IT:Uso dei nomi romani - Revision history

Gaius Cocceius Spinula at 21:37, 18 January 2010

2010-01-18T21:37:11Z

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−	[[Category~~:IT~~:Nova Roma]]	+	[[Category:Nova Roma (Italiano)]]

M. Lucretius Agricola: point at IT link

2008-08-12T01:42:21Z

point at IT link

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:42, 12 August 2008
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−	{{Roman name articles}}Questo articolo contiene linee-guida generali sull'uso dei [[nomi romani]]. È da sottolineare che non si tratta di vere e proprie norme legali. Un nome è un modo che consente ad una persona di parlare di un'altra persona in modo che tutti capiscano di chi si sta parlando. Qualsiasi regola che renda poco chiara l'identità della persona a cui si sta parlando sarebbe già un errore, e tutte le regole generali spiegate di seguito dovrebbero essere ignorate, se seguirle genera confusione.	+	{{Roman name articles}}Questo articolo contiene linee-guida generali sull'uso dei [[IT:Roman name\|nomi romani]]. È da sottolineare che non si tratta di vere e proprie norme legali. Un nome è un modo che consente ad una persona di parlare di un'altra persona in modo che tutti capiscano di chi si sta parlando. Qualsiasi regola che renda poco chiara l'identità della persona a cui si sta parlando sarebbe già un errore, e tutte le regole generali spiegate di seguito dovrebbero essere ignorate, se seguirle genera confusione.

M. Lucretius Agricola: IT:Using Roman names moved to IT:Uso dei nomi romani: move to local language title

2008-08-12T01:40:52Z

IT:Using Roman names moved to IT:Uso dei nomi romani: move to local language title

← Older revision

Revision as of 01:40, 12 August 2008

M. Lucretius Agricola: nav box

2008-08-09T08:12:47Z

nav box

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:12, 9 August 2008
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−	Questo articolo contiene linee-guida generali sull'uso dei [[nomi romani]]. È da sottolineare che non si tratta di vere e proprie norme legali. Un nome è un modo che consente ad una persona di parlare di un'altra persona in modo che tutti capiscano di chi si sta parlando. Qualsiasi regola che renda poco chiara l'identità della persona a cui si sta parlando sarebbe già un errore, e tutte le regole generali spiegate di seguito dovrebbero essere ignorate, se seguirle genera confusione.	+	{{Roman name articles}}Questo articolo contiene linee-guida generali sull'uso dei [[nomi romani]]. È da sottolineare che non si tratta di vere e proprie norme legali. Un nome è un modo che consente ad una persona di parlare di un'altra persona in modo che tutti capiscano di chi si sta parlando. Qualsiasi regola che renda poco chiara l'identità della persona a cui si sta parlando sarebbe già un errore, e tutte le regole generali spiegate di seguito dovrebbero essere ignorate, se seguirle genera confusione.

Publius Constantinus Placidus at 18:18, 23 February 2008

2008-02-23T18:18:45Z

Show changes

Publius Constantinus Placidus at 15:45, 23 February 2008

2008-02-23T15:45:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 23 February 2008
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−	~~This article contains general guidance on how to use~~ [[~~Roman name~~]]s. ~~It must be stressed that these are not firm legalistic rules~~. ~~A name is a device which allows one person to talk about another person so that everyone knows who he is talking about~~. ~~Any rule which makes it unclear who is being referred to would be self-defeating~~, ~~and all the general rules explained below should be ignored if following them would lead to confusion~~.	+	Questo articolo contiene linee-guida generali sull'uso dei [[nomi romani]]. È da sottolineare che non si tratta di vere e proprie norme legali. Un nome è un modo che consente ad una persona di parlare di un'altra persona in modo che tutti capiscano di chi si sta parlando. Qualsiasi regola che renda poco chiara l'identità della persona a cui si sta parlando sarebbe già un errore, e tutte le regole generali spiegate di seguito dovrebbero essere ignorate, se seguirle genera confusione.


−	==~~Usage of the Roman names~~==	+	==Uso dei nomi romani==


−	===~~How Many Names~~?===	+	===Quanti nomi?===

−	~~As a general rule~~, ~~the more formal the context, the more names are used~~. ~~The use of all three~~ (~~or more~~) ~~names is very formal, and should be rare~~. ~~Calling someone~~ '''M. Tullius Cicero''' ~~is roughly equivalent to calling someone~~ '''~~Mr Robert James Grant~~, ~~Esquire~~'''.	+	Come regola generale, più il contesto è formale più nomi sono usati. L'uso di tutti e tre i nomi (o più) è molto formale e dovrebbe essere raro. Chiamare qualcuno '''M. Tullius Cicero''' è approssimativamente equivalente a chiamere qualcuno '''Signor Mario Antonio Rossi, Commendatore'''.

−	~~Two names are normally enough to make it clear who you are talking to or about~~. ~~Using two names is formal and polite~~. ~~Calling someone~~ '''M. Tullius''' ~~is roughly equivalent to calling someone~~ '''~~Robert Grant~~''' or '''~~Mr Grant~~'''. ~~When you mention someone for the first time~~ in ~~a speech or a letter, or when greeting someone~~, ~~it is common to use two names~~.	+	Normalmente, due nomi bastano per identificare la persona con la quale o della quale state parlando. L'uso di due nomi è formale ed educato. Chiamare qualcuno '''M. Tullius''' è approssimativamente equivalente a chiamare qualcuno '''Mario Rossi''' o '''Signor Rossi'''. Quando si nomina per la prima volta qualcuno in un discorso o in una lettera, è comune usare due nomi.

−	~~Use of one name is relatively relaxed and informal~~. ~~If you already in the middle of a conversation with someone~~, ~~or in the middle of talking about someone~~, ~~you might well call him by just one name~~, ~~especially if you know him reasonably well~~. ~~Calling someone~~ '''Cicero''' ~~is roughly equivalent to calling someone~~ '''~~Robert~~'''. ~~But~~ in ~~formal situations or when first mentioning someone~~, ~~using only one name may be over-familiar and could be impolite~~.	+	L'uso di un nome è relativamente rilassato ed informale. Se state già parlando con qualcuno, o di qualcuno, potete benissimo chiamarlo con un solo nome, specialmente se lo conoscete abbastanza bene. Chiamare qualcuno '''Cicero''' è approssimativamente equivalente a chiamare qualcuno '''Mario'''. Ma in situazioni formali o quando nominato qualcuno per la prima volta, l'uso di un solo nome potrebbe implicare troppa familiarità e risultare troppo poco educato.

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−	===~~Which Names~~?===	+	===Quali nomi?===

−	~~Which names you call someone by depends partly on how many names you are using~~.	+	I nomi usati per chiamare qualcuno dipendono in parte da quanti nomi usate.

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−	====~~Two Names~~====	+	====Due nomi====

−	~~When calling someone by two names~~, ~~which names you use depends on the~~ status ~~of the person you're naming~~. ~~If the person is a~~ [[nobilis (Nova Roma)\|''nobilis'']], ~~it is proper to call him by his~~ ''praenomen'' ~~and~~ ''cognomen'', ~~e.g~~. '''P. Scipio'''. ~~If he is a~~ [[homo novus (Nova Roma)\|''homo novus'']], ~~one would normally call him by his~~ ''praenomen'' ~~and~~ ''nomen'', ~~e.g~~. '''M. Tullius'''. ~~Most people in~~ Nova Roma ~~are~~ ''homines novi'', ~~so most people are normally called by their~~ ''praenomen'' ~~and~~ ''nomen''. ~~If you accidentally call a~~ ''nobilis'' ~~as if he were a~~ ''homo novus'', ~~he will probably not take offence~~, ~~especially if you apologise for your mistake~~; ~~but if in doubt~~, ~~you can always ask~~.	+	Quando si chiama qualcuno con due nomi, i nomi da usare dipendono dallo status della persona che nominate. Se la persona è un [[nobilis (Nova Roma)\|''nobilis'']], è educato chiamarlo con il suo ''praenomen'' ed il suo ''cognomen'', ed es. '''P. Scipio'''. Se si tratta di un [[homo novus (Nova Roma)\|''homo novus'']], di solito lo si chiama per ''praenomen'' e ''nomen'', ad es. '''M. Tullius'''. Molti cittadini di Nova Roma sono ''homines novi'', quindi molti sono solitamente chiamati per ''praenomen'' e ''nomen''. Se accidentalmente chiamate un ''nobilis'' come se fosse un ''homo novus'', probabilmente non si offenderà, specialmente se chiedete scusa per il vostro errore; ma, nel dubbio, potete sempre chiedere.

−	~~One may~~, ~~of course, flatter or praise a~~ ''novus homo'' ~~by naming him with his~~ ''praenomen'' ~~and~~ ''cognomen'' ~~as if he were a~~ ''nobilis''; ~~but you should not do this too often, especially as it could cause resentment among the true~~ ''nobiles''.	+	Certamente si può, adulare o lodare un ''novus homo'' chiamandolo per ''praenomen'' e ''cognomen'' come se fosse un ''nobilis''; ma non si dovrebbe farlo troppo spesso per non causare risentimento tra i veri ''nobiles''.

−	~~Some people adopt a style which was fashionable in the first generations of the imperial period and call everyone~~, ~~both~~ ''~~nobilis~~'' ~~and~~ ''~~homo novus~~'', by ''nomen'' ~~and~~ ''cognomen'', ~~e.g~~. '''Cornelius Scipio''', '''Tullius Cicero'''. ~~There is nothing strictly wrong with this~~, ~~but it is not characteristic of the ancient republic and is not encouraged~~.	+	Alcuni adonttano uno stile che era comune nelle prime generazioni del periodo imperiale e chiamano tutti, sia i ''nobiles'' che gli ''homini novi'', per ''nomen'' e ''cognomen'', ad es. '''Cornelius Scipio''', '''Tullius Cicero'''. Non c'è niente di sbagliato in questa pratica, ma non è frequente nell'antica era repubblicana e non è incoraggiata.

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Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: set up for Placidus to translate into Italian

2008-02-10T14:36:35Z

set up for Placidus to translate into Italian

New page

{{LanguageBar|Using Roman names}}

This article contains general guidance on how to use [[Roman name]]s. It must be stressed that these are not firm legalistic rules. A name is a device which allows one person to talk about another person so that everyone knows who he is talking about. Any rule which makes it unclear who is being referred to would be self-defeating, and all the general rules explained below should be ignored if following them would lead to confusion.

==Usage of the Roman names==

===How Many Names?===

As a general rule, the more formal the context, the more names are used. The use of all three (or more) names is very formal, and should be rare. Calling someone '''M. Tullius Cicero''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Mr Robert James Grant, Esquire'''.

Two names are normally enough to make it clear who you are talking to or about. Using two names is formal and polite. Calling someone '''M. Tullius''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Robert Grant''' or '''Mr Grant'''. When you mention someone for the first time in a speech or a letter, or when greeting someone, it is common to use two names.

Use of one name is relatively relaxed and informal. If you already in the middle of a conversation with someone, or in the middle of talking about someone, you might well call him by just one name, especially if you know him reasonably well. Calling someone '''Cicero''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Robert'''. But in formal situations or when first mentioning someone, using only one name may be over-familiar and could be impolite.

 

===Which Names?===

Which names you call someone by depends partly on how many names you are using.

 

====Two Names====

When calling someone by two names, which names you use depends on the status of the person you're naming. If the person is a [[nobilis (Nova Roma)|''nobilis'']], it is proper to call him by his ''praenomen'' and ''cognomen'', e.g. '''P. Scipio'''. If he is a [[homo novus (Nova Roma)|''homo novus'']], one would normally call him by his ''praenomen'' and ''nomen'', e.g. '''M. Tullius'''. Most people in Nova Roma are ''homines novi'', so most people are normally called by their ''praenomen'' and ''nomen''. If you accidentally call a ''nobilis'' as if he were a ''homo novus'', he will probably not take offence, especially if you apologise for your mistake; but if in doubt, you can always ask.

One may, of course, flatter or praise a ''novus homo'' by naming him with his ''praenomen'' and ''cognomen'' as if he were a ''nobilis''; but you should not do this too often, especially as it could cause resentment among the true ''nobiles''.

Some people adopt a style which was fashionable in the first generations of the imperial period and call everyone, both ''nobilis'' and ''homo novus'', by ''nomen'' and ''cognomen'', e.g. '''Cornelius Scipio''', '''Tullius Cicero'''. There is nothing strictly wrong with this, but it is not characteristic of the ancient republic and is not encouraged.

 

====One Name====

When calling someone by only one name, it is normal and polite to use the ''cognomen''. A ''nobilis'' should always be called by his ''cognomen''. A ''homo novus'' can be called by his ''nomen'': this is not strictly impolite, but it is at best neutral and may also make it unclear who you are talking about.

Where a person has more than one ''cognomen'', you should normally use the first one. Calling someone by his ''agnomen'', if he has one, is of course particularly complimentary. You should only call someone by his adoptive if you want to draw attention to his pre-adoption family and identity: this is not necessarily polite or impolite, but will depend on the context. Similarly calling someone by his matronymic ''cognomen'' will draw attention to his mother's identity and family.

Do not fall into the trap of calling someone routinely by his adoptive ''cognomen''. This is often tempting, because it is an easy way of distinguishing between the adopted child and the adoptive father, but it is an un-Roman habit. To a Roman, an adopted child became, to all intents and purposes, the child of the adoptive parents, and one should normally ignore his adoptive ''cognomen'' when naming him.

 

====''Praenomen'' Only====

The ''praenomen'' is essentially a private name, for use within the family. You should not call a Roman by just his ''praenomen'' unless he is your close relative or very, very close friend. Even spouses do not generally call each other by their ''praenomina'' alone - they generally use ''nomina'' or ''cognomina''.

 

===Latin Vocatives===

When you call someone by name, you change the ending of the name to indicate that you are talking ''to'' the person, not ''about'' him. As a general rule, names ending in ''-us'' take an ending ''-e'' (e.g. '''Brutus''' -> '''Brute'''), though names ending in ''-ius'' turn to ''-i'' (e.g. '''Tullius''' -> '''Tulli'''). Names ending in ''-a'' do not usually change. Names with other endings do not usually change.

You may notice some people using vocative endings when they are talking about someone in the third person (e.g. "I was talking to Brute yesterday"). Don't be confused - you are right, they are wrong.

 

===Addresses Other Than Names===

Much more than in some modern societies, Romans address each other using labels other than names, or combine names with other terms. What follows is a very brief overview.

 

====Dominus & Domina====

Some modern Latin-speakers use "''dominus''" and "''domina''" as equivalents of English "Mr" and "Miss" or "Mrs". This is strongly discouraged. "''Dominus''" means "lord" or "master", and addressing someone in this way is very servile and grovelling.

An exception is that lovers sometimes call each other "''dominus''" and "''domina''", though usually only in the bedroom.

 

====Titles====

Though Romans do not generally go in for titles in a big way, it is not uncommon to call a [[Consul (Nova Roma)|Consul]] by the title "Consul", for example, especially when speaking in a political context or discussing business relevant to the office. Likewise one may call one's patron by the title "''patronus''". But titles are not by any means compulsory, and there is nothing at all rude in calling a magistrate straightforwardly by his name.

 

====Relatives====

As well as calling each other by name, relatives commonly talk to or about each other by reference to their relationship, e.g. ''pater'' (father), ''soror'' (sister), ''patruus'' (uncle), &c. These terms are often combined with terms of endearment (see below). As noted above, close relatives might call each other by their ''praenomina''.

 

====Spouses and Lovers====

As was mentioned above, spouses and lovers generally call each other by ''cognomen'' rather than ''praenomen''. Occasionally they called each other ''vir'' (husband) and ''uxor'' (wife), but more commonly they used terms of endearment (see below).

 

====Friends and Acquaintances====

Most of the time people who know each other but are not especially close call each other by name, sometimes with "''mi''" (see below). Sometimes they will use brief descriptions, e.g. ''iuvenis'' (young man), ''amicus'' (friend), ''senex'' (old man). Depending on the relationship between the people concerned, they may use terms of endearment or even insults.

 

====Strangers====

There is no direct Roman equivalent of "sir" or "madam". If you meet someone whose name you don't know, it is normal and not at all rude to say something like "''petasate''" ("you with the hat") or "''senex''" ("old man") or "''viator''" ("traveller"). Very often one might say "''quiquis es''" ("whoever you are").

Generally, though, unless you are merely asking the time of day, the best tactic is to try to find out the person's name by saying something like "''adulescens, dic mihi nomen tuum, quaeso''" ("young man, please tell me your name") or "''o qui vocaris?''" ("O how are you called?").

 

====Terms of Endearment and Esteem====

Romans have always been very inventive with terms of endearment. One very common one is "''carissimus''", often combined with a name, e.g. "''salve Brute carissime''" ("hello my dear Brutus"), "''salve soror carissima''" ("hello dear sister"). Others include "''dulcis''" ("sweet"), "''inclitus''" ("famous"), "''magnus''" ("great"), "''optimus''" ("excellent"), "''fortissimus''" ("very strong"). This should be enough to give you the general idea.

 

===="''Mi''" and "''O''"====

"''Mi''" (masculine) and "''mea''" (feminine) mean "my". They are very commonly attached to names or other terms of endearment in conversations between friends or well-meaning acquaintances, e.g. "''salve mi frater''" ("hello my brother"), "''salve mea Cornelia''" ("hello my Cornelia"). It is especially common in letters, not so much in oral conversation.

"''O''" is also not uncommon. It has the general effect of making an address to someone more emotional, emphatic, or poetic. E.g. "''o optime Brute''" ("O excellent Brutus").

[[Category:IT:Nova Roma]]