Aerarium Saturni - Revision history

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 14:30, 25 July 2023

2023-07-25T14:30:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 25 July 2023
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	The ''tribuni aerarii'' ("tribunes of the treasury") have been the subject of much discussion. They are supposed by some to be identical with the ''curatores tribuum'', and to have been the officials who, under the [[Servian constitution\|Servian organization]], levied the war-tax ([[tribute\|tributum]]) in the tribes and the [[tax per head\|poll-tax]] on the ''[[aerarii]]''. They also acted as paymasters of the [[equites]] and of the soldiers on service in each tribe. By the [[Lex_Aurelia_iudiciaria\|lex Aurelia]] (70 BC) the list of judices was composed, in addition to senators and equites, of tribuni aerarii. Whether these were the successors of the above, or a new order closely connected with the equites, or even the same as the latter, is uncertain.		The ''tribuni aerarii'' ("tribunes of the treasury") have been the subject of much discussion. They are supposed by some to be identical with the ''curatores tribuum'', and to have been the officials who, under the [[Servian constitution\|Servian organization]], levied the war-tax ([[tribute\|tributum]]) in the tribes and the [[tax per head\|poll-tax]] on the ''[[aerarii]]''. They also acted as paymasters of the [[equites]] and of the soldiers on service in each tribe. By the [[Lex_Aurelia_iudiciaria\|lex Aurelia]] (70 BC) the list of judices was composed, in addition to senators and equites, of tribuni aerarii. Whether these were the successors of the above, or a new order closely connected with the equites, or even the same as the latter, is uncertain.

−	According to [[Theodor Mommsen]], they were persons who possessed the [[Roman equestrian order\|equestrian census]], but no public horse. They were removed from the list of judices by [[Julius Caesar]], but replaced by Augustus. According to [[Johan Nicolai Madvig\|Madvig]], the original tribuni aerarii were not officials at all, but private individuals of considerable means, quite distinct from the curatores tribuum, who undertook certain financial work connected with their own tribes. Then, as in the case of the equites, the term was subsequently extended to include all those who possessed the property qualification that would have entitled them to serve as tribuni aerarii.~~<ref name="EB1911"/>~~	+	According to [[Theodor Mommsen]], they were persons who possessed the [[Roman equestrian order\|equestrian census]], but no public horse. They were removed from the list of judices by [[Julius Caesar]], but replaced by Augustus. According to [[Johan Nicolai Madvig\|Madvig]], the original tribuni aerarii were not officials at all, but private individuals of considerable means, quite distinct from the curatores tribuum, who undertook certain financial work connected with their own tribes. Then, as in the case of the equites, the term was subsequently extended to include all those who possessed the property qualification that would have entitled them to serve as tribuni aerarii.

	==Publicum==		==Publicum==
−		+	Prior to the [[decemvirate]] in 451 BC, there was a separate institution known as the ''publicum''. On a number of occasions it is recorded that various patricians incurred the anger of the plebs by paying the spoils from war into the publicum rather than the aerarium, for example [[Quintus Fabius Vibulanus (consul 485 BC)\|Quintus Fabius Vibulanus]] in 485 BC following a [[Roman-Volscian wars#Ongoing hostilities from 487 BC\|victory]] over the [[Volsci]] and [[Aequi]]. From this it has been argued that the publicum was a fund administered by the patricians, but this has been disputed by others.
−	Prior to the [[decemvirate]] in 451 BC, there was a separate institution known as the ''publicum''.	+
−		+
−	On a number of occasions it is recorded that various patricians incurred the anger of the plebs by paying the spoils from war into the publicum rather than the aerarium, for example [[Quintus Fabius Vibulanus (consul 485 BC)\|Quintus Fabius Vibulanus]] in 485 BC following a [[Roman-Volscian wars#Ongoing hostilities from 487 BC\|victory]] over the [[Volsci]] and [[Aequi]]. From this it has been argued that the publicum was a fund administered by the patricians, but this has been disputed by others.	+

	==External links==		==External links==

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 14:29, 25 July 2023

2023-07-25T14:29:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:29, 25 July 2023
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−	~~#REDIRECT~~ [[Aerarium Saturni (~~Nova Roma~~)]]	+	'''Aerarium''', from ''aes'' (“bronze, money”) + -''ārium'' (“place for”), was the name given in [[Ancient Rome]] to the [[Treasury\|public treasury]], and in a secondary sense to the public finances.
		+
		+	== ''Aerarium populi Romani'' ==
		+
		+	The main ''aerarium'', that of the Roman people, was the ''aerarium Saturni'' located below the [[Temple of Saturn]] at the foot of the [[Capitoline Hill\|Capitoline hill]]. The Roman state stored here financial and non-financial state documents – including [[Roman law]]s and [[senatus consultum\|''senatus consulta'']] – along with the public treasury. Laws did not become valid until they were deposited there. It also held the [[Aquila (Roman)\|standards of the Roman legions]]; during the [[Roman Republic]], the urban [[quaestor]]s managed it under the supervision and control of the Senate. By the classical republican period, the Senate had exclusive authority to disburse funds from it.
		+
		+	Caesar replaced quaestorian administration with the administration of two [[aedile]]s. In BC, [[Augustus]] transferred the ''aerarium'' to two ''praefecti aerarii'', chosen annually by the Senate from ex-[[praetor]]s. In AD 23, these were replaced by two praetors (''praetores aerarii'' or ''ad aerarium''), selected by lot during their term of office. [[Claudius]] in 44 restored the quaestors, but had them nominated by the emperor for three years. In 56, [[Nero]] substituted two ex-praetors selected under the same conditions.
		+
		+	By the time of the late republic, the provincial governors had their own provincial treasuries, called a (initially referring to a "money bag"). Over time, the governors' exchequers merged with that of the emperor into an imperial [[fiscus]]. However, after a time, as the power of the emperors further increased, this distinction between senatorially-administered and provincial treasuries became irrelevant. Revenues from the [[Senatorial province]]s increasingly became transferred from the to the through the early [[Principate]]. By the reign of [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]] and the [[Theodosian code]], any vestigial distinctions had fallen away.
		+
		+	The extent to which records were centralised in the ''aerarium'' may be exaggerated. The various reforms done at previous times may imply negligent management, falsification, or loss of records. Even in the Republican period, Cicero lamented the extent to which the public records were managed, citing Cicero, ''Leg'' 3.20.46., and in later periods, the extent to which the public records were really used for reference is controversial: scholars, eg Mommsen, have argued that the sources of law in the later empire were not based on state records but rather those of private individuals, law schools, and provincial administrators.
		+
		+	== ''Aerarium sanctius'' ==
		+	In addition to the common treasury, supported by the general taxes and charged with the ordinary expenditure, there was a special reserve fund, also in the Temple of Saturn, the ''aerarium sanctum'' (or ''sanctius''). This fund probably originally consisted of the [[War looting\|spoils of war]]. Afterwards it was maintained chiefly by a five per cent tax on the value of all [[manumission\|manumitted]] slaves. This fund was not to be touched except in cases of extreme necessity. This continued until 49 BC when [[Julius Caesar]], after seizing the city of Rome during the [[Caesar's civil war\|civil war]] looted this special fund.
		+
		+	== ''Aerarium militare'' ==
		+
		+	Besides creating the ''fiscus'', Augustus also established in AD 6 a military treasury ''([[aerarium militare]])'' as a fund for veterans' retirement benefits. It was first endowed by 170 million sesterces of the emperor's own funds, supported by new taxes, a five per cent [[Vicesima hereditatium\|inheritance tax]] and a one per cent sales tax on auctions. Its administration was in the hands of three ''praefecti aerarii militaris''. At first these were appointed by lot, but afterwards by the emperor, from ex-praetors, for three years.
		+
		+	== ''Tribuni aerarii'' ==
		+	The ''tribuni aerarii'' ("tribunes of the treasury") have been the subject of much discussion. They are supposed by some to be identical with the ''curatores tribuum'', and to have been the officials who, under the [[Servian constitution\|Servian organization]], levied the war-tax ([[tribute\|tributum]]) in the tribes and the [[tax per head\|poll-tax]] on the ''[[aerarii]]''. They also acted as paymasters of the [[equites]] and of the soldiers on service in each tribe. By the [[Lex_Aurelia_iudiciaria\|lex Aurelia]] (70 BC) the list of judices was composed, in addition to senators and equites, of tribuni aerarii. Whether these were the successors of the above, or a new order closely connected with the equites, or even the same as the latter, is uncertain.
		+
		+	According to [[Theodor Mommsen]], they were persons who possessed the [[Roman equestrian order\|equestrian census]], but no public horse. They were removed from the list of judices by [[Julius Caesar]], but replaced by Augustus. According to [[Johan Nicolai Madvig\|Madvig]], the original tribuni aerarii were not officials at all, but private individuals of considerable means, quite distinct from the curatores tribuum, who undertook certain financial work connected with their own tribes. Then, as in the case of the equites, the term was subsequently extended to include all those who possessed the property qualification that would have entitled them to serve as tribuni aerarii.<ref name="EB1911"/>
		+
		+	==Publicum==
		+
		+	Prior to the [[decemvirate]] in 451 BC, there was a separate institution known as the ''publicum''.
		+
		+	On a number of occasions it is recorded that various patricians incurred the anger of the plebs by paying the spoils from war into the publicum rather than the aerarium, for example [[Quintus Fabius Vibulanus (consul 485 BC)\|Quintus Fabius Vibulanus]] in 485 BC following a [[Roman-Volscian wars#Ongoing hostilities from 487 BC\|victory]] over the [[Volsci]] and [[Aequi]]. From this it has been argued that the publicum was a fund administered by the patricians, but this has been disputed by others.
		+
		+	==External links==
		+	[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA/Aerarium.html Aerarium] (article in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities)
		+
		+	[[Category:Ancient Rome]]

Iulius Titinius Antonius: Aerarium Saturni moved to Aerarium Saturni (Nova Roma): Forgot (Nova Roma) tag.

2007-02-19T11:18:42Z

Aerarium Saturni moved to Aerarium Saturni (Nova Roma): Forgot (Nova Roma) tag.

New page

#REDIRECT [[Aerarium Saturni (Nova Roma)]]