ES:Usando nombres Romanos - Revision history

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: recat

2009-10-11T09:07:13Z

recat

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−		+	[[Category:Nova Roma (Español)]]
−	[[Category~~:ES~~:Nova Roma]]	+

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 15:36, 31 March 2009

2009-03-31T15:36:15Z

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−	[[Category:Nova Roma~~]][[Category:Latin language~~]]	+	[[Category:ES:Nova Roma]]

Lucius Coruncanius Cato at 23:24, 26 March 2009

2009-03-26T23:24:11Z

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	====Solamente el ''Praenomen''====		====Solamente el ''Praenomen''====

−	El ''[[praenomen]]'' es un nombre esencialmente privado, para uso dentro de la familia. No se debería nombrar a un Romano solamente por su ''praenomen'' a menos que sea un pariente cercano, o un amigo muy próximo. Incluso ~~las esposas~~ no se refieren entre ellas por sus ''praenomina'', si no que usan el ''nomina'' o ''cognomina''.	+	El ''[[ES:praenomen\|praenomen]]'' es un nombre esencialmente privado, para uso dentro de la familia. No se debería nombrar a un Romano solamente por su ''praenomen'' a menos que sea un pariente cercano, o un amigo muy próximo. Incluso los cónyuges no se refieren entre ellas por sus ''praenomina'', si no que usan el ''nomina'' o ''cognomina''.

	===Vocativos en Latin===		===Vocativos en Latin===
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	Más que en algunas sociedades modernas occidentales, pero de forma similar a Japón por ejemplo, los Romanos se dirigían entre ellos usando otras formas diferentes a los nombres, o los combinaban con otros terminos. Aquí teneis un breve resumen.		Más que en algunas sociedades modernas occidentales, pero de forma similar a Japón por ejemplo, los Romanos se dirigían entre ellos usando otras formas diferentes a los nombres, o los combinaban con otros terminos. Aquí teneis un breve resumen.

−	====Dominus & Domina====	+	====Dominus y Domina====

	Algunos latin-hablantes modernos usan ''dominus'' y ''domina'' como equivalentes de "Sr.", "Srta" o "Sra.". Esto se desaconseja tajantemente. "''Dominus''" quiere decir "señor" o "amo", por lo que dirigirse a alguien usando este termino es hacerlo de forma servil.		Algunos latin-hablantes modernos usan ''dominus'' y ''domina'' como equivalentes de "Sr.", "Srta" o "Sra.". Esto se desaconseja tajantemente. "''Dominus''" quiere decir "señor" o "amo", por lo que dirigirse a alguien usando este termino es hacerlo de forma servil.
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	====Títulos====		====Títulos====
		+	Aunque los Tomanos no usaban demasiado los títulos, no está fuera de lo normal dirigirse a un [[ES:Consul (Nova Roma)\|Consul]] con su título, especialmente cuando se habla en contexto político o se debaten temas relevantes para el cargo. Del mismo modo, nos podemos dirigir a nuestros patronos por el título "''patronus''". Pero el uso de los títulos no es obligatorio, y no es de mala educación nombrar a un magistrado directamente por su nombre.

−	Though Romans do not generally go in for titles in a big way, it is not uncommon to call a [[Consul (Nova Roma)\|Consul]] by the title "Consul", for example, especially when speaking in a political context or discussing business relevant to the office. Likewise one may call one's patron by the title "''patronus''". But titles are not by any means compulsory, and there is nothing at all rude in calling a magistrate straightforwardly by his name.	+	====Parientes====

−	~~====Relatives====~~	+	Así como entre ellos se llaman por el nombre, los parientes, en la mayoría de los casos, se refieren a su grado de relación, e.g. ''pater'' (padre), ''soror'' (hermana), ''patruus'' (tío), etc... Éstos términos se combinan a menido con expresiones de cariño (ver más abajo). Como dijimos antes, los parientes cercanos se refieren entre ellos por sus ''praenomina''.

−	As well as calling each other by name, relatives commonly talk to or about each other by reference to their relationship, e.g. ''pater'' (father), ''soror'' (sister), ''patruus'' (uncle), &c. These terms are often combined with terms of endearment (see below). As noted above, close relatives might call each other by their ''praenomina''.	+	====Esposos y Amantes====

−	~~====Spouses and Lovers====~~	+	Como dijimos anteriormente, tanto cónyuges como amantes se dirigen entre ellos por sus ''cognomen'' más que por sus ''praenomen''. Ocasionalmente, se puede usar la forma ''vir'' (marido) o ''uxor'' (mujer), pero seguramente usen términos más cariñosos.

−	As was mentioned above, spouses and lovers generally call each other by ''cognomen'' rather than ''praenomen''. Occasionally they called each other ''vir'' (husband) and ''uxor'' (wife), but more commonly they used terms of endearment (see below).	+	====Amigos y Conocidos====

−	~~====Friends and Acquaintances====~~	+	La mayor parte del tiempo, personas que se conocen entre ellas, pero que no son especialmente cercanas, se refieren por su nombre, a veces añadiendo "''mi''" (ver más abajo). Algunas veces se usan descripciones breves, como ''iuvenis'' (joven), ''amicus'' (amigo) o ''senex'' (anciano). Dependiendo de la relación entre ellos, también se pueden usar expresiones cariñosas, o insultos, llegado el caso.

−	Most of the time people who know each other but are not especially close call each other by name, sometimes with "''mi''" (see below). Sometimes they will use brief descriptions, e.g. ''iuvenis'' (young man), ''amicus'' (friend), ''senex'' (old man). Depending on the relationship between the people concerned, they may use terms of endearment or even insults.	+	====Desconocidos====

−	~~====Strangers====~~	+	No existe una equivalencia directa, en términos Romanos, a "señor" o "señora". Si se conoce a alguien cuyo nombre se desconoce, lo más normal y educado es decir algo como "''petasate''" ("el del sombrero"), "''senex''" o "''viator''" ("viajero"). También podemos usar "''quiquis es''" ("quien quiera que seas").

−	~~There is no direct Roman equivalent of "sir" or "madam". If you meet someone whose name you don't know~~, ~~it is normal and not at all rude to say something like~~ "''~~petasate~~''" ("~~you with the hat~~") or "''~~senex''" ("old man") or "''viator''" ("traveller"). Very often one might say "''quiquis es~~''" ("~~whoever you are~~").	+	Por lo general, a menos que simplemente se esté preguntando la hora, lo mejor es intentar averiguar el nombre de la persona diciendo alco como "''adulescens, dic mihi nomen tuum, quaeso''" ("joven, dime tu nombre por favor") o "''o qui vocaris?''" ("¿Cómo te llamas?").

−	Generally, though, unless you are merely asking the time of day, the best tactic is to try to find out the person's name by saying something like "''adulescens, dic mihi nomen tuum, quaeso''" ("young man, please tell me your name") or "''o qui vocaris?''" ("O how are you called?").	+	====Expresiones de afecto y estima====

−	~~====Terms of Endearment and Esteem====~~	+	Los Romanos siempre han sido muy ocurrentes con las expresiones de cariño. Una muy común es "''carissimus''", combinada a menudo con el nombre, e.g. "''salve Brute carissime''" ("Hola mi querido Brutus"), "''salve soror carissima''" ("hola querida hermana"). Otros incluyen "''dulcis''" ("dulce"), "''inclitus''" ("famoso"), "''magnus''" ("grande"), "''optimus''" ("excelente"), "''fortissimus''" ("muy fuerte"). Esto debería dar una idea aproximada.

−	~~Romans have always been very inventive with terms of endearment. One very common one is~~ "''~~carissimus~~''"~~, often combined with a name, e.g.~~ "''~~salve Brute carissime~~''" ("hello my dear Brutus"), "''salve soror carissima''" ("hello dear sister"). Others include "''dulcis''" ("sweet"), "''inclitus''" ("famous"), "''magnus''" ("great"), "''optimus''" ("excellent"), "''fortissimus''" ("very strong"). This should be enough to give you the general idea.	+	===="''Mi''" y "''O''"====

−	~~====~~"''Mi''" ~~and~~ "''O''"~~====~~	+	"''Mi''" (masculino) y "''mea''" (femenino) significan "mi". Se combinan comunmente con nombres u otros términos de afecto en conversaciones entre amigos o personas que se conocen bien, e.g. "''salve mi frater''" ("hola mi hermano"), "''salve mea Cornelia''" ("hola Cornelia mía"). Es especialmente común en cartas, pero no en conversaciones orales. <ref>[[Catullus]] 5 "''Vivamus mea Lesbia, atque amemus''"</ref>

−	"''Mi''" ~~(masculine) and "''mea''" (feminine) mean "my"~~. ~~They are very commonly attached to names or other terms of endearment in conversations between friends or well-meaning acquaintances~~, e.g. "''~~salve mi frater~~''" ("~~hello my brother"), "''salve mea Cornelia''" ("hello my Cornelia~~"). ~~It is especially common in letters, not so much in oral conversation. <ref>[[Catullus]] 5 "''Vivamus mea Lesbia, atque amemus''"</ref>~~	+	"''O''" tampoco es una expresión rara. Tiene el efecto de hacer una mención a alguien más emocional, enfática o poética. E.g. "''o optime Brute''" ("Oh excelente Brutus").

−	~~"''O''" is also not uncommon. It has the general effect of making an address to someone more emotional, emphatic, or poetic. E.g. "''o optime Brute''" ("O excellent Brutus").~~	+	==Referencias==
−		+
−	==~~References~~==	+
	<references/>		<references/>

Lucius Coruncanius Cato at 22:58, 26 March 2009

2009-03-26T22:58:15Z

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	====Con dos nombres====		====Con dos nombres====

−	Cuando te ~~dirijes~~ a alguien usando dos nombres, los que uses dependerá del estatus de la persona. Si la persona es [[nobilis (Nova Roma)\|''nobilis'']], es apropiado llamarla por su ''praenomen'' y ''cognomen'', e.g. '''P. Scipio'''. Si es un [[homo novus (Nova Roma)\|''homo novus'']], normalmente uno se le ~~dirije~~ por su ''praenomen'' y ''nomen'', e.g. '''M. Tullius'''. Mucha gente en Nova Roma son ''homines novi'', por eso se usa con ellos la forma ''praenomen'' + ''nomen''. Si accidentalmente te ~~dirijes~~ a un ''nobilis'' como si fuera un ''homo novus'', seguramente no se lo tome a mal, especialmente si luego te disculpas; pero en caso de duda, siempre puedes preguntar.	+	Cuando te diriges a alguien usando dos nombres, los que uses dependerá del estatus de la persona. Si la persona es [[nobilis (Nova Roma)\|''nobilis'']], es apropiado llamarla por su ''praenomen'' y ''cognomen'', e.g. '''P. Scipio'''. Si es un [[homo novus (Nova Roma)\|''homo novus'']], normalmente uno se le dirige por su ''praenomen'' y ''nomen'', e.g. '''M. Tullius'''. Mucha gente en Nova Roma son ''homines novi'', por eso se usa con ellos la forma ''praenomen'' + ''nomen''. Si accidentalmente te diriges a un ''nobilis'' como si fuera un ''homo novus'', seguramente no se lo tome a mal, especialmente si luego te disculpas; pero en caso de duda, siempre puedes preguntar.

	También podemos halagar o alabar un ''novus homo'' dirigiéndonos a él por su ''praenomen'' y ''cognomen'', como si fueran ''nobilis'', aunque no conviene abusar, ya que podría levantar suspicacias entre los ''nobiles'' verdaderos.		También podemos halagar o alabar un ''novus homo'' dirigiéndonos a él por su ''praenomen'' y ''cognomen'', como si fueran ''nobilis'', aunque no conviene abusar, ya que podría levantar suspicacias entre los ''nobiles'' verdaderos.
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	Algunos adoptan un estilo que era corriente en las primeras generaciones del periodo imperial, llamando a todos, ''nobilis'' y ''homo novus'', por su ''nomen'' y ''cognomen'', e.g. '''Cornelius Scipio''' o '''Tullius Cicero'''. No hay nada incorrecto en hacer eso, pero no es característico de la antigua República y no se aconseja hacerlo.		Algunos adoptan un estilo que era corriente en las primeras generaciones del periodo imperial, llamando a todos, ''nobilis'' y ''homo novus'', por su ''nomen'' y ''cognomen'', e.g. '''Cornelius Scipio''' o '''Tullius Cicero'''. No hay nada incorrecto en hacer eso, pero no es característico de la antigua República y no se aconseja hacerlo.

−	====~~One Name~~====	+	====Un nombre====

−	~~When calling someone by only one name~~, ~~it is normal and polite to use the~~ ''cognomen''. A ''nobilis'' ~~should always be called by his~~ ''cognomen''. A ''homo novus'' ~~can be called by his~~ ''nomen'': ~~this is not impolite at all~~, ~~but may make it unclear who you are talking about~~.	+	Cuando nos dirigimos a alguien usando solamente un nombre, lo más educado es hacerlo usando el ''cognomen''. Una persona ''nobilis'' debería ser nombrada por su ''cognomen''. Aún así, a un ''homo novus'' se le puede llamar por su ''nomen'': esto no es de mala educacion, pero puede suceder que no esté claro a quien te diriges.

−	~~Where a person has more than one~~ ''cognomen'', ~~you should normally use the first one~~. ~~Calling someone by his~~ ''agnomen'', ~~if he has one~~, ~~is of course particularly complimentary~~. ~~You should only call someone by his adoptive if you want to draw attention to his~~ pre-~~adoption family and identity: this is not necessarily polite or impolite~~, ~~but will depend on the context~~. ~~Similarly calling someone by his matronymic~~ ''cognomen'' ~~will draw attention to his mother's identity and family~~.	+	Cuando una persona tiene más de un ''cognomen'', se debería usar solamente el primero. Nombrar alguien por su ''agnomen'', si tiene, es complementario. Solamente debería usarse el adoptivo si se quiere dirigir la atención hacia su identidad y familia pre-adoptivas, lo que no es en ningún caso necesario, educado ni de mala educación, pero que dependerá del contexto en el que nos hallemos. De igual forma, dirigirse a alguien por su ''cognomen'' matronímico llevará la atención hacia la identidad y familia de su madre.

−	~~Do not fall into the trap of calling someone routinely by his adoptive~~ ''cognomen''. ~~This is often tempting~~, ~~because it is an easy way of distinguishing between the adopted child and the adoptive father~~, ~~but it is an~~ un~~-Roman habit~~. ~~To a Roman~~, ~~an adopted child became~~, ~~to all intents and purposes~~, ~~the child of the adoptive parents~~, ~~and one should normally ignore his adoptive~~ ''cognomen'' ~~when naming him~~.	+	No hay que caer en la trampa de nombrar el ''cognomen'' adoptivo rutinariamente. Aunque es tentador, ya que es una forma fácil de distinguir entre dos niños adoptados y el padre adoptivo, es un hábito no Romano. Para un Romano, un niño adoptado se convierte, a todos los efectos, en el hijo de sus padres adoptivos, por lo que se debería ignorar su ''cognomen'' adoptivo al nombrarle.

−	====''Praenomen'' ~~Only~~====	+	====Solamente el ''Praenomen''====

−	~~The~~ ''[[praenomen]]'' ~~is essentially a private name~~, ~~for use within the family~~. ~~You should not call~~ a ~~Roman by just his~~ ''praenomen'' ~~unless he is your close relative or very~~, ~~very close friend~~. ~~Even spouses do not generally call each other by their~~ ''praenomina'' ~~alone - they generally use~~ ''nomina'' or ''cognomina''.	+	El ''[[praenomen]]'' es un nombre esencialmente privado, para uso dentro de la familia. No se debería nombrar a un Romano solamente por su ''praenomen'' a menos que sea un pariente cercano, o un amigo muy próximo. Incluso las esposas no se refieren entre ellas por sus ''praenomina'', si no que usan el ''nomina'' o ''cognomina''.

−	===Latin ~~Vocatives~~===	+	===Vocativos en Latin===

−	~~When you call someone by name~~, ~~you have to use the~~ [[vocative]] ~~case and change the ending of the name to indicate that you are talking~~ ''to'' ~~the person, not~~ ''~~about~~'' ~~him~~. ~~As a~~ general ~~rule~~, ~~names ending in~~ ''-us'' ~~take an ending~~ ''-e'' (e.g. '''Brutus''' -> '''Brute''')~~, though names ending in~~ ''-ius'' ~~turn to~~ ''-i'' (e.g. '''Tullius''' -> '''Tulli''')~~. Names ending in~~ ''-a'' ~~and names with other endings do not change at all~~.	+	Cuando te dirijas a alguien por su nombre, debes hacerlo usando la forma [[vocative\|vocativa]] y cambiando la terminación del nombre para indicar que estás hablando ''a'' la persona y no ''acerca de'' ella. Como regla general, los nombres terminados en ''-us'' cambian la terminación a ''-e'' (e.g. '''Brutus''' -> '''Brute'''); aquellos nombres terminados en ''-ius'' pasan a ''-i'' (e.g. '''Tullius''' -> '''Tulli'''); y los nombres terminaos en ''-a'' no modifican su terminación.

−	~~You may notice some people using vocative endings when they are talking about someone in the third person~~ (e.g. "~~I was talking to~~ Brute ~~yesterday~~"). ~~Don't be confused - you are right~~, ~~they are wrong~~.	+	Puede darse el caso de personas que usen terminaciones en vocativo cuando hablan de otros en tercera persona (e.g. "Estaba hablando a '''Brute''' ayer"). No te confundas: tu estarás en lo correcto, ellos no.

−	===~~Addresses Other Than Names~~===	+	===Más formulas a parte de los nombres===

−	~~Much more than in some modern Western societies~~, ~~but~~ similar ~~to usage in modern Japan~~, ~~for example~~, ~~Romans addressed each other using labels other than names, or combine names with other terms~~. ~~What follows is a very brief overview~~.	+	Más que en algunas sociedades modernas occidentales, pero de forma similar a Japón por ejemplo, los Romanos se dirigían entre ellos usando otras formas diferentes a los nombres, o los combinaban con otros terminos. Aquí teneis un breve resumen.

	====Dominus & Domina====		====Dominus & Domina====

−	~~Some modern Latin~~-~~speakers use "~~''dominus''~~" and "~~''domina''" ~~as equivalents of English~~ "Mr" ~~and~~ "~~Miss~~" ~~or "Mrs~~". ~~This is strongly discouraged~~. "''Dominus''" ~~means~~ "~~lord~~" or "~~master~~", ~~and addressing someone in this way is very servile and grovelling~~.	+	Algunos latin-hablantes modernos usan ''dominus'' y ''domina'' como equivalentes de "Sr.", "Srta" o "Sra.". Esto se desaconseja tajantemente. "''Dominus''" quiere decir "señor" o "amo", por lo que dirigirse a alguien usando este termino es hacerlo de forma servil.

−	~~An exception is that lovers sometimes call each other~~ "''dominus''" ~~and~~ "''domina''", ~~though usually only in the bedroom~~.	+	Como excepción, algunas veces los amantes se refieren entre ellos como "''dominus''" o "''domina''", aunque la mayoría de las veces en sus aposentos privados.

−	====~~Titles~~====	+	====Títulos====

	Though Romans do not generally go in for titles in a big way, it is not uncommon to call a [[Consul (Nova Roma)\|Consul]] by the title "Consul", for example, especially when speaking in a political context or discussing business relevant to the office. Likewise one may call one's patron by the title "''patronus''". But titles are not by any means compulsory, and there is nothing at all rude in calling a magistrate straightforwardly by his name.		Though Romans do not generally go in for titles in a big way, it is not uncommon to call a [[Consul (Nova Roma)\|Consul]] by the title "Consul", for example, especially when speaking in a political context or discussing business relevant to the office. Likewise one may call one's patron by the title "''patronus''". But titles are not by any means compulsory, and there is nothing at all rude in calling a magistrate straightforwardly by his name.

Lucius Coruncanius Cato at 22:08, 26 March 2009

2009-03-26T22:08:50Z

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	{{Template:Roman name articles}}		{{Template:Roman name articles}}

−	==~~Usage of the Roman names~~==	+	==Uso de los nombres Romanos==

	===¿Porqué varios nombres?===		===¿Porqué varios nombres?===
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	El uso de un solo nombre es informal. Llamar a alguien '''Cicero''' es el equivalente a llamarle '''Roberto'''.		El uso de un solo nombre es informal. Llamar a alguien '''Cicero''' es el equivalente a llamarle '''Roberto'''.

−	===~~Which Names~~?===	+	===Entonces... ¿Cuales uso?===

−	~~Which names you call someone by depends partly on how many names you are using~~.	+	Los nombres por los que te dirigues a alguien, dependen en cuantos uses...

−	====~~Two Names~~====	+	====Con dos nombres====

−	~~When calling someone by two names~~, ~~which names you use depends on the status of the person you're naming~~. ~~If the person is a~~ [[nobilis (Nova Roma)\|''nobilis'']], ~~it is proper to call him by his~~ ''praenomen'' ~~and~~ ''cognomen'', e.g. '''P. Scipio'''. ~~If he is a~~ [[homo novus (Nova Roma)\|''homo novus'']], ~~one would normally call him by his~~ ''praenomen'' ~~and~~ ''nomen'', e.g. '''M. Tullius'''. ~~Most people in~~ Nova Roma ~~are~~ ''homines novi'', ~~so most people are normally called by their~~ ''praenomen'' ~~and~~ ''nomen''. ~~If you accidentally call~~ a ''nobilis'' ~~as if he were a~~ ''homo novus'', ~~he will probably not take offence~~, ~~especially if you apologize for your mistake~~; ~~but if in doubt~~, ~~you can always ask~~.	+	Cuando te dirijes a alguien usando dos nombres, los que uses dependerá del estatus de la persona. Si la persona es [[nobilis (Nova Roma)\|''nobilis'']], es apropiado llamarla por su ''praenomen'' y ''cognomen'', e.g. '''P. Scipio'''. Si es un [[homo novus (Nova Roma)\|''homo novus'']], normalmente uno se le dirije por su ''praenomen'' y ''nomen'', e.g. '''M. Tullius'''. Mucha gente en Nova Roma son ''homines novi'', por eso se usa con ellos la forma ''praenomen'' + ''nomen''. Si accidentalmente te dirijes a un ''nobilis'' como si fuera un ''homo novus'', seguramente no se lo tome a mal, especialmente si luego te disculpas; pero en caso de duda, siempre puedes preguntar.

−	~~One may, of course, flatter or praise a~~ ''novus homo'' ~~by naming him with his~~ ''praenomen'' ~~and~~ ''cognomen'' ~~as if he were a~~ ''nobilis''~~; but you should not do this too often~~, ~~especially as it could cause resentment among the true~~ ''nobiles''.	+	También podemos halagar o alabar un ''novus homo'' dirigiéndonos a él por su ''praenomen'' y ''cognomen'', como si fueran ''nobilis'', aunque no conviene abusar, ya que podría levantar suspicacias entre los ''nobiles'' verdaderos.

−	~~Some people adopt a style which was fashionable in the first generations of the~~ imperial ~~period and call everyone~~, ~~both~~ ''nobilis'' ~~and~~ ''homo novus'', by ''nomen'' ~~and~~ ''cognomen'', e.g. '''Cornelius Scipio''', '''Tullius Cicero'''. ~~There is nothing strictly wrong with this~~, ~~but it is not characteristic of the ancient republic and is not encouraged~~.	+	Algunos adoptan un estilo que era corriente en las primeras generaciones del periodo imperial, llamando a todos, ''nobilis'' y ''homo novus'', por su ''nomen'' y ''cognomen'', e.g. '''Cornelius Scipio''' o '''Tullius Cicero'''. No hay nada incorrecto en hacer eso, pero no es característico de la antigua República y no se aconseja hacerlo.

	====One Name====		====One Name====

Marcus Curiatius Complutensis at 21:33, 1 December 2008

2008-12-01T21:33:32Z

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	{{LanguageBar\|Using Roman names}}		{{LanguageBar\|Using Roman names}}

−	~~This article contains~~ general ~~guidance on how to use~~ [[Roman name]]s. ~~It must be stressed that these are not firm legalistic rules~~. ~~A name is~~ a device which allows one person to talk about another person so that everyone knows who he is talking about. Any rule which makes it unclear who is being referred to would be self-defeating, and all the general rules explained below should be ignored if following them would lead to confusion.	+	Este articulo contiene una guia general sobre como usar los [[ES:Roman name\|nombres romanos]]. Debe quedar entendido que no son reglas legales. Un nombre es una herramienta que permite a una persona hablar sobre otra persona de forma que todos sepan de quien está hablando.
	{{Template:Roman name articles}}		{{Template:Roman name articles}}

	==Usage of the Roman names==		==Usage of the Roman names==

−	===~~How Many Names~~?===	+	===¿Porqué varios nombres?===

−	~~As a~~ general ~~rule~~, ~~the more~~ formal ~~the context~~, ~~the more names are used~~. ~~The use of all three (or more) names is very~~ formal~~, and should be rare~~. ~~Calling someone~~ '''M. Tullius Cicero''' ~~is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Mr Robert James Grant, Esquire'''~~.	+	Como regla general, en un contexto formal, se usan varios nombres. El uso de los tres o más nombres es muy formal y se emplea raramente. Llamar a alguien '''M. Tullius Cicero''' es elequivalente de dirigirse a uno como Señor Don Roberto Garcia Rodriguez.

−	~~Two names are normally enough to make it clear who you are talking to or about~~. ~~Using two names is~~ formal ~~and polite~~. ~~Calling someone~~ '''M. Tullius''' ~~is roughly equivalent to calling someone~~ '''~~Robert Grant~~''' or '''~~Mr Grant~~'''. ~~When you mention someone for the first time in~~ a ~~speech or a letter~~, ~~or when greeting someone~~, ~~it is common to use two names~~.	+	El uso de dos nombres sobre quien hablas o a quien hablas. Usardos nombres es respetuoso y formal. Llamar a alguien '''M. Tullius''' es el equivalente de de llamarle '''Roberto Garcia''' o '''Sr. Garcia'''. Cuando uno se dirige a al,guien por vez primera en una conversación o en una carta, o cuando saluda a alguien se usan comunmente dos nombres.

−	~~Use of one name is relatively relaxed and~~ informal. ~~If you already in the middle of~~ a ~~conversation with someone, or in the middle of talking about someone, you might well call him by just one name, especially if you know him reasonably well. Calling someone~~ '''Cicero''' ~~is roughly equivalent to calling someone~~ '''~~Robert~~'''~~. But in formal situations or when first mentioning someone, using only one name may be over-familiar and could be impolite~~.	+	El uso de un solo nombre es informal. Llamar a alguien '''Cicero''' es el equivalente a llamarle '''Roberto'''.

	===Which Names?===		===Which Names?===

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{{LanguageBar|Using Roman names}}

This article contains general guidance on how to use [[Roman name]]s. It must be stressed that these are not firm legalistic rules. A name is a device which allows one person to talk about another person so that everyone knows who he is talking about. Any rule which makes it unclear who is being referred to would be self-defeating, and all the general rules explained below should be ignored if following them would lead to confusion.
{{Template:Roman name articles}}

==Usage of the Roman names==

===How Many Names?===

As a general rule, the more formal the context, the more names are used. The use of all three (or more) names is very formal, and should be rare. Calling someone '''M. Tullius Cicero''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Mr Robert James Grant, Esquire'''.

Two names are normally enough to make it clear who you are talking to or about. Using two names is formal and polite. Calling someone '''M. Tullius''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Robert Grant''' or '''Mr Grant'''. When you mention someone for the first time in a speech or a letter, or when greeting someone, it is common to use two names.

Use of one name is relatively relaxed and informal. If you already in the middle of a conversation with someone, or in the middle of talking about someone, you might well call him by just one name, especially if you know him reasonably well. Calling someone '''Cicero''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Robert'''. But in formal situations or when first mentioning someone, using only one name may be over-familiar and could be impolite.

===Which Names?===

Which names you call someone by depends partly on how many names you are using.

====Two Names====

When calling someone by two names, which names you use depends on the status of the person you're naming. If the person is a [[nobilis (Nova Roma)|''nobilis'']], it is proper to call him by his ''praenomen'' and ''cognomen'', e.g. '''P. Scipio'''. If he is a [[homo novus (Nova Roma)|''homo novus'']], one would normally call him by his ''praenomen'' and ''nomen'', e.g. '''M. Tullius'''. Most people in Nova Roma are ''homines novi'', so most people are normally called by their ''praenomen'' and ''nomen''. If you accidentally call a ''nobilis'' as if he were a ''homo novus'', he will probably not take offence, especially if you apologize for your mistake; but if in doubt, you can always ask.

One may, of course, flatter or praise a ''novus homo'' by naming him with his ''praenomen'' and ''cognomen'' as if he were a ''nobilis''; but you should not do this too often, especially as it could cause resentment among the true ''nobiles''.

Some people adopt a style which was fashionable in the first generations of the imperial period and call everyone, both ''nobilis'' and ''homo novus'', by ''nomen'' and ''cognomen'', e.g. '''Cornelius Scipio''', '''Tullius Cicero'''. There is nothing strictly wrong with this, but it is not characteristic of the ancient republic and is not encouraged.

====One Name====

When calling someone by only one name, it is normal and polite to use the ''cognomen''. A ''nobilis'' should always be called by his ''cognomen''. A ''homo novus'' can be called by his ''nomen'': this is not impolite at all, but may make it unclear who you are talking about.

Where a person has more than one ''cognomen'', you should normally use the first one. Calling someone by his ''agnomen'', if he has one, is of course particularly complimentary. You should only call someone by his adoptive if you want to draw attention to his pre-adoption family and identity: this is not necessarily polite or impolite, but will depend on the context. Similarly calling someone by his matronymic ''cognomen'' will draw attention to his mother's identity and family.

Do not fall into the trap of calling someone routinely by his adoptive ''cognomen''. This is often tempting, because it is an easy way of distinguishing between the adopted child and the adoptive father, but it is an un-Roman habit. To a Roman, an adopted child became, to all intents and purposes, the child of the adoptive parents, and one should normally ignore his adoptive ''cognomen'' when naming him.

====''Praenomen'' Only====

The ''[[praenomen]]'' is essentially a private name, for use within the family. You should not call a Roman by just his ''praenomen'' unless he is your close relative or very, very close friend. Even spouses do not generally call each other by their ''praenomina'' alone - they generally use ''nomina'' or ''cognomina''.

===Latin Vocatives===

When you call someone by name, you have to use the [[vocative]] case and change the ending of the name to indicate that you are talking ''to'' the person, not ''about'' him. As a general rule, names ending in ''-us'' take an ending ''-e'' (e.g. '''Brutus''' -> '''Brute'''), though names ending in ''-ius'' turn to ''-i'' (e.g. '''Tullius''' -> '''Tulli'''). Names ending in ''-a'' and names with other endings do not change at all.

You may notice some people using vocative endings when they are talking about someone in the third person (e.g. "I was talking to Brute yesterday"). Don't be confused - you are right, they are wrong.

===Addresses Other Than Names===

Much more than in some modern Western societies, but similar to usage in modern Japan, for example, Romans addressed each other using labels other than names, or combine names with other terms. What follows is a very brief overview.

====Dominus & Domina====

Some modern Latin-speakers use "''dominus''" and "''domina''" as equivalents of English "Mr" and "Miss" or "Mrs". This is strongly discouraged. "''Dominus''" means "lord" or "master", and addressing someone in this way is very servile and grovelling.

An exception is that lovers sometimes call each other "''dominus''" and "''domina''", though usually only in the bedroom.

====Titles====

Though Romans do not generally go in for titles in a big way, it is not uncommon to call a [[Consul (Nova Roma)|Consul]] by the title "Consul", for example, especially when speaking in a political context or discussing business relevant to the office. Likewise one may call one's patron by the title "''patronus''". But titles are not by any means compulsory, and there is nothing at all rude in calling a magistrate straightforwardly by his name.

====Relatives====

As well as calling each other by name, relatives commonly talk to or about each other by reference to their relationship, e.g. ''pater'' (father), ''soror'' (sister), ''patruus'' (uncle), &c. These terms are often combined with terms of endearment (see below). As noted above, close relatives might call each other by their ''praenomina''.

====Spouses and Lovers====

As was mentioned above, spouses and lovers generally call each other by ''cognomen'' rather than ''praenomen''. Occasionally they called each other ''vir'' (husband) and ''uxor'' (wife), but more commonly they used terms of endearment (see below).

====Friends and Acquaintances====

Most of the time people who know each other but are not especially close call each other by name, sometimes with "''mi''" (see below). Sometimes they will use brief descriptions, e.g. ''iuvenis'' (young man), ''amicus'' (friend), ''senex'' (old man). Depending on the relationship between the people concerned, they may use terms of endearment or even insults.

====Strangers====

There is no direct Roman equivalent of "sir" or "madam". If you meet someone whose name you don't know, it is normal and not at all rude to say something like "''petasate''" ("you with the hat") or "''senex''" ("old man") or "''viator''" ("traveller"). Very often one might say "''quiquis es''" ("whoever you are").

Generally, though, unless you are merely asking the time of day, the best tactic is to try to find out the person's name by saying something like "''adulescens, dic mihi nomen tuum, quaeso''" ("young man, please tell me your name") or "''o qui vocaris?''" ("O how are you called?").

====Terms of Endearment and Esteem====

Romans have always been very inventive with terms of endearment. One very common one is "''carissimus''", often combined with a name, e.g. "''salve Brute carissime''" ("hello my dear Brutus"), "''salve soror carissima''" ("hello dear sister"). Others include "''dulcis''" ("sweet"), "''inclitus''" ("famous"), "''magnus''" ("great"), "''optimus''" ("excellent"), "''fortissimus''" ("very strong"). This should be enough to give you the general idea.

===="''Mi''" and "''O''"====

"''Mi''" (masculine) and "''mea''" (feminine) mean "my". They are very commonly attached to names or other terms of endearment in conversations between friends or well-meaning acquaintances, e.g. "''salve mi frater''" ("hello my brother"), "''salve mea Cornelia''" ("hello my Cornelia"). It is especially common in letters, not so much in oral conversation. <ref>[[Catullus]] 5 "''Vivamus mea Lesbia, atque amemus''"</ref>

"''O''" is also not uncommon. It has the general effect of making an address to someone more emotional, emphatic, or poetic. E.g. "''o optime Brute''" ("O excellent Brutus").

==References==
<references/>

{{Bookinfo
| title=Personal Names in the Roman World
| author=Clive Cheesman
| date=November 30, 2008
| publisher=Duckworth Publishers
| ISBN=0715636189
| comment=Paperback, 160 pages
| name=[[User:M. Lucretius Agricola|Agricola]]
}}

[[Category:Nova Roma]][[Category:Latin language]]