Constitution II - MMDCCLVII (Nova Roma) - Revision history

Decimus Aurelius Ingeniarius: added hd tag

2024-07-06T09:35:16Z

added hd tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:35, 6 July 2024
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	This version of the constitution resulted from four separate but simultaneous amendments: the ''leges Labienae'' [[lex Labiena de civium iure (Nova Roma)\|''de civium iure'']] (amending chapter II.B.6), [[lex Labiena de gentibus (Nova Roma)\|''de gentibus'']] (amending chapters II.C.1, II.D, and III.A), and [[lex Labiena de obnuntiatione (Nova Roma)\|''de obnuntiatione'']] (amending chapter VI.B.2.b.ii), and the ''[[lex Fabia Labiena de iure augurum (Nova Roma)\|lex Fabia Labiena de iure augurum]]'' (amending chapter VI.B.2).		This version of the constitution resulted from four separate but simultaneous amendments: the ''leges Labienae'' [[lex Labiena de civium iure (Nova Roma)\|''de civium iure'']] (amending chapter II.B.6), [[lex Labiena de gentibus (Nova Roma)\|''de gentibus'']] (amending chapters II.C.1, II.D, and III.A), and [[lex Labiena de obnuntiatione (Nova Roma)\|''de obnuntiatione'']] (amending chapter VI.B.2.b.ii), and the ''[[lex Fabia Labiena de iure augurum (Nova Roma)\|lex Fabia Labiena de iure augurum]]'' (amending chapter VI.B.2).

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 12:42, 9 June 2022

2022-06-09T12:42:29Z

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M. Lucretius Agricola: adj template, add div

2007-09-08T14:17:20Z

adj template, add div

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−	~~{\|width="100%"~~	+	{{Constitution NR
−	~~\|- valign="top"~~	+	\|start_date=29 Jan [[MMDCCLVII]]
−	~~\| __TOC__~~	+	\|via=Leges Labienae
−	~~\| align="right" \|~~ {{Constitution NR \|	+	\|prev=Constitution II - MMDCCLV Sex
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	== Preamble ==		== Preamble ==
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	*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.		*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.

−	~~[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma)]]~~	+	</div>
−	~~[[Category: Constitution (Nova Roma)]]~~	+

Aulus Apollonius Cordus: Categories.

2007-08-11T18:52:24Z

Categories.

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 11 August 2007
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	**** <span class="law_added">2. To declare obnuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).</span>		**** <span class="law_added">2. To declare obnuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).</span>
	*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.		*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.
		+
		+	[[Category: Tabularium (Nova Roma)]]
		+	[[Category: Constitution (Nova Roma)]]

Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa: jeremy linked in....class today

2007-06-27T00:07:47Z

jeremy linked in....class today

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	** <span class="law_added">5. To approve or reject an application from a patrician who wishes to renounce his status and become a member of the plebeian order.</span>		** <span class="law_added">5. To approve or reject an application from a patrician who wishes to renounce his status and become a member of the plebeian order.</span>

−	* '''B.''' The [[Comitia ~~Centuriata~~ (Nova Roma)\|~~Comitia Centuriata~~]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective [[Century (Nova Roma)\|centuries]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:	+	* '''B.''' The [[Comitia centuriata (Nova Roma)\|comitia centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective [[Century (Nova Roma)\|centuries]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:
	** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;		** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;
	** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;		** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;
	** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent [[Removal of Citizenship (Nova Roma)\|removal of citizenship]].		** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent [[Removal of Citizenship (Nova Roma)\|removal of citizenship]].

−	* '''C.''' The [[Comitia ~~Plebis Tributa~~ (Nova Roma)\|~~Comitia Plebis Tributa~~]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:	+	* '''C.''' The [[Comitia plebis tributa (Nova Roma)\|comitia plebis tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:
	** 1. To enact [[Plebiscite (Nova Roma)\|plebiscites]] with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;		** 1. To enact [[Plebiscite (Nova Roma)\|plebiscites]] with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;
	** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;		** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;
	** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.		** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.

−	* '''D.''' The [[Comitia ~~Populi Tributa~~ (Nova Roma)\|Comitia ~~Populi Tributa~~]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective [[Tribe (Nova Roma)\|tribes]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:	+	* '''D.''' The [[Comitia populi tributa (Nova Roma)\|Comitia populi tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective [[Tribe (Nova Roma)\|tribes]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:
	** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;		** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;
	** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;		** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;

Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa: corrected link

2007-06-24T16:52:07Z

corrected link

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 24 June 2007
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	== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==		== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==

−	* '''A. The [[Religio Romana]],''' the worship of the [[Gods ~~of Rome~~\|Gods and Goddesses of Rome]], shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.	+	* '''A. The [[Religio Romana]],''' the worship of the [[:Category:Roman Gods\|Gods and Goddesses of Rome]], shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.
	* '''B. The [[Priesthoods (Nova Roma)\|priesthoods]]''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:		* '''B. The [[Priesthoods (Nova Roma)\|priesthoods]]''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:
	** '''1. The [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)\|Collegium Pontificum]]''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)\|Pontifex Maximus]], fourteen [[Pontifex (Nova Roma)\|Pontifices]], twelve [[Flamen (Nova Roma)\|flamines]], six [[Vestal (Nova Roma)\|Sacerdotes Vestales]], and the [[Rex Sacrorum (Nova Roma)\|Rex]] and [[Regina Sacrorum (Nova Roma)\|Regina Sacrorum]]. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:		** '''1. The [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)\|Collegium Pontificum]]''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)\|Pontifex Maximus]], fourteen [[Pontifex (Nova Roma)\|Pontifices]], twelve [[Flamen (Nova Roma)\|flamines]], six [[Vestal (Nova Roma)\|Sacerdotes Vestales]], and the [[Rex Sacrorum (Nova Roma)\|Rex]] and [[Regina Sacrorum (Nova Roma)\|Regina Sacrorum]]. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:

Aulus Apollonius Cordus: Added "next"

2006-09-02T01:45:28Z

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Aulus Apollonius Cordus: Created

2006-09-02T00:24:22Z

Created

New page

This version of the constitution resulted from four separate but simultaneous amendments: the ''leges Labienae'' [[lex Labiena de civium iure (Nova Roma)|''de civium iure'']] (amending chapter II.B.6), [[lex Labiena de gentibus (Nova Roma)|''de gentibus'']] (amending chapters II.C.1, II.D, and III.A), and [[lex Labiena de obnuntiatione (Nova Roma)|''de obnuntiatione'']] (amending chapter VI.B.2.b.ii), and the ''[[lex Fabia Labiena de iure augurum (Nova Roma)|lex Fabia Labiena de iure augurum]]'' (amending chapter VI.B.2).

{|width="100%"
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start_date=29 Jan [[MMDCCLVII]] |
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== Preamble ==

We, the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] and People of [[Nova Roma]], as an independent and sovereign nation, herewith set forth this [[Constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] as the foundation and structure of our governing institutions and common society. We hereby declare our Nation to stand as a beacon for those who would recreate the best of ancient Rome. As a nation, Nova Roma shall be the temporal homeland and worldly focus for the [[Religio Romana]]. The primary functions of Nova Roma shall be to promote the study and practice of [[Pagan|pagan]] [[Roman Civilization|Roman civilization]], defined as the period from the founding of the [[City of Rome]] in [[753 BCE]] to the removal of the [[Altar of Victory]] from the [[Senate]] in [[394 CE]] and encompassing such fields as religion, culture, politics, art, literature, language, and philosophy.

As the spiritual heir to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], Nova Roma shall endeavor to exist, in all manners practical and acceptable, as the modern restoration of the ancient Roman Republic. The culture, religion, and society of Nova Roma shall be patterned upon those of ancient Rome.

== I. Constitutional Basis ==

* '''A'''. This Constitution shall be the basic authority for all decision-making within Nova Roma and shall limit the authority of all magistrates and bodies, and all [[Lex (Nova Roma)|leges (laws)]] passed by the comitia, decreta (decrees) of the priestly collegia, magistral [[Edictum (Nova Roma)|edicta (edicts)]] and [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] shall be subject to it except as provided by the following two provisos:
** 1. The edicta (edicts) of a [[Dictator|dictator]] appointed under this Constitution may override its provisions, insofar as he is empowered to do so by the Senatus consultum enabling his appointment;
** 2. This Constitution may be amended by a Lex passed by the comitia centuriata and approved by a vote of two thirds of the Senate.

* '''B. Legal precedence.''' This Constitution shall be the highest legal authority within Nova Roma, apart from edicts issued by a legally appointed dictator. It shall thereafter be followed in legal authority by edicta issued by consuls acting under the Senatus consultum ultima, laws properly voted and passed by one of the comitia, decreta passed by the collegium pontificum, decreta passed by the collegium augurium, Senatus consulta, and magisterial edicta (in order of descending authority as described in section IV of this Constitution), in that order. Should a lower authority conflict with a higher authority, the higher authority shall take precedence. Should a law passed by one comitia contradict one passed by another or the same comitia without explicitly superceding that law, the most recent law shall take precedence.

* '''C'''. This Constitution shall serve as the bylaws for Nova Roma, a legally incorporated entity in the state of Maine, USA (hereafter referred to as [[Corporation (Nova Roma)|"the corporation")]]. The conduct and procedures of the [[Board of Directors (Nova Roma)|Board of Directors]] and the officers of the corporation shall be according to the guidelines and strictures set forth in this Constitution. The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be composed of the Senate of Nova Roma (as described in Section V of this Constitution), and the officers of the corporation shall be composed of the magistrates of Nova Roma (as described in Section IV of this Constitution), as follows:
** 1. The co-presidents of the corporation shall be the consuls of Nova Roma;
** 2. The co-vice-presidents of the corporation shall be the praetors of Nova Roma;
** 3. The co-treasurers of the corporation shall be the quaestors of Nova Roma;
** 4. The co-secretaries of the corporation shall be the censors of Nova Roma.

* '''D'''. This Constitution may be altered by law passed by the comitia centuriata; such alterations to this Constitution must be ratified by a vote of two-thirds of the entire Senate before they shall take effect. The edicta of an appointed Dictator may also alter this Constitution, subject to ratification by the Senate.

* '''E'''. The use of male pronouns and technical terms within this Constitution is done solely for clarity, and shall not be construed to imply any disparity between genders before the law.

== II. Citizens and Gentes ==

* '''A. [[Citizenship (Nova Roma)|Citizenship]]'''
** 1. Any person 18 years old or older may apply for Citizenship.
** 2. Citizens may apply for Citizenship on behalf of their children or legal wards (as defined by relevant macronational law) under the age of 18. Such Citizens shall be known as impuberes.
** 3. Citizenship is open to anyone regardless of ethnic heritage, gender, religious affiliation, or sexual orientation.
** 4. Citizenship may be involuntarily revoked by those means that shall be established by law, or may be voluntarily relinquished by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.
** 5. Impuberes may have their Citizenship relinquished on their behalf by their parent or legal guardian (as defined by relevant macronational law) by notification of the censors or by public statement before three or more witnesses.

* '''B.''' The following rights of the Citizens who have reached the age of 18 shall be guaranteed, but this enumeration shall not be taken to exclude other rights that citizens may possess:
** 1. Complete authority over their own personal and household rites, [[rituals]], and beliefs, [[pagan]] or otherwise; except where this Constitution mandates participation in the rites of the [[Religio Romana]], such as the case of magistrates and Senators;
** 2. The right and obligation to remain subject to the civil rights and laws of the countries in which they reside and/or hold citizenship, regardless of their status as [[Dual Citizenship (Nova Roma)|dual citizens]] of Nova Roma;
** 3. The right to vote in [[Elections (Nova Roma)|elections]] as members of their various comitia on matters brought before the People in such manner as described in this Constitution;
** 4. The right to participate in all [[Public Forums (Nova Roma)|public forums]] and discussions, and the right to reasonably expect such forums to be supported by the State. Such communications, regardless of their content, may not be restricted by the State, except where they represent an imminent and clear danger to the Republic. Such officially sponsored forums may be expected to be reasonably moderated in the interests of maintaining order and civility;
** 5. The right of [[provocatio]]; to appeal a decision of a magistrate that has a direct negative impact upon that citizen to the comitia populi tributa;
** 6. The right to remain sovereign and secure within one's own home, person, and property;
** 6. The right to privacy; security in one's home, person, and property; and authority over one's home, person, and property. Homes may not be searched, persons may not be detained, and property may not be seized, except by judicial ruling or by a special provision of law;
** 7. The right to seek and receive assistance and advice from the State in matters of religious and social dispute occurring both within and outside the direct jurisdiction of Nova Roma; and,
** 8. The right to pursue business enterprises within Nova Roma through the institution of the [[ordo equester (Nova Roma)|ordo equester]] (equestrian order), and the right to receive reasonable encouragement to build a strong economy through Roman-oriented commerce; the only restrictions being those informational and other materials copyrighted by the State, which shall remain the property of the State.

* '''C. The Orders'''. Even though members of the [[Orders (Nova Roma)|three orders]] are equal under the eyes of the law, the institution of the orders is significant enough that it is perpetuated in Nova Roma. There are three orders into which all Citizens fall:
** 1. Ordo patricius ([[Patrician Order (Nova Roma)|patrician order]]). The patrician order shall consist of belonging to those gentes that were among the first thirty to join Nova Roma. Should one of these spots become vacant, the censors shall have the power to elevate a plebeian gens to patrician status in its place.
** 1. Ordo Patricius ([[Patrician Order (Nova Roma)|patrician order]]).
*** a. The Ordo Patricius shall consist of a minium of 30 families.
*** b. Should there be less than 30 patrician families the Senate shall have the power to nominate a plebeian family to the Comitia Curiata for elevation to patrician status.
*** c. The Senate shall have the power to nominate additional families to the Comitia Curiata for elevation to patrician status if this elevation does not cause the Ordo Patricius to exceed 5% of the population of Nova Roma.
*** d. A patrician family may allow its members to form new patrician families.
** 2. Ordo equester ([[Ordo equester (Nova Roma)|equestrian order]]). The equestrian order shall consist of citizens who are engaged in the conduct of commerce (preferably with a Roman theme) who request and are granted entry into the equestrian order by the Censors. Such individuals are expected to contribute a portion of the revenue derived from Nova Roma back to the State, and receive reasonable encouragement in their enterprises in return. Day to day supervision of venues where the Ordo Equester members are engaged in commerce within Nova Roma property will be under the jurisdiction of the Curule Aediles. For purposes of participating in the Comitia, holding office, etc., members of the Equestrian order shall be considered to be of the Patrician or Plebeian Order, depending on their status prior to inclusion in the equestrian order.
** 3. Ordo plebeius ([[Plebeian Order (Nova Roma)|plebeian order]]). The plebeian order shall consist of individuals who do not belong to either the patrician or equestrian orders.

* '''D. Gentes'''. Families and clans being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each [[Gens (Nova Roma)|gens]] shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.
** 2. No two gentes may have the same [[nomen]] (surname) unless they are differentiated by an [[agnomen]]. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.
** 3. Each gens shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a paterfamilias (fem. materfamilias) who shall act as the leader of the gens and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their gens, or accept new members into it.
*** a. The paterfamilias may, at his discretion, exercise the rights ennumerated in paragraph II.B. of this Constitution on behalf of impuberes in their gens, with the exception of the right to vote (paragraph II.B.3.) and the right to join the Ordo Equester (paragraph II.B.8.).
*** b. No impuberes may become paterfamilias of a gens.
* '''D. Gentes and Families'''. Families being the backbone of Roman society, the prerogatives and responsibilities of the family are of primary importance to Nova Roma. Except where specifically dealt with in this constitution and the law, each family shall have the right to determine its own course of action, and parents shall have the undisputed right and responsibility to see to the education and raising of their children.
** 1. Each gens shall be registered with the censors, who will maintain records of gens membership and other relevant information.
** 2. No two gentes may have the same nomen. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.
** 3. Each gens shall consist of a minimum of one family.
** 4. No two families within a gens may have the same cognomen (surname) unless they are differentiated by an agnomen. The censors shall be responsible for ensuring this rule is observed.
** 5. Each family shall, through whatever means it may determine appropriate, have a paterfamilias (fem. materfamilias) who shall act as the leader of the family and speak for it when necessary. The holder of this position must be registered as such with the censors. The paterfamilias may, at his or her discretion, expel members of their family, accept new members into it by adoption, or allow members who are not impuberes to form new families belonging to the same order as the paterfamilis.
*** a. The paterfamilias may, at his discretion, exercise the rights ennumerated in paragraph II.B. of this Constitution on behalf of impuberes in their gens, with the exception of the right to vote (paragraph II.B.3.) and the right to join the Ordo Equester (paragraph II.B.8.).
*** b. No impuberes may become paterfamilias of a gens.

* '''E. Tribes and Centuries'''
**1. There shall exist thirty-five [[tribe (Nova Roma)|tribe]]s, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Thirty-one of these tribes shall be designated the Rural tribes, and shall be assigned by the censors as directed by law passed by the comitia populi tributa. Four of these tribes shall be designated the urban tribes, and shall be made up of those citizens who fail to vote in the annual magisterial elections. Should a member of an urban tribe subsequently vote in an annual magisterial election, he or she shall be reassigned to a rural tribe.
** 2. There shall exist a number of centuries, said number to be set by law enacted by the Comitia Centuriata and not to exceed one hundred ninety three, into which the censors shall divide all of the citizens. Until such a law is passed, the number of centuries shall be one hundred ninety three. The exact composition of these centuries shall be determined by law passed by the comitia centuriata, but shall be weighted in favor of those citizens who have shown the greatest commitment to Nova Roma.

== III. Comitia ==

* '''A'''. The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] (Assembly of Curiae) shall be made up of thirty [[Lictor Curiata|lictores curiatae]] (curia lictors), appointed to their position by the collegium pontificum (college of pontiffs). It shall be called to order by the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], and the collegium pontificum shall set the rules by which the comitia curiata shall operate internally. It shall have the following responsibilities:
**1. To invest elected and appointed magistrates with [[Imperium]] (which is necessary to employ [[coercitio]] (the power to compel obedience to his edicts), interpret and execute law, and possess the honor of being preceeded by [[Lictor|lictors]] as a symbol of office), without right of refusal individually or as a body;
**2. To witness the appointment of official priests and priestesses of the Religio Romana, [[Adoption|adoptions]], and the recording of [[Will|wills]];
** 3. To approve or reject the elevation of a plebeian family to the Ordo Patricius;
** 4. To approve or reject an adoption that elevates a plebeian to the Ordo Patricius or lowers a patrician to the Ordo Plebeius;
** 5. To approve or reject an application from a patrician who wishes to renounce his status and become a member of the plebeian order.

* '''B.''' The [[Comitia Centuriata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Centuriata]] (Assembly of Centuries) shall be made up of all of the citizens, grouped into their respective [[Century (Nova Roma)|centuries]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia centuriata shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;
** 2. To elect the consuls, praetors, and censors;
** 3. To try legal cases in which the defendant is subject to permanent [[Removal of Citizenship (Nova Roma)|removal of citizenship]].

* '''C.''' The [[Comitia Plebis Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Plebis Tributa]] (Assembly of the Plebeians) shall be made up of all non-patrician citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. While it shall be called to order by a tribune of the plebs, only the comitia plebis tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:
** 1. To enact [[Plebiscite (Nova Roma)|plebiscites]] with the force of law, binding upon the entire citizenry;
** 2. To elect the plebeian aediles and tribunes of the plebs;
** 3. To try legal cases solely involving members of the plebeian order that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.

* '''D.''' The [[Comitia Populi Tributa (Nova Roma)|Comitia Populi Tributa]] (Assembly of the People) shall be made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective [[Tribe (Nova Roma)|tribes]]. While it shall be called to order by either a consul or a praetor, only the comitia populi tributa shall pass laws governing the rules by which it shall operate internally. It shall have the following powers:
** 1. To enact laws binding upon the entire citizenry;
** 2. To elect the quaestors and curule aediles;
** 3. To try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.

== IV. Magistrates ==

[[Magistrate (Nova Roma)|Magistrates]] are the elected and appointed officials responsible for the maintenance and conduct of the affairs of state. There are two categories of magistrates: [[Ordinarii (Nova Roma)|ordinarii]] (those who are ordinarily elected) and [[Extraordinarii|extraordinarii]] (those who are only occasionally appointed or elected). Qualifications necessary to hold these positions may be enacted by law properly passed by one of the comitia.

* '''A. The ordinarii''', in decreasing order of authority, are as follow. Should an office in mid-term become vacant and suitable candidates are at hand, an election shall be held in the appropriate comitia to elect a successor to serve out the remainder of the term within thirty days of the vacancy. Should one of the ordinarii be found to be derelict in his duties, that magistrate may be removed by a law originating in the comitia that elected him. Elections of the ordinarii shall take place no later than December 15th, and newly-elected officials shall assume their offices on January 1st. Exceptions to these provisions regarding elections may be found in section V of this Constitution.
** '''1. Censor'''. Two [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censors]] shall be elected by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting two years, to be elected in alternate years so as to have a one-year overlap of terms. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
*** a. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to carry out those tasks in which they are mandated by this Constitution and the law to engage (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);
*** b. To maintain the [[Album Civium (Nova Roma)|album civium]] (list of citizens), including the tribe and century to which they are assigned as described by law, and other appropriate information regarding them;
*** c. To maintain the [[Album Gentium (Nova Roma)|album gentium]] (list of gentes) and appropriate information regarding them;
*** d. To maintain the [[Album Senatorium (Nova Roma)|album senatorium]] (list of Senators), including the power to add and remove names on that list according to qualifications set by law;
*** e. To maintain the [[Album equestris (Nova Roma)|album equestris]] (lists of members of the equestrian order), including the power to add and remove names on that list;
*** f. To safeguard the public morality and honor through the collegial administering of [[Nota (Nova Roma)|nota]];
**** 1. A nota against an ordinary individual is sufficient to deprive that individual of the right to vote until such time as it is removed;
**** 2. A nota against a member of the Senate is sufficient to remove that individual from the Senate until such time as it is removed.
*** g. To appoint [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]] (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.
** '''2. Consul.''' Two [[Consul (Nova Roma)|consuls]] shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
*** a. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by twelve [[Lictor|lictors]];
*** b. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);
*** c. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order;
*** d. To pronounce [[intercessio]] (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;
*** e. To appoint [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]] (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.
** '''3. Praetor.''' Two [[Praetor (Nova Roma)|praetors]] shall be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
*** a. To hold [[Imperium]] and have the honor of being preceeded by six lictors;
*** b. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);
*** c. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata, and the comitia populi tributa to order when the Consuls are unavailable;
*** d. To pronounce intercessio against another praetor or magistrate of lesser authority;
*** e. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.
** '''4. Aediles Curules (Curule Aedile).''' Two [[Curule Aedile (Nova Roma)|curule aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
*** a. To hold [[Imperium]];
*** b. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, and in regard to the venues where the Ordo Equester members are engaged in commerce within Nova Roma property to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);
*** c. To pronounce intercessio against another aedile (curule or plebeian) or magistrate of lesser authority;
*** d. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.
*** e. To maintain the venues where the Ordo Equester members are engaged in commerce within Nova Roma property. It is the responsibility of the Curule Aediles to report any changes of the Ordo Equester to the Censors.
** '''5. Aediles plebis (Plebeian Aedile).''' Two [[Plebeian Aedile (Nova Roma)|plebeian aediles]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must both be of the plebeian order and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
*** a. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to see to the conduct of public games and other festivals and gatherings, to ensure order at public religious events, to see to the maintenance of any real public facilities that the State should acquire, and to administer the law (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);
*** b. To pronounce intercessio against another plebeian aedile or magistrate of lesser authority;
*** c. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as he shall see fit.
** '''6. Quaestor.''' A number of [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|quaestors]] shall be elected by the comitia populi tributa equal to the number of consuls, praetors, and aediles to serve a term lasting one year. One quaestor shall be assigned to each of these magistrates by mutual agreement or, if such cannot be made, by decision of the newly-elected consuls. They shall have the power and obligation to administer those funds that shall be allocated to them by the Senate in its annual budget under the supervision of that magistrate to whom they are assigned. Those quaestors assigned directly to the consuls shall supervise the whole of the [[Aerarium (Nova Roma)|aerarium (treasury)]], but no funds may be spent without the prior approval of the Senate.
** '''7. Tribuni Plebis (Tribune of the Plebs).''' Five [[tribunus plebis (Nova Roma)|tribunes of the plebs]] shall be elected by the comitia plebis tributa to serve a term lasting one year. They must all be of the plebeian order, and shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
*** a. To pronounce intercessio (intercession; a veto) against the actions of any other magistrate (with the exception of the dictator and the interrex), Senatus consulta, magisterial edicta, religious decreta, and leges passed by the comitia when the spirit and/or letter of this Constitution or legally-enacted edicta or decreta, Senatus Consulta, or leges are being violated thereby;
**** 1. Once a pronouncement of intercessio has been made, the other Tribunes may, at their discretion, state either their support for or their disagreement with that intercessio.
***** i. Each Tribune may issue only one such declaration of support or disagreement, but may change their declaration from one to the other, should they wish to do so.
***** ii. The initial pronouncement of intercessio by a Tribune shall count as that Tribune's declaration of agreement.
***** iii. Should the number or the Tribunes who choose to disagree with an intercessio equal or exceed the number of Tribunes who choose to support it, the intercessio shall be revoked.
**** 2. Intercessio may not be imposed against statements of support for or disagreement with a use of intercessio that are issued pursuant to the preceding paragraph.
**** 3. The issuance and function of Intercessio shall be defined according to procedures described by legislation passed by Comitia.
*** b. To pronounce intercessio (intercession; a veto) against another Tribune using the same mechanism as described in paragraph IV.A.7.a.1. above;
*** c. To be immune from intercessio pronounced by other magistrates, except as described in paragraphs IV.A.7.a. and IV.A.7.b. above;
*** d. To be privy to the debates of the Senate, and keep the citizens informed as to the subjects and results thereof, in such manner and subject to such restrictions as may be defined by law;
*** e. To call the Senate to order;
*** f. To call the comitia plebis tributa to order, except when the Patrician order shall constitute more than 10% of the total population, in which case the power shall be altered to calling the comitia populi tributa to order;
*** g. To administer the law;
*** h. To appoint scribae (clerks) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as they shall see fit.
** '''8. Vigintisexviri (The Twenty-Six).''' Collectively, the [[Vigintisexviri (Nova Roma)|Twenty-Six]] shall be minor magistrates elected to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia.
** '''9. Apparitores (Attendants).''' Collectively, the [[Apparitor (Nova Roma)|apparitores]] shall not be considered magistrates, but rather shall be appointed into various decuriae (corporations) to fulfill those necessary functions as shall be assigned to them by law enacted by one of the comitia. They shall include the [[Lictor (Nova Roma)|lictores]], [[Lictor Curiata (Nova Roma)|lictores curiati]], [[Scriba (Nova Roma)|scribae]], and [[Accensus (Nova Roma)|accensi]].

* '''B. The extraordinarii''' are as follow:
** '''1. Dictator.''' In times of emergency, the Senate may appoint a [[Dictator (Nova Roma)|dictator]] to serve a term not to exceed six months. At the time of such appointment, the Senate may prescribe a given task or boundaries within which the dictator is obliged to remain. The edicts of the dictator are absolute within his sphere of influence, and subject to neither [[intercessio]] or [[provocato]]. The dictator shall hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceeded by twenty-four lictors. At the end of his term the actions of the dictator shall be subject to final confirmation by the Senate.
** '''2. Interrex.''' Should both consular positions be vacant at the same time, the Senate shall appoint an [[Interrex (Nova Roma)|Interrex]] to serve a term lasting no more than five days. The Interrex must be a member of the patrician order, and shall have all the powers and responsibilities of a normally elected consul. The Interrex shall organize new elections in the comitia centuriata to elect two new consuls to serve out the remainder of the previous consuls’ term of office.

== V. The Senate ==

The supreme policy-making authority for Nova Roma shall be embodied in its [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]]. The [[Album Senatorium (Nova Roma)|album Senatorium]] (list of Senators) shall be maintained by the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censors]] according to qualifications set by law. The Senate shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:

* '''A.''' As the repository of experience and wisdom in the affairs of State, the Senate shall have the authority to issue [[Senatus Consultum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consulta]] (advice of the Senate) on those topics upon which it shall see fit to comment.
* '''B.''' The Senate shall exercise control over the [[Aerarium (Nova Roma)|aerarium (treasury)]] and shall oversee the financial endeavors, health, and policy of the state.
** 1. No later than the last day of November of each year, the Senate shall prepare a [[Budget (Nova Roma)|budget]] for the following year. This budget shall deal with the disbursement of funds from the aerarium to the [[Quaestor (Nova Roma)|quaestors]] for various purposes. Even though the quaestors assigned to the consuls shall be responsible for the maintenance of the entire treasury, no funds from it may be disbursed without the prior approval of the Senate. The Senate may, as required by changing circumstances, pass supplemental Senatus consulta to modify the annual budget.
** 2. The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose [[Membership Fee (Nova Roma)|taxes, fees,]] or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.
* '''C.''' The Senate may, by Senatus Consultum, create provinciae for administrative purposes and appoint provincial governors therefor, who shall bear such titles as the Senate may deem appropriate. The Senate may review each governor on a yearly basis and it remains in the discretion of the Senate whether or not to prorogue such governors, although this review shall not constitute a ban on the authority of the Senate to remove governors from office as its discretion. Governors shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
** 1. To hold imperium and have the honor of being preceded by six lictors solely within the jurisdiction of their provinciae;
** 2. To proclaim those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma, solely within the jurisdiction of their provinciae (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);
** 3. To manage the day-to-day organization and administration of their provinciae;
** 4. To appoint officers to whom authority may be delegated, subject to those restrictions and standards as the Senate shall deem appropriate;
** 5. To remove officers whom they have appointed, or make changes to their titles and/or delegated authority, subject to those restrictions and standards as the Senate shall deem appropriate.
* '''D.''' Should a magistrate's office become vacant during the course of his term, the Senate may appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the term should there be less than three months remaining therein.
* '''E.''' The Senate shall have the power to issue the [[Senatus Consultum Ultimum (Nova Roma)|Senatus consultum ultimum]] (the ultimate decree of the Senate). When in effect, this decree will supercede all other govermental bodies and authorities (with the exception of the [[Dictator (Nova Roma)|dictator]]) and allow the Senate to invest the consuls with absolute powers to deal with a specific situation, subject only to their collegial veto and review by the Senate. Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.
* '''F.''' The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing [[Senate Procedures (Nova Roma)|its own internal procedures]] (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).

== VI. Public Religious Institutions ==

* '''A. The [[Religio Romana]],''' the worship of the [[Gods of Rome|Gods and Goddesses of Rome]], shall be the official religion of Nova Roma. All magistrates and Senators, as officers of the State, shall be required to publically show respect for the Religio Romana and the Gods and Goddesses that made Rome great. Magistrates, Senators, and citizens need not be practitioners of the Religio Romana, but may not engage in any activity that intentionally blasphemes or defames the Gods, the Religio Romana, or its practitioners.
* '''B. The [[Priesthoods (Nova Roma)|priesthoods]]''' of the Gods of Rome shall be organized as closely as practical on the ancient Roman model. The institutions of the Religio Romana shall have authority over religious matters on the level of the state and nation only, maintaining the religious rites of the State and providing resources pertaining to the Religio Romana which Citizens may make use of if they choose. Nova Roma shall approach all other religions with a syncretistic outlook, offering friendship to all paths which acknowledge the right of those who practice and honor the Religio Romana to do so and respect the beliefs thereof. Only Citizens of Nova Roma may be members of the public institutions of the Religio Romana, which shall be organized, and have their responsibilities divided, as follows:
** '''1. The [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]]''' (college of pontiffs) shall be the highest of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of the [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]], fourteen [[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|Pontifices]], twelve [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|flamines]], six [[Vestal (Nova Roma)|Sacerdotes Vestales]], and the [[Rex Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|Rex]] and [[Regina Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|Regina Sacrorum]]. The collegium pontificum shall appoint its own members. The collegium pontificum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:
*** a. To control the [[Roman Calendar|calendar]], and determine when the festivals and [[Dies Fastus|dies fasti]] and [[Dies Nefastus|dies nefasti]] shall occur, and what their effects shall be, within the boundaries of the example of ancient Rome;
*** b. To have ritual responsibilities within the Religio Romana; and general authority over the institutions, rites, rituals, and priesthoods of the public Religio Romana;
*** c. To issue [[Decreta (Nova Roma)|decreta (decrees)]] on matters relevant to the Religio Romana and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).
** '''2. The [[Collegium Augurum (Nova Roma)|collegium augurum]]''' (college of augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly collegiae. It shall consist of nine augurs, five from the plebeian order and four from the patrician order. They shall be appointed by the collegium pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, with no exceptions.
** '''2. The [[Collegium Augurum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Augurum]]''' (College of Augurs) shall be the second-highest ranked of the priestly Collegia. The eldest member of the Collegium shall be the Magister Collegi. The Collegium Augurum shall consist of nine Augurs, five from the Plebeian order and four from the Patrician order. They shall be appointed by the Collegium Pontificum, and shall hold their offices for life, excepting in cases of resignation of office, resignation of citizenship, or loss of Assiduus citizenship by process of law. Resignation of office or citizenship by an Augur must be made in writing to the Pontifex Maximus and the Magister Collegi; the Pontifex Maximus and Magister Collegi shall be informed in writing of any process of law by which such an Augur has lost citizenship. Augurs who have resigned their office, resigned their citizenship, or have lost their citizenship by process of law shall remain sacer in their persons but may exercise no augural powers or functions, nor shall they be accounted members of the Collegium Augurum.
*** a. The collegium augurum shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:
**** 1. To research, practice, and uphold the ars augurium (the art of interpreting divine signs and omens, solicited or otherwise);
**** 2. To issue decreta (decrees) on matters of the [[Ars Augurium|ars augurium]] and its own internal procedures (such decreta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia or Senatus consultum).
*** b. Individual augurs shall have the following honors, powers, and responsibilities:
**** 1. To define [[Templum|templum (sacred space)]] and celebrate [[Auguria|auguria (the rites of augury)]];
**** 2. To declare [[nuntiatio]] (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).
**** 2. To declare obnuntiatio (a declaration that unfavorable and unsolicited omens have been observed that justify a delay of a meeting of one of the comitia or the Senate).
*** 3. Other institutions and priesthoods may be instituted, and the rules for such set, by the collegium pontificum, in accordance with the ancient models of the Religio Romana as practiced by our spiritual ancestors.