cicero with angry speeches yesterday, although he was defending the state with his proposals." (13 pts)
		+
		+	::malus, -a, -um (bad)
		+	::senator, -oris, m (senator)
		+	::vehemens, -entis (vehement)
		+	::oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum (attack)
		+	::Marcus, -i, m; Tullius, -i, m; Cicero, -onis, m (Marcus Tullius Cicero)
		+	::iratus, -a, -um (angry)
		+	::oratio, -onis, f (speech)
		+	::heri (yesterday)
		+	::quamquam (although)
		+	::defendo, -ere, -endi, -ensum (defend)
		+	::res, -ei, f; publica, -ae, f (state, republic)
		+	::suus, -a, -um (his)
		+	::sententia, -ae, f (proposal)
		+	::* Comments: "with" is expressed here in both places by using the ablative without preposition. "His", and all possessive pronouns (my, your, her, our, their), are considered adjectives in Latin, and they work like the regular adjectives.
		+
		+	:"Cicero started to write his book on the nature of the gods, because he had finished his other duties, and at last he had free time." (14 pts)
		+
		+	::incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum (start)
		+	::scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum (write)
		+	::suus, -a, -um (his)
		+	::liber, libri, m (book)
		+	::de + ablative (about; on)
		+	::natura, -ae, f (nature)
		+	::deus, -i, m (god)
		+	::finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (finish)
		+	::ceterus, -a, um (other, the rest of)
		+	::officium, -i, n (duty)
		+	::tandem (at last)
		+	::habeo, -ere, -bui, -bitum (have)
		+	::liber, -era, -erum (free)
		+	::tempus, -oris, n (time)
		+
		+	'''III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:'''
		+
		+	:"Cicero entered the room where Pompey was writing." (4 pts)
		+
		+	::Cicero, -onis, m (Cicero)
		+	::intro, -are, -avi, -atum (enter)
		+	::cella, -ae, f (room)
		+	::ubi (where)
		+	::Pompeius, -i, m (Pompey)
		+	::scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum (write)
		+
		+	- you will have to analyze the two predicates, "entered" and "was writing". With "was writing" there is no problem at all, because this is an English Past Progressive, which, in Latin, always appears as an Imperfect. Thus, form the conjugation table, you will get "scribebat". '''(1 pt)'''
		+	<br>- "Enter" is more difficult, because it's English Past Simple, which can be both Latin Imperfect and Latin Perfect. Since we have already an Imperfect and this action of "entering the room" is "more finished" than Pompey's "writing", it seems reasonable to think that "entered" is a Perfect Tense in Latin. You check the conjugation table on our website, and you find it's "intravit". '''(1 pt)'''
		+	<br>- You translate the rest of the sentence '''(2 pts)''' easily as it contains no new grammar, and the result is:
		+
		+	:"Cicero cellam intravit ubi Pompeius scribebat."
		+
		+	====Answers 8====
		+
		+	<br>
		+
		+

	</div>		</div>

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 23:13, 10 March 2012

2012-03-10T23:13:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:13, 10 March 2012
Line 463:		Line 463:

	====Answers 4====		====Answers 4====
		+
		+	fides, -ei, f = faith, credibility
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = fidei
		+	:ablative = fide
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = fidebus
		+	:ablative = fidebus
		+
		+	televisio, -onis, f = television
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = televisioni
		+	:ablative = televisione
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = televisionibus
		+	:ablative = televisionibus
		+
		+	magistratus, -ús, m = magistrate, magistracy
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = magistratui
		+	:ablative = magistratu
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = magistratibus
		+	:ablative = magistratibus
		+
		+	dea, -ae, f = goddess
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = deae
		+	:ablative = dea
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = deis
		+	:ablative = deis
		+
		+	pons, pontis, m = bridge
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = ponti
		+	:ablative = ponte
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = pontibus
		+	:ablative = pontibus
		+
		+	pax, pacis, f = peace
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = paci
		+	:ablative = pace
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = pacibus
		+	:ablative = pacibus
		+
		+	forum, -i, n = square, forum
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = foro
		+	:ablative = foro
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = foris
		+	:ablative = foris
		+
		+	filius, -ií, m = son
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = filio
		+	:ablative = filio
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = filiis
		+	:ablative = filiis
		+
		+	corpus, -oris, n = body
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = corpori
		+	:ablative = corpore
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = corporibus
		+	:ablative = corporibus
		+
		+	aeroplanum, -i, n = airplane
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:dative = aeroplano
		+	:ablative = aeroplano
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:dative = aeroplanis
		+	:ablative = aeroplanis

	</div>		</div>
Line 519:		Line 599:

	====Answers 5====		====Answers 5====
		+
		+	accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum (accept)
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:accipio
		+	:accipis
		+	:accipit
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:accipimus
		+	:accipitis
		+	:accipiunt
		+
		+	defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum (defend)
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:defendo
		+	:defendis
		+	:defendit
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:defendimus
		+	:defenditis
		+	:defendunt
		+
		+	doceo, -ére, docui, doctum (teach)
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:doceo
		+	:doces
		+	:docet
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:docemus
		+	:docetis
		+	:docent
		+
		+	impero, -are, -avi, -atum (order)
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:impero
		+	:imperas
		+	:imperat
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:imperamus
		+	:imperatis
		+	:imperant
		+
		+	scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (know)
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:scio
		+	:scis
		+	:scit
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:scimus
		+	:scitis
		+	:sciunt
		+
		+	rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum (rob)
		+	:SINGULAR
		+	:rapio
		+	:rapis
		+	:rapit
		+	:PLURAL
		+	:rapimus
		+	:rapitis
		+	:rapiunt

	<br>		<br>

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: added today's question

2012-03-09T22:55:38Z

added today's question

Show changes

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: /* March 8th - Day 8 of the Ludi Novi Romani – Question 6 of the Certamen Latinum */

2012-03-08T22:23:56Z

March 8th - Day 8 of the Ludi Novi Romani – Question 6 of the Certamen Latinum

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:23, 8 March 2012
Line 575:		Line 575:

	http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension		http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
−	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation	+	<br>http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
−	http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence	+	<br>http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence

	Be careful, and read ALL information on the pages!		Be careful, and read ALL information on the pages!

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: added today's question

2012-03-08T21:55:11Z

added today's question

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:55, 8 March 2012
Line 521:		Line 521:

	<br>		<br>
		+
		+	=== March 8th - Day 8 of the Ludi Novi Romani – Question 6 of the Certamen Latinum ===
		+
		+	<br>
		+
		+	'''I. INTRODUCTION 6 - Simple Latin Sentences'''
		+
		+	We have so far discussed the dictionary forms of the Latin nouns and verbs. We tried out how to decline nouns, and how to conjugate verbs in the Present Tense. Today we start making use of our knowledge, and we will create our first Latin sentences! We get real! That's what we all waited for - now, we'll taste speaking and writing in Latin.
		+
		+	In order to start this, please review everything we learned about conjugations and declensions, following these links:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
		+
		+	Today we try out writing some simple Latin sentences. But how to start this? Let's clarify four simple rules about Latin sentences.
		+
		+	'''1. Word order'''
		+
		+	How does Latin use the words in sentences? Does it place them in a particular word order to express grammatical function, such as subject and object? Not at all: we all know by now that Latin expresses grammatical functions by changing the word endings. That’s what we called declension or conjugation. So in what order to put, then, the words we decline and conjugate, in a sentence?
		+
		+	Good news for you! There is absolutely no obligatory word order in Latin! You can place the words in any particular order. It means that you can not screw up the word order of a Latin sentence - but you must be informed that any change in the word order indicates a slightly different emphasis in the sentence. Normal, non-emphatic Latin sentences tend to display a "Subject - Indirect Object - Object - Adverbial - Verb" word order. But it's not our level of knowledge, and we will not engage in this depth of Latin grammar. So, for now, write in the order as you like. It can't be wrong.
		+
		+	'''2. Word endings - using the cases of the declensions'''
		+
		+	That's a bit more difficult. Latin is a heavily inflected language, which means that Latin indicates grammatical function such as "subject" and "object", by changing the ending of the words. English uses word order to express who is the subject (the performer, who does something) or the object (which is what the action is being done to, for example, "reading a book", where "book" is the object). In English, the object is always placed after the verb, word order determines whether a word is an object or not. Latin, however, uses the accusative word ending to express the object of the sentence. Latin differentiates subject from object (or any grammatical function) by word ending. You must use -
		+
		+	:- the nominative form for expressing subject ("CICERO writes a letter."),
		+	:- the accusative ending to express an object (Cicero writes A LETTER."),
		+	:- the genitive for possession ("It's CICERO'S letter."),
		+	:- the dative for indirect object ("Cicero writes a letter TO BRUTUS.")
		+	:- and the ablative for various adverbials ("Cicero writes a letter BY HAND/ON PAPYRUS/FOR FUN/etc.").
		+
		+	We learned for the first question of the Certamen Latinum how to determine which declension a noun belongs to. Now it's time to make use of this knowledge and to use the declined forms of nouns in sentences.
		+
		+	'''3. Word endings - using the personal endings of the conjugations'''
		+
		+	We saw in yesterday's exercise that unlike English, Latin uses verb endings to express the person and number of the verb, and its tense or mood. You must identify who performs the action described by the verb of the sentence: I, you, he/she/it, we, you (plural) or they. Once it's determined, you will use the proper personal endings, respectively to the conjugation which the verb belongs to.
		+
		+	'''4. Articles'''
		+
		+	There are no articles in Latin! Yahoooo!... There is no definite (the) or indefinite article (a, an) either. When you write in Latin, you simply forget about them. No rules to be memorized, no problems when to use them or when not to. Long live the freedom from articles! :)
		+
		+	Learn more about how to write a Latin sentence here:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence
		+
		+	'''II. QUESTION 6'''
		+
		+	Translate the following simple sentences to Latin. The Latin words needed to these translations are given below in their dictionary forms. Use them.
		+
		+	Follow the guidelines here:
		+
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation
		+	http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence
		+
		+	Be careful, and read ALL information on the pages!
		+
		+
		+	:"Brutus and Cassius defend the freedom and the traditions of the state of Rome." (7 pts)
		+
		+	::Brutus, -i, m (Brutus)
		+	::Cassius, -i, m (Cassius)
		+	::defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum (defend)
		+	::et (and)
		+	::libertas, -atis, f (freedom)
		+	::mos, moris, m (tradition, custom)
		+	::civitas, -atis, f (state, citizenry)
		+	::Roma, -ae, f (Rome)
		+
		+	:"Cassius is writing letters to Brutus and Curio about the events in the senate." (7 pts)
		+
		+	::Curio, -onis, m (Curio)
		+	::scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum (write)
		+	::epistula, -ae, f (letter, mail)
		+	::Cicero, -onis, m (Cicero)
		+	::de + ablative (about)
		+	::eventus, -ús, m (event)
		+	::in + ablative (in)
		+	::senatus, -ús, m (senate)
		+
		+	:"Caesar salutes Pompey, but Pompey does not salute Caesar, because anger is invading Pompey’s heart." (10 pts)
		+
		+	::Caesar, -aris, m (Caesar)
		+	::saluto, -are, -avi, -atum (salute)
		+	::Pompeius, -i, m (Pompey)
		+	::sed (but)
		+	::non (not; no)
		+	::quia (because)
		+	::ira, -ae, f (anger, ire)
		+	::invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum (invade)
		+	::cor, cordis n (heart)
		+	::* Comment: "does/do not" in Latin is expressed by "non + verb in conjugated form", in this case it's literally "Pompey salutes not Cicero".
		+
		+	:"The men say to Caesar: 'You attack the senate only because you wish to destroy the state'." (8 pts)
		+
		+	::vir, viri, m (man)
		+	::dico, -ere, dixi, dictum (say)
		+	::oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum (attack)
		+	::solum (only)
		+	::cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum (wish)
		+	::deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum (destroy, delete)
		+
		+	:"Today, on women’s day, we salute girls and ladies by flowers." (7 pts)
		+
		+	::hodie (today)
		+	::femina, -ae, f (woman)
		+	::dies, -ei, m/f (day)
		+	::puella, -ae, f (girls)
		+	::mulier, -eris, f (lady, adult woman)
		+	::flos, floris, m (flower)
		+	::* Comment: both “on” (time) and "by" (means) are expressed here by using the ablative without preposition.
		+
		+
		+	'''III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:'''
		+
		+	:"Caesar is defending Rome from the Gauls." (would be 4 pts)
		+
		+	::Caesar, -aris, m (Caesar)
		+	::defendo, -ere, -endi, -ensum (defend)
		+	::Roma, -ae, f (Rome)
		+	::a + ablative (from)
		+	::Gallus, -i, m (Gaul person, Gaulish)
		+
		+	- after analyzing this English sentence, we find that "is defending" is the predicate of the sentence, and as we learned from the previous exercises, Latin Present Tense includes both English Present Progressive (is defending) and Present Simple (defends). Thus, "he is defending" is equal to "he defends", Present singular third person. We examine the dictionary form of "''defendo''": we see it's third conjugation because infinitive ending "''-ere''" indicates belonging to the third conjugation. In the table of conjugations on the website, we find that the third conjugation singular 3rd person ending is "''-it''". So "he defends"/"he is defending" becomes "''defendit''" '''(1 pt)'''.
		+	<br>- We find that the subject is "Caesar". We need the nominative then, and we see in the declension table that it's simply "''Caesar''", no change is needed in the word ending '''(1 pt)'''.
		+	<br>- We find the object, which is "Rome". The genitive ending of the dictionary form "''-ae''" shows it's first declension, where singular accusatives end in "''-am''". So "Rome" becomes "''Romam''" '''(1 pt)'''.
		+	<br>- We see that "from" in Latin is "''a'' + ablative". Then we must put "''Gallus''" into plural ablative and place it after the preposition "''a''". From the table of declensions, after we have realized it's second declension as the genitive "''-i''" indicates, we chose the ending "''-is''", and the final form will be "''a Gallis''" '''(1 pt)'''.
		+	<br>- We put the sentence together, in any optional word order, but keeping in mind that normal, un-emphatic Latin word order is Subject - Indirect Object - Object - Adverbial - Verb:
		+
		+	:"Caesar Romam a Gallis defendit."
		+
		+	====Answers 6====
		+
		+	<br>
		+

	</div>		</div>