Roman Timeline (ANY WAR IN THIS TIMELINE IN ITALY IS OFTEN WITH A SINGLE CITY, RATHER THAN A TRIBE. THIS IS BECAUSE THE ITALIAN CITIES FOLLOWED THE GREEK EXAMPLE OF CITY-STATES) 800 BC - Suspected date of the settlement of immigrants on the Palatine hill. 753 BC - Legendary date of the founding of city of Rome on the banks of the River Tiber. It is said that this was the founding of the city, when in reality at this point it was a mere Latin village. 750 BC - Founding of the Cumae as a Greek trading station. 730 BC - Date of founding of the city of Rhegium by people from Chalcis. 716 BC - Romulus, the first emperor of Rome, dies. Numa Pompilius becomes king of Rome. 716 BC - Romulus is deified and takes the immortal name of Quirinus. From now on, citizens of Rome refer to each other as quirites. 715 BC - Date of the death of Romulus. 712 BC - The senator Numa Marcius is made the first Pontifex Maximus. 706 BC - Founding of the city of Taras, which was founded by Spartan settlers. 700 BC - Founding of the Greek city of Tarentum by Spartans. 673 BC - Tullius Hostilius becomes king of Rome. During his reign, the noble families of the Tulii, Servilii, Quinctii, Geganii, Curiatii, and Cloelii join Rome, and he builds the Curia Hostilia, the Senate House. 642 BC - Tullius Hostilius dies. King Ancus Marcius succeeds him. 625 BC - The Forum Romanum is flooded by severe storms. 625 BC - The Forum Romanum is drained by engineers. 625 - 600 BC - The founding of the city later known as Paestum, which was founded in honor of the Greek god Poseidon. 616 BC - King Ancus Marcius dies in Rome. Rule of Tarquinius Priscus. Begins the rule of Etruscan Kings. 600 BC - Rome conquers the city of Alba Longa. The rulers, the Iulii, are brought into Rome and develop the clan Julius. 600? BC - Founding of the Greek city of Massilia by Ionian Greek settlers. 600 BC - The people of Cumae send out settlers, and found the city of Neapolis south of Cumae along the coast of Italy. 582 BC - Birth of the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, on the island of Samos. 579 BC - Death of Tarquinius Priscus, who is axed in the head by two farmers. 578 BC - Rule of Servius Tullius. 575 BC - Approximated true founding date of the city of Rome, when the forum was established during the rule of Tarquinius Priscus. It was known as Rumula. 550 BC - Carthaginian presence in the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. 535 BC - Death of Servius Tullius. 534 BC - King L. Tarquinius Superbus begins his rule in Rome. 519 BC - The Roman general L. Quinctius Cincinnatus is born. 518 BC - Birth of the Greek lyric poet Pindar, in the town of Cynoscephalae, Boeotia, Greece 510 BC - Supposed date of the rape of the Sabines at Rome. 509 BC - Overthrow of Etruscan kings and destruction of the monarchy by L. Junius Brutus. 509 BC - The first consuls of the Roman Republic are L. Junius Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus. Three more are appointed later on. They are Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, P. Valerius Publicola (first time), and M. Horatius Pulvillus. There are a total of five consuls for the year. 509 BC - The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is built on the Capitoline Hill. 508 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Publicola (second time) and T. Lucretius Tricipitinus (first time). 508 BC - The city of Rome is attacked (it is not certain if it is captured) by Lars Porsenna. 508 BC - Creation of the position of Pontifex Maximus as an official, which was designed to overpower the Rex Sacrorum. 508 BC - Several Roman noblewomen, including Cloelia, swim the Tiber River to escape from Lars Porsenna and his men. 507 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Publicola (third time) and M. Horatius Pulvillus (second time). 506 BC - The consuls are Sp. Lartius Rufus and T. Herminius Aquilinus. 506 BC - A planned invasion of Rome by Tarquinius Superbus and an army of Etruscans is defeated by the Latin League an Aristodemos of Cumae in a battle at Aricia. 506 BC - A Roman noble named Horatius Cocles stops an invasion, when he bars the bridge into Rome. While he is defending the bridge, the consuls Sp. Lartius and T. Herminius chop it down to prevent the enemy crossing. Horatius swims, fully armored across the Tiber to safety. 505 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius and P. Postumius Tubertus (first time). 504 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Publicola (fourth time) and T. Lucretius Tricipitnus (second time). 504 BC - Migration of the Claudii to Rome, where they later form the nucleus of the patrician Claudian clan. 504 BC - Migration of the tribe of the Sabine Attius Clausus migrated to Rome where he was made a patrician and his tribe was given the citizenship. 503 BC - The consuls are Agrippa Menenius Lanatus and P. Postumius Tubertus (second time). 502 BC - The consuls are Opiter Verginius Tricostus and Sp. Cassius Vecellinus. 501 BC - The consuls are Postumius Cominius Auruncus and T. Larius (first time). 500 BC - The consuls are Ser. Sulpicius Cmaerinus Cornutus and M. Tullius Longus. 500 BC - Appointment of the first-ever dictator, T. Larcius. 500? BC - Death of the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras. 499 BC - The consuls are T. Aebutius Helva and C. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus. 498 BC - The consuls are Q. Cloelius Siculus and T. Lartius (second time). 497 BC - The consuls are A. Sempronius Atratinus and M. Minucius Augurinus. 496 BC - The consuls are A. Postumius Albus Regillensis and T. Verginius Tricostus Caliomontanus (first time). 496 BC - Battle of Lake Regillus. Romans engaged in a battle with the Latins. The divine twins, Castor and Pollux were supposedly at the battle fighting with the Romans. The Romans were led by T. Lartius and the Latins by Mamilius Octavius. 496 BC - Death of deposed King Tarquinius Superbus in Cumae, where he had been granted refuge. 495 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Sabinus Inregillensis and P. Servilius Priscus Structus. 495 BC - Battle of Aricia against the Aurunci. 495 BC - The Roman forces capture the town of Seussa Pometia. 495 BC - The Romans sign a military pact with the Hernici. 494 BC - The consuls are A. Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus (second time) and T. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus. 494 BC - A. Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus is appointed dictator, and appoints M. Valerius as his Magister Equitum (master of the horse) after a battle against the Italian Volscians. 494 BC - A bloody battle occurs between the Romans and the Volscians at Velitrae. 494 BC - First Secession of the Plebs in Rome. Creation of the tribunes of the plebs, two of whom are elected annually. The First tribunes are G. Licinius and L. Albinus who later appoint Sicinius and two unknown others to join them. 494 BC - Creation of the office of aedile for the plebeians of Rome, held by two men. 494 BC - The famous Roman Coriolanus is exiled for threatening to raise grain prices during a famine. He was sent to the Volsci and stayed with his direct rival Attius Tullius. 493 BC - The consuls are Postumus Cominius Auruncus and Sp. Cassius Vecellinus. 493 BC - A treaty known as the foedus Cassianum created by Sp. Cassius was signed by Rome and the Latins in order to protect themselves against incursions from mountain tribes. 493 BC - The Roman general Gn. Marcius captures the Volscian town of Corioli and is thus given, by decree of the senate, the surname Coriolanus. 493 BC - The Volscians are defeated in a battle at Antium. 492 BC - The consuls are T. Geganius Macerinus and P. Minucius Augurinus. 491 BC - The consuls are M. Minucius Augurinus and A. Sempronius Atratinus. 491 BC - A law passed by a tribune named L. Icilius, the lex Icilia, prevents magistrates from interrupting an assembly of the people. 491 BC - Acting as a general for the Volscians, Coriolanus captures the Roman cities of Circeii, Satricum, Longula, Polsuca, Corioli, Lavinium, Corbio, Vitellia, Trebium, Labici and Pedum. 491 BC - Just before he is about to invade Rome, Coriolanus is turned back by a plea from his mother. 491 BC - The temple of Fortuna Muliebris is built, to comemerate the memories and actions of the women who stopped Coriolanus. 490 BC - The consuls are Q. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus and Sp. Lartius. 490 BC - The Greek forces under Miltiades defeat the invading Persian force under King Darius of Persia at the battle of Marathon. 489 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Iullus and P. Pinarius Mamertinus Rufus. 488 BC - The consuls are Sp. Nautius Rutilus and Sex. Furius. 487 BC - The consuls are T. Sicinius and G. Aquillius 487 BC - The army of the Hernici is defeated by the Romans. 486 BC - The consuls are Sp. Cassius Vicellinus and Proculus Verinius Tricostus Rutilus. 486 BC - Spurius Cassius, who was aiming at being consul a third time is killed for trying to gain too much personal power (this event is questionable). 486 BC - War with the Aequi and the Volsci, which flares up and dies down again for the next fifty years. 485 BC - The consuls are Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis and Q. Fabius Vibulanus (first time). 484 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Mamercus (first time) and K. Fabius Vibulanus (first time). 483 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Vibulanus (first time) and Sp. Furius Fusus (first time). 483 BC - The temple of Castor is finally completed and dedicated. 482 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Vibulanus (second time) and G. Julius Iullus. 482 - 474 BC - Intermittent wars with Veii occur in this period. 481 BC - The consuls are K. Fabius Vibulanus (second time) and Sp. Furius Fusus (second time). 481 BC - In an ambush set up by the Veientes, all 306, except one, of the clan Fabii are killed. 480 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Vibulanus (second time) and Gn. Manlius Cincinnatus. 480 BC - The 'Spartan Last Stand' occurs under Leonidas at Thermopylae. The Spartans are eventually defeated after being betrayed by a traitor, Ephialtes. 480 BC - The Greek forces under the general Themistocles defeat the invading Persian navy under King Xerxes at the battle of Salamis. 479 BC - The consuls are K. Fabius Vibulanus (third time) and G. Servilius Structus Ahala. 479 BC - The battle of the Cremera occurs, when the clan Fabii enlists their clients into an army. They then attack and defeat a Veiian army. 478 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Mamercus (second time) and T. Verginius Tricostus Rutilus. 478 BC - One of the consuls, T. Verginius Tricostus Rutilus, dies and the consul suffectus is Verginius Esquilinus. 477 BC - The consuls are G. Horatius Pulvillus and T. Menenius Agrippae Lanatus. 476 BC - The consuls are A. Verginius Tricostus Rutilusand Sp. Servilius Structus. 475 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Publicola (first time) & C. Nautius Rutilus. 474 BC - The consuls are L. Furius Medullinus & A. Manlius Vulso. 474 BC - An army of Etruscans is defeated near the town of Cumae by Hiero of Syracuse. This is the first contact of any kind with Syracuse by the Romans. 474 BC - The "40 years peace" agreement between Veii and Rome is signed. 473 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Mamercus (third time) and Vopiscus Julius Iullus. 472 BC - The consuls are L. Pinarius Mamercinus Rufus and P. Furius Medullinus Fusus. 471 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Crassinus Inregillensis Sabinus and T. Quinctus Capitolinus. 471 BC - The Lex Publilia Voleronis is created. It legalizes the assemblies and elections of the plebeians. It authorizes the creation of the Comitia Plebis. 471 BC - Second secession of the plebs in Rome. The plebeian assembly is made into a tribal affair, in that the tribes of Rome are asked to vote to pass plebiscites. 470 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Potitus and Ti. Aemilius Mamercus (first time). 470? BC - Birth of the Greek philosopher Socrates. 469 BC - The consuls are T. Numicius Priscus and A. Verginius Caeliomontanus. 468 BC - The consuls are T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus (first time) and Q. Servilius Structus Priscus. 467 BC - The consuls are Ti. Aemilius Mamercus (second time) and Q. Fabius Vibulanus (first time). 467 BC - Foundation of the Latin colony of Antium. 466 BC - The consuls are Q. Servilius Priscus and Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis. 465 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Vibulanus (second time) and T. Quinctus Capitolinus Barbatus (second time). 464 BC - The consuls are A. Postumius Albus Regillensis and Sp. Furius Medullinus Fusus. 463 BC - The consuls are P. Servilius Priscus and L. Aebutius Helva. 462 BC - The consuls are L. Lucretius Tricipitinus and T. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus. 462 BC - A tribune of the plebs, G. Terentilius Harsa, begins to agitate for the establishment of a committee to write down the laws of Rome. 461 BC - The consuls are P. Volumnius Amintinus Gallus and Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus. 461 BC - Dissatisfied plebeians in Rome begin to riot. 460 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Publicola (second time) and G. Claudius Inregillensis Sabinus. 460 BC - One of the consuls dies, and the consul suffectus is L. Quinctius Cincinnatus (first time). 460 BC - Birth of the Father of Medicine and creator of the Hippocratic Oath, Hippocrates. 459 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Vibulanus and L. Cornelius Maluginensis Uritinus. 458 BC - The consuls are G. Nautius Rutilus and Carvetus. 458? BC - A Roman general L. Minucius is defeated by the Aequi at Mt. Algidus, but the army is rescued from complete annihilation by L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, who left his plow to become dictator. He ruled for 16 days, then retired back to his farm. 457 BC - The consuls are originally M. Horatius Pulvillus and Q. Minucius Esquilinus, then L. Quinctius Cincinnatus (second time) and M. Fabius Vibulanus. 456 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Maximus Lactuca and Sp. Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontantus. 456 BC - Third secession of the plebs in Rome. The plebeians of Rome are granted land to live upon. 455 BC - The consuls are T. Romilius Rocus Vaticanus and G. Veturius Cicurinus. 454 BC - The consuls are Sp. Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus and A. Aternius Varus Fontinalis. 453 BC - The consuls are Sex. Quinctilius and P. Curiatus Fistus Trigeminus. 452 BC - The consuls are T. Menenius Lanatus and P. Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus. 451 BC - The decemvirate (council of ten) is established. Their powers work outside of the regular constitution. The decemvirate replaced the consuls, and consisted of the following senators: Ap. Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus, T. Genucius Augurinus, L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus, P. Sestius Capito, G. Julius Iullus, A. Manlius Vulso, P. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, P. Curiatus Fistus Trigeminus, T. Romilius Rocus Vaticanus, and Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis. 451 BC - The Code of the Twelve Tables is published by the decemvirate. 450 BC - Number of the tribunes of the plebs raised to ten. 449 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Potitus and M. Horatius Barbatus. 449 BC - Fourth secession of the plebs. The lex Valeria Horatia grants the tribunician inviolability. This is later granted to the emperors. 448 BC - The consuls are Sp. Herminius Coritinesanus and T. Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus. 447 BC - The consuls are M. Geganius Macerinus (first time) and G. Julius. 447 BC - Creation of position for two quaestors, elected by the tribal assembly. This became the first step of a political career, and allowed automatic entry into the senate. 447 BC - The Roman general and politician M. Furius Camillus is born. 446 BC - The consuls are T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus (first time) and Agrippa Furius Fusus. 445 BC - The consuls are M. Genucius Augurinus and G. Curtius Philo. 445 BC - A law passed by a tribune named Canuleius, the lex Canuleia, replaces the consuls with military tribunes with consular powers. 445 BC - Passing of the lex Canuleia, a law allowing plebeians and patricians to marry, up until then forbidden. 444 BC - The military tribunes for the year are A. Sempronius Atratinus, L. Atilius Luscus and T. Cloelius Siculus. 444 BC - The Romans sign a treaty with Ardea. 443 BC - The consuls are M. Geganius Macerinus (first time) and T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus (second time). 443 BC - Introduction of the office of censor to the Cursus Honorum. 442 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Vibulanus and Postumius Aebutius Helva Cornicen. 441 BC - The consuls are G. Furius Pacilus Fusus and M. Papirius Crassus. 440 BC - The consuls are Proculus Geganius Macerinus and T. Menenius Lanatus. 439 BC - The consuls are Agrippa Menenius Lanatus and T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus (second time). 439 BC - Gn. Spurius Maelius attempts to make himself king of Rome. He is killed by Quintus Servilius Ahala. 439 BC - Quinctius Cincinnatus is made dictator of Rome to deal with plebeian conspiracy. 438 BC -The military tribunes for the year are L. Quinctius Cincinnatus (fourth time), Mamercus Aemilius and C. Julius Iullus. 438? BC - Death of the Greek lyric poet Pindar, at Argos. 438 BC - Death of the Roman general and statesman L. Quinctius Cincinnatus. 437 BC - The consuls are M. Geganius Macerinus (second time) and L. Sergius Fidenas (first time). 436 BC - The consuls are L. Papirius Crassus and M. Cornelius Maluginensis. 435 BC - The consuls are G. Julius and L. Verginius Tricostus (first time). 435 BC - Q. Servilius Fidenas excavates a tunnel under the walls of the city of Fidenae in order to capture it. This is an essential step towards taking the city of Veii. 434 BC - The consuls are originally G. Julius Iullus and L. Verginius Tricostus (second time), then M. Manlius Capitolinus and Q. Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus. 434 BC - The terms of office for censors are fixed at four years. 433 BC - The military tribunes are M. Fabius Vibulanus, M. Folius Flaccinator, and L. Sergius Fidenas. 433 BC - The temple of Apollo at Rome is built. 432 BC - The military tribunes are L. Pinarius Mamercus, L. Furius Medullinus and Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis. 431 BC - The consuls are T. Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus (first time) and G. Julius Mento. 431 BC - The Aquei are driven from Mt. Algidius by M. Furius Camillus. 430 BC - The consuls are G. Papirius Crassus and L. Julius Iullus. 429 BC - The consuls are Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus and L. Sergius Fidenas (second time). 428 BC - The consuls are originally A. Cornelius Cossus and T. Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus (second time), then L. Quinctius and A. Sempronius. 427 BC - The consuls are G. Servilius Structus Ahala and L. Papirius Mugillanus. 427 BC - Comitia Centuriata given final voice in the matter of declaration of war. 426 BC - The military tribunes are T. Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus, C. Furius Pacilus Fusus, M. Postumius Albinus Regillensis and A. Cornelius Cossus. 425 BC - The military tribunes are A. Sempronius Atratinus, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, L. Furius Medullinus and L. Horatius Barbatus. 424 BC - The military tribunes are Ap. Claudius Crassus, Sp. Nautius Rutilius, L. Sergius Fidenas and Sex. Julius Iullus. 423 BC - The consuls are G. Sempronius Atratinus and Q. Fabius Vibulanus. 422 BC - The military tribunes are L. Manlius Capitolinus, Q. Antonius Merenda and L. Papirius Mugilanus. 421 BC - The consuls are Gn. Fabius Vibulanus and T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus. 421 BC - The number of positions of quaestors is increased to four, and it is opened to plebeians. 420 BC - The military tribunes are T. Quinctius, L. Furius Medullinus, M. Manlius Vulso and A. Sempronius Atratinus. 419 BC - The military tribunes are Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, P. Lucretius Tricipitinus, Sp. Nautius Rutulus, and G. Servilius Axilla. 418 BC - The military tribunes are L. Sergius Fidenas, M. Papirius Mugillanus and G. Servilius Axilla. 417 BC - The military tribunes are P. Lucretius Tricipitinus, Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, G. Servilius Axilla and Sp. Rutilius Crassus. 416 BC - The military tribunes are A. Sempronius Atratinus, M. Papirius Mugillanus, Q. Fabius Vibulanus and Sp. Nautius Rutilus. 415 BC - The military tribunes are P. Cornelius Cossus, G. Valerius Potitus, N. Vibulanus and Q. Quinctius Cincinnatus. 414 BC - The military tribunes are Gn. Cornelius Cossus, L. Valerius Potitus, Q. Fabius Vibulanus and P. Postumius Albinus Regillensis. 413 BC - The consuls are A. Cornelius Cossus and L. Furius Medullinus (first time). 412 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Ambustus Vibulanus and G. Furius Pacilus. 411 BC - The consuls are L. Papirius Mugillanus and Sp. Nautius Rutilus. 410 BC - The consuls are Man. Aemilius Mamercinus and G. Valerius Potitus Volusus. 409 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Cossus and L. Furius Medullinus (second time). 409 BC - Three of the elected quaestors are plebeians. 408 BC - The military tribunes are G. Julius Iullus, P. Cornelius Cossus and G. Servilius Ahala. 407 BC - The military tribunes are L. Furius Medullinus, C. Valerius Potitus, Gn. Fabius Vibulanus and G. Servilius Ahala. 406 BC - The military tribunes are P. Cornelius Rutilus Cossus, Gn. Cornelius Cossus, Gn. Fabius Ambustus and L. Valerius Potitus. 406 BC - The city of Anxur is captured by the Romans after it is laid siege to. 405 BC - The military tribunes are T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, Q. Quinctius Cincinnatus, G. Julius Iullus, A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus, L. Furius Medullinus and M' Aemilius Mamercinus. 405 - 396 BC - Siege of Veii. Town finally captured and destroyed by M. Furius Camillus. 404 BC - The military tribunes are G. Valerius Potitus Volusus, Man. Sergius Fidenas, P. Cornelius Maluginensis, Gn. Cornelius Cossus, K. Fabius Ambustus and Nautius Rutilus. 403 BC - The military tribunes are Man. Aemilius Mamercus, L. Valerius Potitus, Ap. Claudius Crassus Ingregillensis, M. Quinctilius Varus, L. Julius Iullus, M. Furius Fusus, M. Postumius, M. Furius Camillus and M. Postumius Albinus Regillensis. 402 BC - The military tribunes are G. Servilius Ahala, Q. Servilius Fidenas, L. Verginius Tricostus Esquilinus, Q. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus and Man. Sergius Fidenas. 401 BC - The military tribunes are L. Valerius Potitus, M. Furius Camillus, Man. Aemilius Mamercus, Gn. Cornelius Cossus, K. Fabius Ambustus and L. Julius Iullus. 400 BC - The military tribunes are P. Licinius Calvus Esquilinus, P. Manlius Vulso, L. Titinius Pansa Saccus, P. Maelius Capitolinus, Sp. Furius Medullinus and L. Publilius Philo Vulscus. 399 BC - The military tribunes are L. Atilius Priscus, M. Pomponius Rufus, G. Duilius Longus, M. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus and Volerius Publilius Philo. 399? BC - Death of the Greek philosopher Socrates, who is forced to commit suicide by drinking Hemlock. 398 BC - The military tribunes are L. Valerius Potitus, M. Valerius Maximus, M. Furius Camillus, L. Furius Medullinus, Q. Servilius Fidenas and Q. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus. 397 BC - The military tribunes are L. Julius Iullus, L. Furius Medullinus, L. Sergius Fidenas, A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis, P. Cornelius Maluginensis and A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus. 396 BC - The military tribunes are L. Titinius Pansa Saccus, P. Licinius Calvus Esquilinus, P. Maelius Capitolinus, P. Manlius Vulso, Gn. Genucius Augurinus and L. Atilius Priscus. 396 BC - The town of Melpum falls to the marauding Insubres, and became their chief settlement. 396 BC - Pay is introduced for Roman soldiers for the first time. 396 BC - The Roman general and military tribune captures the city of Veii after ten years by digging a tunnel under the city. 395 BC - The military tribunes are P. Cornelius Cossus, P. Cornelius Scipio, K. Fabius Ambustus, L. Furius Medullinus, Q. Servilius Fidenas and M. Valerius Lactucinus Maximus. 394 BC - The military tribunes are M. Furius Camillus, L. Furius Medullinus, G. Aemilius Mamercinus, L. Valerius Publicola, Sp. Postumius Albinus Regillensis and P. Cornelius Cossus. 394 BC - The Falerii surrender unconditionally to the Romans under M. Furius Camillus after he returns a traitor who tried to give him the children of the city's officials. 393 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Potitus (first time) and Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis. 392 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Potitus (second time) and M. Manlius Capitolinus. 391 BC - The military tribunes are L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus, Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus, M. Aemilius Mamercinus, L. Furius Medullinus, Agrippa Furius Fusus and G. Aemilius Mamercinus. 391 BC - The Roman general, M. Camillus Furius, is charged with taking the booty from Veii for himself, is found guilty, and banished to Ardea. 390 BC - The military tribunes are Q. Fabius Ambustus, K. Fabius Ambustus, Num. Fabius Ambustus, Q. Sulpicius Longus, Q. Servilius Fidenas and P. Cornelius Maluginensis. 390 BC - Disaster of Allia. The Roman army under the command of the military tribunes Q. Servius Fidenas, Q. Sulpicius and P. Cornelius Maluginensis are defeated by the Gauls, led by King Brennus. 390 BC - Gauls occupy city of Rome and begin to sack and burn everything except capitol. Siege for 7 months, before the invaders are bought off. 390 BC - T. Manlius, while fighting a Gaul, took his necklace and was called Torquatus from that point on. 389 BC - The military tribunes are L. Valerius Publicola, L. Verginius Tricostus, P. Cornelius, A. Manlius, L. Aemilius Mamercus and L. Postumius Albinus Regillensis. 388 BC - The military tribunes are T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus, Q. Servilius Fidenas, L. Julius Iullus, L. Aquilius Corvus, L. Lucretius Flavus Tricipitinus and Ser. Sulpicius Rufus. 388 BC - The Aequi are defeated by the Romans at a battle near Bola. 387 BC - The military tribunes are L. Papirius Cursor, Gn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo, L. Aemilius Mamercus, Licinius Menenius Lanatus and L. Valerius Publicola. 386 BC - The military tribunes are M. Furius Camillus, Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis, Q. Servilius Fidenas, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, L. Horatius Pulvillus and P. Valerius Potitus Publicola. 386 BC - The combined Italian tribes, the Latins, Volscii, and Hernici are defeated by the Romans. 385 BC - The military tribunes are A. Manlius, P. Cornelius, T. Quinctius Capitolinus, L. Quinctius Capitolinus and L. Papirius Cursor. 384 BC - The military tribunes are Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis, P. Valerius Potitus Publicola, M. Furius Camillus, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, G. Papirius Crassus and T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus. 383 BC - The military tribunes are L. Valerius Publicola, A. Manlius, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, L. Lucretius Flavus Tricipitinus, L. Aemilius Mamercus and M. Trebonius. 382 BC - The military tribunes are Sp. Papirius Crassus, L. Papirius Mugillanus, Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis, Q. Servilius Fidenas, G. Sulpicius Camerinus and L. Aemilius Mamercus. 381 BC - The military tribunes are M. Furius Camillus, A. Postumius Regillensis, L. Postumius Regillensis, L. Furius Medullinus, L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus and M. Fabius Ambustus 381 BC - The district of Tusculum is pacified after a revolt against Rome, and it is incorporated as Roman land. 380 BC - The military tribunes are L. Valerius Publicola, P. Valerius Potitus Publicola, Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis, Licinus Menenius Lanatus, G. Sulpicius Peticus, L. Aemelius Mamercus, Gn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo, Ti. Papirius Crassus and L. Papirius Mugillanus. 379 BC - The military tribunes are P. Manlius Capitolinus, G. Manlius, L. Julius Iullus, G. Sextilius, M. Albinius, L. Antistius, P. Trebonius and G. Erenucius. 378 BC - The military tribunes are Sp. Furius, Q. Servillius Fidenas, Licinus Menenius Lanatus, P. Cloelius Siculus, M. Horatius and L. Geganius Macerinus. 378 BC - Construction of the Servian Wall, surrounding Rome for ten kilometers. 377 BC - The military tribunes are L. Aemilius Mamercinus, P. Valerius Potitus Publicola, G. Veturius, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus and G. Quinctius Cincinnatus. 377 BC - The Latins are defeated after the capture of the city of Satricum. 376 BC - The military tribunes are L. Papirius, Licinius Menenius Lanatus and Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis. 375 BC - No curule magistrates are elected for this year. 374 BC - The sole consul is G. Licinius Stolo. 373 BC - The sole consul is L. Sextius Sextinus Lateranus. 371 BC - The sole consul is Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus. 370 BC - The military tribunes are L. Furius Medullinus, A. Manlius Capitolinus, Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus, Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis, P. Valerius Potitus Publicola and G. Valerius Potitus. 369 BC - The military tribunes are Q. Servilius Fidenas, G. Veturius, A. Cornelius Cossus, M. Cornelius Maluginensis, Q. Quinctius Cincinnatus and M. Fabius Ambustus. 368 BC - The military tribunes are Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis, Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus, Sp. Servilius Structus, L. Papirius Crassus and L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus. 367 BC - The military tribunes are A. Cornelius Cossus, M. Cornelius Maluginensis, M. Geganius Macerinus, P. Manlius Capitolinus, L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus and P. Valerius Potitus Publicola. 367 BC - M. Camillus Furius becomes dictator an unprecedented fifth time, and in a battle near the city of Alba Longa, he defeats an army of Gauls. 367 BC - The position of military tribune is reverted back to the consulship under the Sextian - Licinian laws. 367 BC - Consulship opened to all plebeians. 367 BC - The amount of public land any man might hold is limited to 500 iugera (300 acres) under a law passed by two tribunes of the plebs, G. Licinius Stolo and L. Sextius. 367 BC - The Temple of Concord is built in Rome. 366 BC - The first plebeian, L. Sextius Sextinus Lateranus, is elected consul, as is L. Aemilius Mamercus (first time). 366 BC - A new administrative position is added to the cursus honorum, the praetor. A man must attain the praetorship before becoming a consul. 366 BC - Creation of the office of curule aedile, held by two patricians. 366 BC - The introduction of the ludi Romani games. 365 BC - The consuls are L. Genucius Aventinensis and Q. Servilius Ahala (first time). 365 BC - M. Furius Camillus dies of the plague. 364 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Peticus and G. Licinius Stolo (first time). 363 BC - The consuls are Gn. Genucius Aventinensis and L. Aemilius Mamercus (second time). 362 BC - The consuls are Q. Servilius Ahala (second time) and L. Genucius Aventinensis. 362 BC - A Roman senator, Mettius Curtius, leaps into a chasm opened up in the Forum by an earthquake, which prophets declared could only be filled by throwing in the most valuable treasure in Rome's possession. 361 BC - The consuls are G. Licinius Stolo (second time) and G. Sulpicius Peticus. 361 BC - A Roman army captures the city of Ferentinum. 360 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Ambustus (first time) and G. Poetelius Libo Balbus. 360 BC - Aerarium sanctius (special emergency fund) set up in the temples of Rome. 360 BC - War with cities of Tibur, Praeneste, and the tribe Hernici. 359 BC - The consuls are M. Popillius Laenas and Gn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus (first time). 359 BC - The town of Tarquinii revolts against Roman rule. 358 BC - The consuls are G. Fabius Ambustus and G. Plautius Proculus. 358 BC - The tribe of the Hernici are allowed to become allies of Rome again, despite their declaring war against Rome. 357 BC - The consuls are G. Marcius Rutilus and Gn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus. 357 BC - The Romans institute the first tax on the manumission of slaves, setting it at 5%. 357 BC - A Gallic raid on the territory of Latium occurs. 357 BC - The town of Falerii revolts against Rome. 357 BC - The rate of interest on borrowing money is fixed. 356 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Ambustus (second time) and M. Popillius Laenas. 356 BC - The first plebeian dictator is appointed. 355 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Peticus and M. Valerius Publicola. 354 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Ambustus (third time) and T. Quinctius Poenus Capitolinus Crispinus (first time). 354 BC - Samnites sign a treaty of alliance with Rome. 353 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Peticus (first time) and M. Valerius Publicola. 352 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Publicola and G. Marcius Rutilus. 352 BC - The tomb of King Mausolus of Caria, known as the Mausoleum, is built to house the remains of the dead King. 351 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Peticus (second time) and T. Quinctius Poenus Capitolinus Crispinus (second time). 351 BC - The revolts in the towns of Falerii and Tarquinii are crushed, and they are given renewed treaties with Rome. 351 BC - The office of censor is opened to the plebeians. 350 BC - The consuls are M. Popillius Laenas and L. Cornelius Scipio. - L. Furius Camillus is dictator. The magister equitum is P. Cornelius Scipio. 349 BC - The consuls originally are L. Furius Camillus and Ap. Claudius Crassus Inregillensis, then M. Aemelius and T. Quinctius. - T. Manlius Torquatus Imperiosus is dictator. The magister equitum is A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina. 348 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Corvus (first time) and M. Popillius Laenas. 347 BC - The consuls are G. Plautius Venno and T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus (first time). 347 BC - Death of the great Greek philosopher Plato. 346 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Corvus (second time) and G. Poetelius Libo Visolus. 346 BC - The Romans defeat the cities of Antium and Satricum. 345 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Dorsuo and Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Rufus. 345 BC - L. Furius Camillus is dictator. The magister equitum is Q. Fabius Ambustus. 344 BC - The consuls are G. Marcius Rutilus & T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus (second time). – P. Valerius Poplicola is dictator. The magister equitum is Q. Fabius Ambustus. 343 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Corvus and A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina. 343 BC - Rome signs an alliance with the city of Falerii. 343 BC - (First Samnite War) Start of the First Samnite War after the Romans renounce their treaty with the Samnites. 343 BC - (First Samnite War) The consul A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina defeats a Samnite army in battle at Saticula. 343 BC - (First Samnite War) The Campanian city of Capua appeals to Rome for help from Samnite attacks. A Roman army expels the Samnites and occupies Capua. 343 BC - The Latins attack the city of Paeligni. 343 BC - (First Samnite War) M. Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites in battle at Mt. Gaurus & Suessula. 342 BC - The consuls are Q. Servilius Ahala and G. Marcius Rutilus. - M. Valerius Corvus is dictator. The magister equitum is L. Aemilius Mamercus Privernas. 342 BC - (First Samnite War) A mutiny occurs amongst the Roman army, jeopardizing their territorial gains into Samnite lands. 341 BC - The consuls are G. Plautius Venno and L. Aemilius Mamercus Privernas 341 BC - (First Samnite War) The consul L. Aemilius Mamercus Privernas starts to campaign against the Samnites. This is the climax of the war. 341 BC - (First Samnite War) End Samnite War. Peace treaty signed with Rome to enable the Samnites to fight against their neighbors Tarentum. 341 BC - Birth of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, on the Greek island of Samos. 340 BC - The consuls are T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus (third time) and P. Decius Mus. - L. Papirius Crassus is dictator. The magister equitum is L. Papirius Cursor. 340 BC - Start Great Latin War. 340 BC - (Great Latin War) The consul T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus defeats a Latin army at Veseris, in which the flagging army is saved when P. Decius Mus sacrifices his life to rally the troops. 340 BC - (Great Latin War) The consul T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus defeats a combined army of Latins, Volsci and Auruncii at Trifanum. 340 BC - (Great Latin War) Battle of Suessa Aurunca, in which the Romans defeated collected contingents of Campanians and Latins. 340 BC - (Great Latin War) After the defeat of the combined army, the Romans offered very favorable terms to the Campanians and succeeded in removing the Campanians from the coalition with the Latins. 339 BC - The consuls are Ti. Aemilius Mamercus and Q. Publilius Philo. - Q. Publilius Philo is dictator. The magister equitum is D. Junius Brutus Scaeva. 339 BC - The plebeian consul Q. Publilius Philo named as dictator, and passes law that one of the censors must be a plebeian. 339 BC - (Great Latin War) The consul Ti. Aemilius Mamercus campaigns against Tibur, Praeneste, Velitrae and Pedum. 339 BC - A lex Publilia is passed, which cancels the rights of Patricians to veto procedures and acts in the Comitia Tributa. 338 BC - The consuls are L. Furius Camillus and G. Maenius Nepos. 338 BC - (Great Latin War) The consul L. Camillus Furius is victorious over Pedum and Tibur. 338 BC - (Great Latin War) The consul G. Maenius Nepos is victorious over Lavinium and Velitrae. 338 BC - (Great Latin War) Battle of Antium. The city was attacked and taken from its Volscian owners. 338 BC - End of the Great Latin War. 338 BC - The Latin League is dissolved by the Romans. The cities of Lanuvium, Pedum and Tusculum receive full citizenship. The cities of Formiae, Cumae and Capua receive half-citzenships, called Latin Rights. 338 BC - Campania is incorporated as a part of the growing nation of Rome. 338 BC - The rostra, or speaking platform, is created by G. Maenius, and it derives its name from the ships beaks hanging from it, which are trophies of naval victories. 337 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Longus and P. Aelius Paetus. - G. Claudius Crassus Inregillensis is dictator. The magister equitum is G. Claudius Hortator. 337 BC - Office of praetor opened to plebeians. 337 BC - The consuls are L. Papirius Crassus and K. Duillius. 336 BC - The Romans capture the town of Teanum Sidicinum. The town submits to the offer of an alliance with Rome. 335 BC - The consuls are M. Atilius Regulus Calenus and M. Valerius Corvus. 334 BC - The consuls are Sp. Postumius Albinus Caudinus and T. Veturius Calvinus. 333 BC - The consuls are replaced for the year by the dictator P. Cornelius Rufinus and the magister equitum M. Antonius. 332 BC - The consuls are Gn. Domitius Calvinus and A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina. 332 BC - Creation of two new tribes at Rome, Maecia and Scaptia. 332 BC - Rome signs a treaty with the city of Tarentum. 331 BC - The consuls are G. Valerius Potitus and M. Claudius Marcellus. 331 BC - Treaty of Senones with Rome. 330 BC - The consuls are L. Papirius Crassus and L. Plautius Venox. 330 BC - The Achaemenid dynasty of Persia is brought to an end by Alexander the Great. 329 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Mamercus Privernas and C. Plautius Decianus. 329 BC - The Circus Maximus is completed in Rome. It is the major hippodrome in Rome until the end of the Empire. 329 BC - A Roman colony is founded at Tarracina. 328 BC - The consuls are G. Plautius Decianus and P. Cornelius Scapula Scipio Barbatus. 328 BC - A Latin colony is founded, named Fregellae. 328 BC - Expulsion of Volscians from the Liris Valley. 327 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus and Q. Publilius Philo. 327 BC - Start of Second Samnite War. 326 BC - The consuls are G. Poetelius Libo Visolus and L. Papirius Cursor. 326 BC - The development of extended governorships occurred (prorogatio imperii, meaning the extension of a governor's imperium, or authority), and the terms pro consule and pro praetore came into existence. 326 BC - The Romans enter into an alliance with the cities of Neapolis, Nuceria and the tribe of the Apulians. 325 BC - The consuls are L. Furius Camillus and D. Junius Brutus Scaeva. 325 BC - (Second Samnite War) A Roman army appears for the first time on the Adriatic coast. During this, they won over the tribes of the Marsi and Paeligni, and reduced the tribe of the Vestini on the Adriatic coast. 324 BC - The consuls are replaced by the dictator L. Papirius Cursor and the magister equitum Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus. 323 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Longus and Q. Aulius Cerretanus. 322 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus and L. Fulvius Curvus. 321 BC - The consuls are T. Veturius Calvinus and Sp. Postumius Albinus Caudinus. 321 BC - (Second Samnite War) The Caudine Forks disaster occurs, when the Samnites defeated an army of 20,000 men, and made the survivors 'Pass under the yoke' The Romans were then forced to sign a treaty with the Samnites. The Romans are forced to surrender Fregellae to the Samnites. The consuls retire from office, and offer to hand themselves over to the Samnites, but the Samnite leader Gavius Pontius refuses to take them. 320 BC - The consuls are L. Papirius Cursor and Q. Publilius Philo. 319 BC - The consuls are L. Papirius Cursor and Q. Aulius Cerretanus. 319 BC - Birth of King Pyrrhus of Epirus. 318 BC - The consuls are M. Folius Flaccinator and L. Plautius Venno. 318 BC - Creation of two new tribes, Falernia and Oufentina, created in southern Campania. 317 BC - The consuls are G. Junius Bubulcus Brutus and Q. Aemilius Barbula. 316 BC - The consuls are Sp. Nautius Rutilus and M. Popillius Laenas. 316 BC - (Second Samnite War) The Romans break their treaty with the Samnites. 315 BC - The consuls are L. Papirius Cursor and Q. Publilius Philo. 315 BC - (Second Samnite War) A Samnite army achieves a victory at Laetulae over the Roman general and dictator Q. Fabius Rullianus. 314 BC - The consuls are M. Poetelius Libo and G. Sulpicius Longus. 314 BC - (Second Samnite War) A Roman army enters Samnite territory and drives the Samnites from the city of Tarracina. This forces the Capuans to sign a treaty after having defected from the Romans. 314 BC - (Second Samnite War) Capture of the Samnite stronghold of Luceria, which they razed to the ground. 313 BC - The consuls are L. Papirius Cursor and G. Junius Bubulcus Brutus. 313 BC - (Second Samnite War) Fregellae is recaptured by the Romans, and the town of Sora is also captured. 312 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Maximus Corrinus and P. Decius Mus. 312 BC - Appius Claudius Caecus is elected as censor and institutes many public building schemes. 312 BC - Construction of the first aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, and the first major road, the Via Appia, which connected Rome with southern Italy. 312 BC - The number of rural tribes in Rome is raised to twenty-seven. 311 BC - The consuls are G. Junius Bubulcus Brutus and Q. Aemilius Barbula. 311 BC - (Second Samnite War) The Etruscans are induced into a total mobilization against the Romans by the Samnites. 311 BC - A board to organize the Roman fleets, the duoviri navales, is established. 310 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus and G. Marcius Rutilus Censorinus. 310 BC - (Second Samnite War) The Romans advance into Etruria and defeated the Etruscans at a battle near Lake Vadimo, under the general Fabius Rullianus. 310 BC - (Second Samnite War) A Roman plan to land a naval raid near Pompeii is unsuccessful. 310 BC - A peace treaty is signed with Cortona and Arretium. 309 BC - The consuls are replaced by the dictator L. Papirius Cursor and the magister equitum G. Junius Bubulcus Brutus. 308 BC - The consuls are P. Decius Mus and Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus. 307 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Caecus and L. Volumnius Flamma Violens. 307 BC - The Italian tribe, the Hernici, revolt against Rome and break their previous treaty with Rome. 307 BC - Pyrrhus is hailed as King of Epirus. 305 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Megellus and Ti. Minucius Augurinus. 304 BC - The consuls are P. Sempronius Sophus and P. Sulpicius Saverrio. 304 BC - End of Second Samnite War. 304 BC - The Romans defeat the Aequi. 304 BC - Alliances with Rome are made by the Marsi, Paeglini, Marrucini, and Frentani. 303 BC - The consuls are Ser. Cornelius Lentulus and L. Genucius Aventinensis. 303 BC - The Latin colony of Sora is established in Samnite territory to guard the Liris valley. 303 BC - The Latin colony of Alba Fucens is established. 302 BC - The consuls are M. Livius Denter and M. Aemilius Paullus. 301 BC - The consuls are replaced by the dictator M. Valerius Maximus Corvus and the masters of the horse Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianusis and M. Aemilius Paullus. 300 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Maximus Corvus (fifth time) and Quintus Appuleius Pansa. 300 BC - A lex Ogulnia is passed, which states that half of the members of Rome's priestly colleges must be plebeian. 300 BC - A lex Valeria passed by a tribune of the plebs granted the legal right to appeal against any capital sentence passed on a Roman citizen. 299 BC - The consuls are T. Manlius Torquatus and M. Fulvius Paetinus 299 BC - Two new tribes, Aniensis and Terentina, are created. 299 BC - The Romans capture the territory of Narnia. 298 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus and Gn. Fulvius Maximus Centumalus 298 BC - An alliance is formed with the Picentes. 298 BC - A marauding band of Gauls make a sporadic raid into Roman territory. 298 BC - Founding of the Latin rights colony of Carseoli. 298 BC - Start Third Samnite War. 298 BC - (Third Samnite War) A Roman army under the general L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus drives the Samnites out of Lucanian territory. 298 BC - (Third Samnite War) The Romans capture the Samnite cities of Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus and Aufidena. 297 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus (fourth time) and P. Decius Mus (third time). 296 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Caecus (second time) and Lucius Volumnius (first time). 295 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus (fifth time) and P. Decius Mus (fourth time). 295 BC - (Third Samnite War) Battle of Camerinum, in which Scipio Barbatus suffered a crushing defeat by a combined army of Gauls and Samnites. 295 BC - (Third Samnite War) Battle of Sentinum, in which the plebeian consul was killed while trying to rally his failing troops. The battle ended with the defeat of the Samnites, their coalition allies the Senones and the death of their leader Gellius Egnatius. 294 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Megellus (second time) and M. Atilius Regulus. 294 BC - (Third Samnite War) A Roman army is beaten by the Samnites at the battle of Luceria. 294 BC - (Third Samnite War) The Etruscans quickly make peace with Rome after the Samnite defeat. 293 BC - The consuls are Sp. Carvilius Maximus (first time) and L. Papirius Carbo (first time). 293 BC - The cult of Aesculapius is introduced into Rome. 293 BC - (Third Samnite War) The Romans achieve a victory over the Samnite forces at the battle of Aquilonia. 292 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges (first time) and D. Junius Brutus Scaeva. 292 BC - (Third Samnite War) The rebellious city of Falerii is reduced by the Romans. 291 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Megellus (third time) and G. Junius Brutus Bubulcus (first time). 291 BC - (Third Samnite War) The Romans storm the Samnite city of Venusia. 291 BC - The founding of the colony of Venusia on the Lucanian border. 290 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Rufinus (first time) and Man. Curius Dentatus (first time). 290 BC - End of the Third Samnite War. 290 BC - The Sabines are conquered by Man. Curius Dentatus. 290 BC - Establishment of the triumviri capitales (police officers) occurs in Rome. 290 BC - The Sabines are granted full Roman citizenship. 290 BC - The construction on the Great Library of Alexandria is completed and the structure is dedicated in Egypt. 289 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Maximus Corvinus (second time) and Q. Caedicius Noctua. 289 BC - Introduction of the triumviri monetales (official mint supervisors) to control the minting of money. 288 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Arvina (second time) and Q. Marcius Tremulus (second time). 288 BC - The city of Messana on the island of Syracuse is taken control of by a group of Campanian mercenaries known as 'Mamertines', or sons of Mars. 287 BC - The consuls are M. Claudius Marcellus and G. Nautius Rutilus. 287 BC - Last secession of the plebs. Plebian dictator Q. Hortensius is appointed, and passes the lex Hortensia, which gives plebiscites power at law. 286 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Maximus Corvinus (third time) and G. Aelius Paetus. 285 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus and G. Claudius Canina (first time). 284 BC - The consuls are G. Servilius Tucca and L. Caecilius Metellus Denter. 284 BC - The Gaullic Senones renew their incursions into Roman territory and lay siege to the city of Arretium, defeating the army of the consul L. Caecilius Metellus, who was killed during the fighting. 284 BC - Birth of the Roman playwright Livius Andronicus, in the city of Tarentum, in Magna Graecia. 284 BC - The Gallic raiders are forcibly ejected from the ager Gallicus by the Romans. 284 BC - Founding of a Roman colony at Sena. 283 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Dolabella and Gn. Domitius Calvinus Maximus. 283 BC - A Roman army under P. Cornelius Dolabella defeats the tribe known as the Boii at the battle of Lake Vadimo. 282 BC - Q. Aemilius Papus (first time) and G. Fabricius Luscinus (first time). 282 BC - Start Pyrrhic Wars with King Pyrrhus of Epirus. 282 BC - Roman forces are sent to garrison the cities of Thurii, Rhegium and Locri. 282 BC - A Roman fleet is surprised by an attack by Tarentine naval vessels. 282? BC - Supposed date of the completion of the wonder of the world, the Colossus of Rhodes. 281 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Barbula and Q. Marcius Phillipus. 280 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Laevinus and Ti. Coruncanius. 280 BC - The censors are L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus and Gn. Domitius Calvinus Maximus. 280 BC - (Pyrrhic Wars) Battle of Heraclea, in which Pyrrhus defeats a Roman force under the command of P. Valerius Laevinus, but suffers heavy losses. 280 BC - The Great Lighthouse is built on the island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria by King Ptolemy II in Egypt. 279 BC - The consuls are P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P. Decius Mus. 279 BC - (Pyrrhic Wars) Battle of Asculum, in Apulia. Pyrrhus defeats another Roman army under the command of G. Fabricius Luscinus, but again suffers heavy casualties. The actual outcome of the battle is indecisive. 279 BC - (Pyrrhic Wars) Carthage enters into a military alliance pact with the Romans against King Pyrrhus of Epirus. 278 BC - The consuls are Q. Aemilius Papus (second time) and G. Fabricius Luscinus (second time). 278 BC - (Pyrrhic Wars) King Pyrrhus leaves Italy in hopes of newer conquests in Sicily. 278 BC - (Pyrrhic Wars) King Pyrrhus of Epirus overruns most of Punic Sicily, except for the city of Lilybaeum. 277 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Rufinus (second time) and G. Junius Brutus Bubulcus (second time). 276 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges (second time) and G. Genucius Clepsina (first time). 276 BC - (Pyrrhic Wars) King Pyrrhus returns to the Italian peninsula. 275 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus and Man. Curius Dentatus (second time). 275 BC - The censors are Q. Aemilius Papus and G. Fabricius Luscinus. 275 BC - (Pyrrhic Wars) King Pyrrhus of Epirus suffers heavy losses against a Roman army near the town of Beneventum, and is finally defeated by the Roman general Man. Curius Dentatus. 275 BC - Birth of the future Roman general and statesman Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator. 274 BC - The consuls are Ser. Cornelius Merenda and Man. Curius Dentatus (third time). 273 BC - The consuls are G. Claudius Canina (second time) and G. Fabius Licinius. 273 BC - Rome enters into a treaty, which did not actually achieve anything beyond contact, between the Roman people and King Ptolemy II of Egypt. 272 BC - The consuls are Sp. Carvilius Maximus (second time) and L. Papirius Cursor (second time). 272 BC - The censors are L. Papirius Praetextatus and Man. Curius Dentatus. 272 BC - Some cities of Magna Grecia, like the cities of Velia, Heraclea, Thurii and Metapontum, are enlisted as allies of Rome. 272 BC - The Romans capture the city of Tarentum. 272 BC - End of the Pyrrhic Wars. 272 BC - The aqueduct Aqua Anio Vetus is completed. 272 BC - Death of King Pyrrhus of Epirus, in Argos, Argolis. He is killed when he was hit in the head by a roof tile. 272 BC - The Romans complete the subjugation of the Samnites, Lucanians and Bruttians. 271 BC - The consuls are L. Genucius Clepsina and Caeso Quinctius Claudius. 270 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Blasio and G. Genucius Clepsina (second time). 270 BC - The city of Rhegium is recaptured after it was seized by a garrison of Campanian troops. 270 BC - Death of the Greek philosopher Epicurus. 270 BC - Birth of the Roman poet Gn. Naevius, in Capua, Campania, Italy. 270? BC - Birth of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. 270 BC - Death of the Roman senator and general Man. Curius Dentatus. 269 BC - The consuls are G. Fabius Pictor and Q. Ogulnius Gallus. 269 BC - The censors are L. Aemilius Barbula and Q. Marcius Philippus. 269 BC - The Picentes revolt against Rome. 269 BC - The Roman system of coinage is established, with the first silver coins appearing bearing pictures of Hercules and the wolf feeding Romulus and Rhemus. 268 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Russus and P. Sempronius Sophus. 268 BC - The Picentes are reduced o submission by the Romans. 268 BC - Founding of the Latin colony of Ariminum to secure the ager Gallicus. 268 BC - The rebel Picentes are defeated and given a half citizenship. Only the city of Asculum Picenum received a treaty of alliance. 268 BC - The Sabines finally receive the full elevation to Roman citizenship. 267 BC - The consuls are L. Julius Libo and M. Atilius Regulus. 267 BC - The Romans capture the city of Brundisium, which originally belonged to a tribe known as the Sallentini. This is important, as Brundisium then becomes and important port for purposes, as well as for later campaigns in the Mediterranean regions. 266 BC - The consuls are Num. Fabius Pictor and D. Junius Pera. 266 BC - The Romans accept the requests from Apulia and Messapia for alliances, and they become part of the Roman alliance network. 266 BC - The Romans complete the subjugation of the entire Italian peninsula. 265 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges (third time) and L. Mamilius Vitulus. 265 BC - The censors are Gn. Cornelius Blasio and G. Marcius Rutilus Censorinus. 264 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Caudex and M. Fulvius Flaccus. 264 BC - An alliance between the Romans and a group of mercenaries called 'Mamertines' is signed. 264 BC - (First Punic War) A Campanian mercenary town, Messana, had men in it known as "Mamertines", who called to Rome for help after being attacked by Carthage. Start of First Punic War. 264 BC - First recorded gladiator takes place in Rome for the funeral of a member of the Junius Brutus clan. 264 BC - The Ager Romanus now reaches 23,226 square kilometers. 263 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Maximus Messalla and Man. Otacilius Crassus (first time). 263 BC - (First Punic War) The consul Man. Valerius draws lines of siege around Syracuse. Although he did not succeed in the siege, he managed to pull Syracuse away from its alliance with the Carthaginians. 263 BC - (First Punic War) Heiro of Syracuse is enrolled as a friend and ally of the Roman people. 263 BC - Foundation of the Latin colony of Aesernia. 263 BC - The first sundial is brought to Rome from Sicily. 262 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Megellus and Q. Mamilius Vitulus. 262 BC - (First Punic War) Siege of Agrigentum. 261 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Flaccus and T. Otacilius Crassus. 260 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Scipio Asina (first time) and G. Dulius. 260 BC - (First Punic War) Battle of Mylae (Naval). 140 Roman ships using the corvi, which were grappling hooks on the ends of boards destroyed 130 Punic ships. 259 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Scipio and G. Aquillius Florus. 258 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Paterculus and A. Atilius Caiatinus (first time). 258 BC - The censors are L. Cornelius Scipio and G. Duilius. 258 BC - (First Punic War) The Roman fleet achieves a minor victory over the Carthaginians off the coast near the town of Sulci. 257 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Blaiso (second time) and G. Atilius Regulus (first time). 257 BC - (First Punic War) The Roman fleet achieves a minor victory over the Carthaginians near Tyndaris. 256 BC - The consuls L. Manlius Vulso (first time) and Q. Caedicius. 256 - 255 BC - An expeditionary force sent to Africa under M. Regulus ends in disaster. 256 BC - (First Punic War) Major victory won in battle at Cape Ecnomus for the Romans under Marcus Atilius Regulus, who use their fleet to destroy the Carthaginian fleet. 255 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Paullus and Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior. 255 BC - (First Punic War) Battle of Bagradas in Africa, in which the invading Roman army under M. Regulus was virtually destroyed by the Carthaginians under the mercenary leader Xanthippus, a Spartan. 255 BC - (First Punic War) A part of the Roman fleet is wrecked off the coast near Pachynus. 254 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Scipio Asina (second time) and A. Atilius Caiatinus (second time). 254 BC - (First Punic War) Capture of the city of Panormus. 254 BC - Birth of the Roman comedy playwright Plautus, in the town of Sarsina, Umbria, in Italy. 253 BC - The consuls are Gn. Servilius Caepio and G. Sempronius Blaesus (first time). 253 BC - The censors are L. Postumius and Decimus Junius Pera. 253 BC - First plebeian Pontifex Maximus. 253 BC - (First Punic War) A small Roman fleet is wrecked off the coast of Sicily near the town of Palinurus. 252 BC - The consuls are P. Servilius Geminus (first time) and G. Aurelius Cotta (first time). 252 BC - The censors are Man. Valerius Maximus Messalla and P. Sempronius Sophus. 251 BC - The consuls are G. Furius Pacilus and L. Caecilius Metellus (first time). 250 BC - The consuls are L. Manlius Vulso (second time) and G. Atilius Regulus (second time). 250 BC - (First Punic War) A Carthaginian general tries to recover the city of Panormus, but his army is defeated, suffering heavy losses and loosing all of his elephants. 250 BC - (First Punic War) After breaking a promise to the Carthaginians that he would urge the Romans to accept the Carthaginian peace terms, M. Atilius Regulus returned to Carthage where he was killed by being rolled down a hill in a barrel filled with spikes. 250 BC - (First Punic War) Carthaginians destroy the town of Selinunte. 249 BC - The consuls are P. Claudius Pulcher and L. Junius Pullus. 249 BC - (First Punic War) Defeat of the Romans at Drepana under Appius Claudius Pulcher. 249 BC - (First Punic War) Another Roman fleet destroyed at a minor conflict under the consul Junius Pullus, near Cape Passaro. But some good comes of it, as Pullus seized the city of Eryx and the two main roads to the Carthaginian naval base of Drepana. 248 BC - The consuls are P. Servilius Geminus (second time) and G. Aurelius Cotta (second time). 247 BC - The consuls are Num. Fabius Buteo and L. Caecilius Metellus (second time). 247 BC - The censors are A. Manlius Torquatus and A. Atilius Caiatinus. 247 BC - Birth of the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca. 247 BC - (First Punic War) The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca mounts successive raids on the Italian coast. 246 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Licinius and Man. Otacilius Crassus (second time). 245 BC - The consuls are M. Fabius Buteo and G. Atilius Bulbus (first time). 244 BC - The consuls are A. Manlius Torquatus (first time) and G. Sempronius Blaesus (second time). 243 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Gallus and G. Fundanius Fundulus. 243 BC - (First Punic War) The Romans construct a new fleet from voluntary loans from her allies. 242 BC - The consuls are A. Postumius Albinus and Q. Lutatius Catalus. 242 BC - Introduction of a second praetor position. The first praetor was known as praetor urbanus and the second known as praetor peregrinus. 241 BC - The consuls are Q. Lutatius Cerco and A. Manlius Torquatus (second time). 241 BC - The censors are M. Fabius Buteo and G. Aurelius Cotta 241 BC - (First Punic War) Roman ships under the admiral Lutatius Catulus defeat Carthaginian ships off the Aegadian Isles. This marks the end of the War. 241 BC - Amount of tribes of Rome reaches 35. 241 BC - A Latin colony is founded at Spoletium. 240 BC - The consuls are G. Claudius Centho and M. Sempronius Tuditanus. 240 BC - The Roman poet and writer Livius Andronicus produces the first Latin literature in Rome. 239 BC - The consuls are Q. Valerius Falto and G. Mamilius Turrinus. 239 BC - Birth of the writer Quintus Ennius, born at the town of Rudiae in Calabria. 238 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Falto and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. 238 BC - Annexation of Sardinia and Corsica. 238 BC - Birth of King Phillip V of Macedon. 237 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus and Q. Fulvius Flaccus (first time). 236 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus and G. Licinius Varus. 236 BC - The censors are L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus and Q. Lutatius Cerco. 236 BC - Birth of the Roman general P. Cornelius Scipio, later Africanus. 236 BC - New Gallic raids occur in the north of Italy. 236 BC - The Roman playwright Gn. Naevius has his first play produced. 235 BC - The consuls are T. Manlius Torquatus (first time) and G. Atilius Bulbus (first time). 235 BC - Peace reigns. The doors of the temple of Janus are closed for the first time since the rule of Numa Pompilius. 234 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Albinus (first time) and Sp. Carvilius Maximus (first time). 234 BC - The censors are A. Postumius Albinus and Q. Atilius Bulbus. 234 BC - Birth of the Roman statesman and general Cato the Censor in Tusculum. 233 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (first time) and Man. Pomponius Matho. 233 BC - Roman general Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus wins a victory over the Gallic Ligurians. 232 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus and M. Publicius Malleolus. 232 BC - T. Flaminius passes a law for the distribution of the ager Gallicus. 231 BC - The consuls are G. Papirius Maso and M. Pomponius Matho. 231 BC - The censors are T. Manlius Torquatus and Q. Fulvius Flaccus. 230 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Barbula and M. Junius Pera. 230 BC - The censors are Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus and M. Sempronius Tuditanus. 229 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Albinus (second time) and Gn. Fulvius Centumalus. 229 BC - Romans start war with Queen Teuta of Greek Illyria. This starts the First Illyrian War. 228 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (second time) and Sp. Carvilius Maximus (second time). 228 BC - End of the First Illyrian War. 228 BC - Death of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. 228 BC - The Romans send envoys to the Greek cities of Athens and Corinth. 227 BC - The consuls are P. Valerius Flaccus and M. Atilius Regulus. 227 BC - Number of praetors raised to four to cover Sicily and Sardinia. 226 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla and L. Apustius Fullo. 226 BC - Roman and Carthaginian emissaries meet. The treaty of Ebro River is signed, dictating the lands of both the Carthaginians and the Romans, and setting the Ebro River as the boundary between Carthaginians and Romans. 225 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Papus and G. Atilius Regulus. 225 BC - The censors are G. Claudius Centho and M. Junius Pera. 225 BC - An invading army of Gauls is defeated in a battle near the city of Telamon. 224 BC - The consuls are T. Manlius Torquatus (second time) and Q. Fulvius Flaccus (second time). 223 BC - The consuls are P. Furius Philus and G. Flaminius (first time). 223 BC - T. Flaminius is victorious in a war against the tribe the Insubres. 222 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Scipio Calvus and M. Claudius Marcellus (first time). 222 BC - A battle occurs between the Romans and the Gauls at the battle of Sellasia. 222 BC - After the battle of Clastidium under the Roman general M. Claudius Marcellus, the Gallic Insubres and their chieftain Viridomarus surrender. 222 BC - The Celtic city of Mediolanum (modern Milan) is captured by the Romans. 221 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Asina and M. Minucius Rufus. 221 BC - The Spanish allied city of Saguntum appeals to Rome for help against Hannibal. 220 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Laevinus (first time) and Q. Mucius Scaevola. 220 BC - The censors are L. Aemilius Papus and G. Flaminius. 220 BC - Construction begins on a new circus to be built on the Campus Martius. It is being built by T. Flaminius, and is known as the Circus Flaminius. 220 BC - The via Flaminia is built by the general T. Flaminius. It connects Italy to northern Greece. 219 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Paullus (first time) and M. Livius Salinator (first time). 219 BC - Capture of town of Saguntum by Hannibal, a Carthaginian general. 219 BC - Start of the Second Illyrian War. 219 BC - The first foreign surgeon to practice in Rome arrives in the city. 218 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio and Ti. Sempronius Longus. 218 BC - (Second Punic War) Start of Second Punic War after Roman ultimatum is ignored. 218 BC - (Second Punic War) A small skirmish on the River Ticinus occurs, with a majority victory for Hannibal and the Carthaginians. Although it is only a small skirmish, it already shows the tactical superiority of Hannibal over the Romans. 218 BC - (Second Punic War) Battle of river Trebia. 50,000 Carthaginians under the command of Hannibal line up against 40,000 Romans under the command of Ti. Sempronius Longus. Only 10,000 Romans survived. 218 BC - A lex Claudia is passed, which prohibits senators from owning vessels with the ability to be launched at sea. 217 BC - The consuls are Gn. Servilius Geminus and G. Flaminius (second time). 217 BC - (Second Punic War) Battle of Lake Trasimene under Roman commander Gaius Flaminius. This ends in victory for the Carthaginians. 217 BC - (Second Punic War) Elevation of Q. Fabius Maximus later (Verucosis Cunctator) to high command, and he is made dictator. Hannibal made nervous by delaying tactics of Fabius. By delaying battles and keeping himself in the region, Fabius averted cities from going over to Hannibal's side. 217 BC - (Second Punic War) The Romans gain a victory in a naval encounter near the Ebro River. 217 BC - The Saturnalia festival is established. During the festival, masters were required to wait on their servants. 216 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Paullus (second time) and G. Terentius Varro. 216 BC - (Second Punic War) Battle of Cannae under commanders G. Terentius Varro and L. Aemilius Paullus. Ended in defeat for Romans, losing close to the entire army of 50,000 at a loss of only 6,000 men for Hannibal. 216 BC - (Second Punic War) Hannibal marches through the district of Cannae into Campania, and begins to plunder and ravage the countryside in order to tempt the Roman general Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator. 216 BC - (Second Punic War) Revolts in central Italy, including defections to the Carthaginians by cities, like Capua. 216 BC - King Phillip of Mecedon prepares a fleet to re-install the ruler of Pharos, Demetrius, back in power at Pharos. But upon hearing a rumor of the presence of a Roman fleet approaching, he abandoned the attempt. 215 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Albinus (third time) and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (first time). 215 BC - (Second Punic War) Hasdrubal defeated by Cn. and P. Cornelius Scipio at Dertosa. 215 BC - (Second Punic War) The island of Sardinia revolts, and the Carthaginians send a force to recover the island. But the Romans, who needed the corn, sent a force of troops who quickly defeated the Carthaginian force. 215 BC - (Second Punic War) A battle occurs between the Romans and the Carthaginians near the city of Nola. 215 BC - The city of Patavium (Padua) comes under the sphere of Roman influence. 214 BC - The consuls are Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (fourth time) and M. Claudius Marcellus (third time). 214 BC - The censors are P. Furius Philus and M. Atilius Regulus. 214 BC - Start of the First Macedonian War under King Phillip V of Macedonia. 214 BC - A Roman general, M. Valerius Laevinus, is sent on a military campaign to Illyria. 213 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (second time). 213 BC - (Second Punic War) Siege of Syracuse in Sicily begins. 213 BC - (Second Punic War) Hannibal captures and occupies the city of Tarentum. 212 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and Q. Fulvius Flaccus (third time). 212 BC - (Second Punic War) Capture of the city of Tarentum by Hannibal. 212 BC - (Second Punic War) Romans besiege the city of Capua. 212 BC - The future king of Macedonia, Perseus, is born. 212 BC - The senate decrees the start of a new festival, the Ludi Apollinares. 212/211 BC - The introduction of a new coinage to Rome, the denarius. 211 BC - The consuls are P. Sulpicius Galba (first time) and Gn. Fulvius Centumalus. 211 BC - Rome enters into an alliance with the Aetolians. 211 BC - (Second Punic War) P. Cornelius Scipio (later Africanus) is given the command in Spain despite being a privatus (private citizen) and having neither been consul or praetor. He is the first privatus to be given a proconsular imperium, and the first privatus to command an army. 211 BC - (Second Punic War) The city of Capua falls to the Romans. It is later punished for aiding Hannibal's cause. 211 BC - (Second Punic War) The Romans destroy the city of Morgantina in order to aid their siege of Syracuse. 211 BC - (Second Punic War) Hannibal marches on Rome and sits outside the walls of the city. But so confident are the Romans that they would win the war, that the very land Hannibal's army is standing on is auctioned off, and it sells at full price. 211BC - (Second Punic War) As a part of the campaign in Sicily against Syracuse, the Romans destroy the city of Morgantina. 211 BC - (Second Punic War) Capture of Syracuse in Sicily by Roman commander M. Claudius Marcellus. Looting soldiers after the capture of Syracuse kill Archimedes. 211 BC - (First Macedonian War) The Romans form an alliance with the Greek Aetolian league to protect them against the marauding King Phillip of Macedon. 210 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Laevinus (second time) and M. Claudius Marcellus (third time). 210 BC - The censors are L. Veturius Philo and P. Licinius Crassus Dives. 210 BC - (Second Punic War) Command in Spain given to P. Cornelius Scipio, later Africanus, a magistrate of ex-aedilican rank. He was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio, who was killed in 211 BC. 210 BC - (Second Punic War) The Romans recapture the city of Agrigentum, through the treachery of the Carthaginian auxiliaries stationed there. 210 BC - (Second Punic War) The Carthaginians capture the city of Capua. 209 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (fifth time) and Q. Fulvius Flaccus (fourth time). 209 BC - The censors are M. Cornelius Cethegus and P. Sempronius Tuditanus. 209 BC - (Second Punic War) Recapture of Tarentum by the Romans under Cato Major. 209 BC - (Second Punic War) Capture of New Carthage by Scipio. 208 BC - The consuls are T. Quinctius Crispinus and M. Claudius Marcellus (fifth time). 208 BC - (Second Punic War) Death of the Roman commander M. Claudius Marcellus. 208 BC - (Second Punic War) Scipio defeats army of Hasdrubal Barca near the town of Baecula. 207 BC - The consuls are G. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator (second time). 207 BC - (Second Punic War) Battle of Metaurus River. Victory for the Romans, under Commanders G. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator, over a relief force of Carthaginians commanded by Hasdrubal Barca, brother of Hannibal. 206 BC - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus and L. Veturius Philo. 206 BC - (Second Punic War) Battle of Ilipa. 48,000 Romans and Spanish allies under P. Cornelius Scipio (later Africanus) defeated a Carthaginian force of 50,000. This ended the presence of Carthage in Spain. 206 BC - (Second Punic War) The majority of the Spanish peninsula is annexed into the empire, and many prosperous and large trading towns are captured, such as Gades, Carthago Nova and Narbo. 205 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (first time) and P. Licinius Crassus. 205 BC - End of the First Macedonian War. 205 BC - After returning from his campaigns, Scipio is elected as consul and his command is prorogued. He is the first person to be elected consul after holding a mere ex - aedilican rank. 205 BC - The worship of the cult of Magna Mater is introduced to Rome from Phrygia. 204 BC - The consuls are M. Cornelius Cethegus and P. Sempronius Tuditanus. 204 BC - The censors are G. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator. 204 BC - (Second Punic War) Scipio landed a force in Africa, near Utica, and found the Carthaginians ready for him, with their allies, the Numidians, under their king Syphax. 204 BC - (Second Punic War) A battle in the Bagradas valley, in an area known as the 'Great Plains'. In the battle, Scipio defeated the Carthaginian forces and so severely defeated the forces of the Carthaginian ally King Syphax of Numidia that Scipio was able to expel Syphax's forces from the capital of Cirta with a force of 3 cohorts (about 1650 men). 204 BC - Death of the Roman playwright Livius Andronicus, in Rome. 204 BC - The Roman playwright Plautus has his play Miles Gloriosus (The Glorious Soldier) performed in Rome. 204 BC - The playwright Ennius is brought to Rome. 204 BC - Introduction of the worship of the Phrygian goddess Kubaba Kybele to Rome. 204 BC - The Ludi Megalenses are inaugurated at Rome. 203 BC - The consuls are G. Servilius Geminus and Gn. Servilius Caepio. 203 BC - (Second Punic War) King Syphax of Numidia is defeated and captured in the battle of Cirta against Masinissa of Numidia and Laelius. 203 BC - Masinissa, a Numidian ally of the Romans during the Punic Wars, is made king of Greater and Lesser Numidia. 203 BC - Death of the Roman general Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator. 202 BC - The consuls are Ti Claudius Nero and M. Servilius Geminus. 202 BC - (Second Punic War) Battle of Zama. Forces of around 40,000 each side. Carthaginian leader = Hannibal, recalled from Italy. Roman leader P. Cornelius Scipio (later Africanus). The Romans used an envelopment tactic, Zama turned out like a Roman version of Cannae, with the Romans cutting the Carthaginians to pieces and forcing them to sue for peace. 202 BC - The Roman writer Fabius Pictor writes the first prose history of Rome in Greek. It is one of the few accounts to include information about the plebian successions. 201 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus and P. Aelius Paetus. 200 BC - The consuls are P. Sulpicius Galba (second time) and G. Aurelius Cotta. 200 BC - Destruction of Roman town of Placentia by mixture of Gallic tribes (Insubres, Cenomani and Boii) 200 BC - Start of the Second Macedonian War under Macedonian king Phillip V. 200 BC - (Second Macedonian War) The Romans storm, capture and sack the city of Acanthus. 200 BC - Death of the Roman poet Gn. Naevius, in the African city of Utica. 200 BC - Birth of the Greek historian Polybius, in Megalopolis, Arcadia, Greece. 199 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus and P. Villius Tappulus. 199 BC - The censors are P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus and P. Aelius Paetus. 198 BC - The consuls are T. Quinctius Flaminius and Sex. Aelius Paetus. 198 BC - (Second Macedonian War) The consul T. Quinctius Flamininus defeats the army of King Phillip in a battle near the Aous River. 197 BC - The consuls are G. Cornelius Cethegus and Q. Minucius Rufus. 197 BC - The coalition of the Gallic tribes who destroyed Placentia was defeated by two consular armies, one of them under command of M. Claudius Marcellus, son of the general Marcellus of the Punic Wars. 197 - 179 BC - The Spanish Wars. 197 BC - (Second Macedonian War) Battle of Cynoscephalae. 30,000 Roman troops fought against 25,000 Macedonian troops. The Romans under the command of T. Quinctius Flamininus won the battle. First fight between Roman legions and Macedonian phalanxes. Thus ended the Second Macedonian War. 197 BC - Number of praetors is raised to six, to cover the growing number of Roman provinces. 196 BC - The consuls are L. Furius Purpurio and M. Claudius Marcellus. 196 BC - The city of Smyrna appeals to Rome for help against the attacks of King Antiochus III. 195 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Flaccus and M. Porcius Cato the Censor. 195 BC - (Spanish Wars) The Spanish insurrections in the Roman province by the Turdetani with Celtiberian mercenaries are defeated by a consular army under one of the consuls M. Porcius Cato. 195 BC - The Romans become involved in a war with Nabis of Sparta. 195 BC - Birth of the Roman comic dramatist Terence, in Carthage, North Africa. 194 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (second time) and Ti. Sempronius Longus. 194 BC - The censors are G. Cornelius Cethegus and S. Aelius Paetus Catus. 194 BC - (Spanish Wars) The Turdetani are finally defeated and reduced to submission by the praetor P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, but their Celtiberian allies carried on the war. 194 BC - Romans evacuate Greece and occupied parts of Macedonia. 194 BC - The foundation of Roman colonies at Puteoli and Tempsa. 193 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Merula and Q. Minucius Thermus. 192 BC - The consuls are L. Quinctius Flaminius and Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. 192 BC - (Syrian Wars) The Romans pass a declaration of war against King Antiochus III. 191BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica and Man. Acilius Glabrio. 191 BC - Defeat of the Boii by P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, son of Gn. Scipio and cousin of Scipio Africanus. The Boii drifted into the Danube regions, where one of their settlements became Bohemia. 191 BC - (Syrian Wars) The Roman consul Man. Acilius Glabrio embarks for Greece upon hearing of the advent of an army under the Syrian ruler King Antiochus the Great. He marched unopposed into Thessaly. Deciding upon safety, the King brought his army in retreat to the pass at Thermopylae. Taking a chance, a small force was detached under the ex-consul M. Porcius Cato, and it copied the tactics of King Xerxes against the Spartan stand, circumvented the army. Antiochus managed to get out the battle and escape, but only at the cost of the total destruction of that army. 191 BC - (Syrian Wars) The fleet of King Antiochus is defeated by the Romans off the island of Corycus. 191 BC - Rome conquers and annexes what becomes known as the province of Cisalpine Gaul. 191 BC - Rome becomes involved in a war with the Aetolians. 190 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and G. Laelius. 190 BC - (Syrian Wars) The fleet of King Antiochus is defeated in minor engagements at Side and Myonnesus. 190 BC - (Syrian Wars) An army under the command of King Antiochus III of Syria is defeated by Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Eumenes II of Pergamum at Magnesia. 189 BC - The consuls are Gn. Manlius Vulso and M. Fulvius Nobilior. 189 BC - The censors are T. Quinctius Flaminius and M. Claudius Marcellus. 189 BC - (Syrian Wars) Defeat of the army of Antiochus the Great at the battle of Magnesia ad Sipylum by a Roman army under Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus. This made Rome the dominant power in Asia Minor. 189 BC - The successor of L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, Gn. Manlius Vulso, began to campaign against the tribes of the eastern Gallic kingdom of Galatia, making victories which secured the coastline from their raids and created lasting benefits and prosperity on towns of the coasts. 189 BC - The Romans agree to peace with the Aetolians. 188 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla and G. Livius Salinator. 188 BC - Second evacuation of Roman troops from Greece. 188 BC - Full citizen rights are conferred upon the regions of Arpinum and Formiae. 187 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (first time) and G. Flaminius. 187 BC - Construction of the Via Aemilia Lepidi, which still exists today. 187 - 173 BC - The Ligurian Wars. 186 BC - The consuls are Sp. Postumius Albinus and Q. Marcius Phillipus. 186 BC - The Roman senate passes a decree, the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibs, which bans the Bacchic revelries. 186 BC - In an expedition against the Gallic Ligurians, the consul for the year Q. Marcius Phillipus, was killed along with his two legions in a pass named after him later on (Saltus Marcius). 185 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher M. Sempronius Tuditanus. 185 BC - (Spanish Wars) The Romans defeat and reconquer the Ebro valley, which was lost after the tribes of the valley rebelled. 185 BC - Birth of the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus, in Rome. 185 BC - Birth of the Roman playwright Terence. 184 BC - The consuls are P. Claudius Pulcher and L. Porcius Licinius. 184 BC - The censors are L. Valerius Flaccus and M. Porcius Cato. 184 BC - Death of the Roman comedy playwright Plautus. 184 BC - M. Porcius Cato the Elder is elected as censor, and is known afterwards as Cato the Censor. 184 BC - Construction of the first basilica, the Basilica Porcia in Rome. This is odd due to the fact a man who was famous for his dislike of the Greeks builds it in that Greek style. 184 BC - A Roman colony is established at Pisaurum in Umbria. 183 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Labeo and M. Claudius Marcellus. 183 BC - Death of the Roman general P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, in Laternium, Campania. 183 BC - Death of the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca, who poisons himself in order to avoid capture by the Romans. 182 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Paullus (first time) and Gn. Baebius Tamphilus. 181 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Cethegus and M. Baebius Tamphilus. 181 BC - L. Aemilius Paullus uses his army to force the tribe known as the Ingauni into submission to Rome. 181 BC - The Sardinians revolt after the Romans end the piracy of the Ligurians, but it is quickly put down by an expeditionary force sent to Sardinia. It is thought that they revolted because they were a part of the piracy. 181 BC - Founding of the city of Aquileia as a Latin colony. 180 BC - The consuls are A. Postumius Albinus and G. Calpurnius Piso. 180 BC - Birth of the Roman writer G. Lucillius, in the town of Suessa Aurunca, in Campania, Italy. 180 BC - The lex Villia annalis is passed by a tribune of the plebs L. Villius. It sets the ages at which a person may stand for magistracies in the senate and the amount of years between the holding of consecutive consulships (consulship 42, praetor 39, curule aedile 36, quaestor 25). 179 BC - The consuls are L. Manlius Acidinus and Q. Fulvius Flaccus. 179 BC - The censors are M. Aemilius Lepidus and M. Fulvius Nobilior. 179 BC - A new bridge into Rome is completed. It is the first stone bridge, and is called the pons Aemilius. 179 BC - A new basilica is built in Rome by L. Aemilius Lepidus to celebrate his consulship. It is called the Basilica Aemilia. 179 BC - Death of King Phillip V of Macedon. 178 BC - The consuls are A. Manlius Vulso and M. Junius Brutus. 178 BC - A military expedition by the Romans against the Istri occurs. 177 BC - The consuls are G. Claudius Pulcher and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (first time). 177 BC - The annexation of Istria into the empire is completed. 176 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Scipio Hispallus and Q. Petillius Spurius. 175 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (second time) and P. Mucius Scaevola. 174 BC - The consuls are Sp. Postumius Albinus and Q. Mucius Scaevola. 174 BC - The censors are A. Postumius Albinus and Q. Fulvius Flaccus. 174 BC - The Circus Maximus in Rome is rebuilt after suffering major structural damage. 173 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Albinus and M. Popillius Laenas. 172 BC - The consuls are P. Aelius Ligus and G. Popillius Laenas (first time). 171 BC - The consuls are G. Cassius Longinus and P. Licinius Crassus. 171 BC - Start of the Third Macedonian War. 171 BC - (Third Macedonian War) In cavalry action, King Perseus of Macedon entered into Thessaly and defeated an army under the consul P. Licinius Crassus. 170 BC - The consuls are A. Atilius Serranus and A. Hostilius Mancinus. 170 BC - Birth of the playwright Accius, in the town of Pisaurum, Umbria. 169 BC - The consuls are Gn. Servilius Caepio and Q. Marcius Phillipus. 169 BC - The consuls are G. Claudius Pulcher and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. 169 BC - (Third Macedonian War) A Roman consul, Q. Marcius Phillipus, made a long march across the shoulder of Mt. Olympus, and upon his mere appearance on Macedonian territory, King Perseus abandoned his entire frontier line. 169 BC - Death of the writer Quintus Ennius, who died of gout shortly after having finished his tragedy, Thyestes. He was 70 years old. 169 BC - The lex Voconia de milierum hereditatibus is passed. This law restricts the rights of women to inherit from wills. 168 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Paullus (second time) and G. Licinius Crassus. 168 BC - (Third Macedonian War) Battle of Pynda. A force of Romans under L. Aemilius Paullus, defeated a force of 20,000 men in phalanx formation. Perseus, King of Macedonia, was captured during the battle. 168 BC - Capture of the Illyrian chieftain Genthius, who had aided Perseus during the Third Macedonian War. 168 BC - The island of Delos is declared a free port. 168 BC - Polybius is brought to Rome as a hostage from Megalopolis in Greece, and is made a guest of Scipio Aemilianus. 167 BC - The consuls are Q. Aelius Paetus and M. Junius Pennus. 167 BC - Taxation of Roman citizens is abolished. Taxation now falls only upon allies, Italians and Latins. 166 BC - The consuls are G. Sulpicius Galba and M. Claudius Marcellus (first time). 166 - 159 BC - The production of Terence's comedies occurs in Rome. 166 BC - Death of King Perseus of Macedon, who (according to rumor) was executed by the Romans by being forced to go for a year without sleep. 165 BC - The consuls are T. Manlius Torquatus and Gn. Octavius. 165 BC - The independent Greek island state of Rhodes is granted a decree which entitles them to Friend and Ally of the Roman People status. 164 BC - The consuls are A. Manlius Torquatus and Q. Cassius Longinus. 164 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Paullus and Q. Marcius Philippus. 163 BC - The consuls are Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (second time) and M. Juventius Thalna. 163 BC - Birth of the tribune of the plebs and demagogue Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. 162 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (first time) and G. Marcius Figulus (first time). 161 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla and G. Fannius Strabo. 160 BC - The consuls are M. Cornelius Cethegus and L. Anicius Gallus. 160? BC - Birth of Gaius Sempronius Gracchus to Cornelia (later known as Mother of the Gracchi). 160 BC - Birth of Jugurtha, later the King of Numidia. 159 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Dolabella and M. Furius Nobilior. 159 BC - The censors are P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum and M. Popillius Laenas. 159 BC - Death of the Roman comic dramatist Terence, who either died of illness in Greece or drowned in a shipwreck on his way back to Rome from Greece. 159 BC - The first Roman amphitheater is built in Rome by the Pontifex Maximus G. Scribonius Curio. 158 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus and G. Popilius Laenas (second time). 157 BC - The consuls are Sex. Julius Caesar and L. Aurelius Cotta. 157 BC - The Roman general, statesman and sextuple consul, Gaius Marius, is born in the town of Arpinum. 156 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus and G. Marcius Figulus (second time). 155 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (second time) and M. Claudius Marcellus (second time). 155 BC - A Roman force clears the coast and slightly inland of Dalmatia, making it into a new province. 154 BC - The consuls are L. Postumius Albinus and Q. Opimius. 154 BC - The censors are M. Valerius Messalla and G. Cassius Longinus. 154 - 133 BC - The Second Spanish Wars. 154 BC - (Second Spanish War) The Turdetani and Celtiberians rebel again and attack the Roman garrisons stationed in the Spanish provinces. 154 BC - (Second Spanish War) The Celtiberian raiders mount an invasion of the province of Further Spain. 154 BC - The King of Cyrene, Ptolemy VII Euergetes Physcon, made his will, in which he promised that upon his death his kingdom would be bequeathed upon Rome. 154 BC - The Romans defeat the Oxybian Ligures in a pitched battle. 154 BC - The road, the via Cassia, is built. 153 BC - The consuls are T. Annius Luscus and Q. Fulvius Nobilior. 152 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Flaccus and M. Claudius Marcellus (third time). 151 BC - The consuls are A. Postumius Albinus and L. Licinius Lucullus. 151 BC - (Second Spanish War) The Roman general Scipio Aemilianus defeats a Spanish chieftain who had challenged him to single combat. 151 BC - (Second Spanish War) The Spanish tribe known as the Lusitanians defeat an army under the praetor Ser. Sulpicius Galba in Further Spain. 151 BC - (Second Spanish War) The Roman general L. Licinius Lucullus attacks and captures the town of Cauca, of the tribe known as the Vaccaei. After the town surrenders, he indiscriminately massacred some of the townsfolk. 151 BC - Carthage declares war on King Masinissa of Numidia. 150 BC - The consuls are T. Quinctius Flaminius and M. Acilius Balbus. 150 BC - (Second Spanish War) L. Licinius Lucullus went to the aid of Ser. Sulpicius Galba, and inflicted such a defeat on the Lusitanians that they were forced to surrender and accept any terms set by the Romans. 150 BC - Fourth Macedonian War. Started under an adventurer who claimed to be a son of King Perseus, called Andriscus. 149 BC - The consuls are Man. Manlius and L. Marcius Censorinus. 149 BC - King Prusias of Bithynia is deposed from his throne by King Attalus II of Pergamum. The son of Prusias is put on the throne to become the first King Nicomedes. This is the last royal dynasty to rule over Bithynia. 149 - 147/46 BC - The Third Punic War. The end of the war came with the destruction of Carthage, which, thanks to the lobbying of M. Porcius Cato, was destroyed and its site was sown with salt. 149 BC - The work by the Roman writer, philosopher and statesman Cato the Censor, the Origines is published. It is a history of Rome up until that point in time. 149 BC - A lex Calpurnia is passed, which establishes a permanent de repetundis. 148 BC - The consuls are Sp. Postumius Albinus Magnus and L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus. 148 BC - End of Fourth Macedonian War, which ended with the defeat of Andriscus by Q. Caecilius Metellus (later Macedonicus) and subsequently executed in Thrace. 147 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (first time) and G. Livius Drusus. 147 BC - The censors are L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus and L. Marcius Censorinus. 147 BC - Seeing the futility of their efforts to keep peace and stability in Macedonia, it is annexed into the empire as a province. 146 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus and L. Mummius Achaicus. 146 BC - The Romans defeat Carthage, capture the city, raze it to the ground and sow salt into the ground to make sure no-one ever lives there again. 146 BC - (Second Spanish War) The tribe of the Lusitanians gain an able leader named Viriathus, who organizes constant successful guerrilla raids and ambushes on Roman forces. 146 BC - Achaean War under L. Mummius, which is very brief with one battle near Corinth. In anger at their participation in the battle, Mummius ordered the city of Corinth to be razed to the ground. 146 BC - The Achaean League is destroyed and its members dissolved. 146 BC - The newly acquired region of Greece is constituted into the new Roman province of Achaea. 146 BC - Africa becomes a province of the Roman Empire. 146 BC - The senate publishes a set of regulations known as the leges provinciae, which were basically constitutions and laws for each province. 146 BC - The first Roman temple to be built from marble, the temple of Jupiter Strator, is dedicated by Q. Metellus (unknown, but probably Metellus Macedonicus). 145 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Aemilianus and L. Hostilius Mancinus. 144 BC - The consuls are Ser. Sulpicius Galba and L. Aurelius Cotta. 144 BC - The aqueduct Aqua Marcia is built. 143 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. 143 BC - (Second Spanish War) The successes of the Lusitanians under Viriathus encourages the Celtiberians, who revolt against the Romans. 143 - 142 BC - (Second Spanish War) The consul Q. Caecilius Metellus led a massive campaign in which the Celtiberians were defeated a succession of times and driven from the field in the Nearer Spain province. 142 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus and L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus. 142 BC - The censors are P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus and L. Mummius Achaicus. 141 BC - The consuls are Gn. Servilius Caepio and Q. Pompeius. 141 BC - (Second Spanish War) The Lusitanian/Celtiberian rebels under Viriathus forced the consul Q. Fabius Maximus Servillianus into a hopeless position, in which he is forced to sign a treaty. 140 BC - The consuls are Q. Servilius Caepio and G. Laelius Sapiens. 140 BC - (Second Spanish War) The replacement in Spain for Fabius, Q. Servilius Caepio, broke the treaty with the Lusitanians. Caepio was defeated, but went further in the depth of his treachery, and paid the agents of Viriathus to murder their chief. Without a leader, the Lusitanians submitted to Rome. 140 BC - The tragic playwright, L. Accius, has his first play, Atreus, performed in Rome. 140 BC - The philosophy, Stoicism, is introduced to Rome. 140 BC - Birth of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great. 139 BC - The consuls are Gn. Calpurnius Piso and M. Popillius Laenas. 139 BC - (Second Spanish War) The land of Lusitania is annexed into the Roman Spanish province. 138 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio and D. Junius Brutus Callicus. 138 BC - Birth of the Roman general and dictator L. Cornelius Sulla in Rome. 137 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus Porcina and G. Hostilius Mancinus. 137 BC - (Second Spanish War) The replacement for Servilius Caepio in Spain, D. Junius Brutus, raided further into enemy territory, sacking small villages and hamlets as he went. 136 BC - The consuls are L. Furius Philus and Sex. Atilius Serranus. 136 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and Quintus Fulvius Nobilior. 135 BC - The consuls are Q. Calpurnius Piso and Ser. Fulvius Flaccus. 135? BC - Birth of the tribune of the plebs L. Appuleius Saturninus, somewhere in Picenum. 135? BC - Birth of the historian Posidonius of Rhodes. 134 BC - The consuls are G. Fulvius Flaccus and P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (second time). 134 BC - (Second Spanish War) P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, the famed destroyer of Carthage, gathers together a force of Romans and client kingdom troops amounting to 60,000, and uses them to blockade the stronghold of Numantia by surrounding the city with seven camps and a line of fortifications between the camps. This is known as circumvallation, and Caesar uses it later in the siege of Alesia. 133 BC - The consuls are L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi and P. Mucius Scaevola. 133 BC - Slave revolts in Sicily. 133 BC - King Attalus of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom to Rome in a will upon his death. The Romans ignore this bequest until it claimed by a pretender named Aristonicus. 133 BC - (Second Spanish War) The stronghold of Numantia capitulates due to hunger. They were treated badly by their conqueror, P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, who completely destroyed the city in the fashion of Carthage and sold the entire population into slavery. This event marks the end of the Spanish Wars, and though there were minor rebellions, the peninsula stayed relatively peaceful until the start of the Sertorian Wars. 133 BC - After opposing the legislation of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, a fellow tribune named Octavius was voted out of office by Gracchus. This was a precedent in Roman history, as Gracchus was the first tribune to do this. 133 BC - Death of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus after the passing of his land bills. The consular P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, who was an ardent opponent of Gracchus's legislation and methods, clubbed him to death. 132 BC - The consuls are P. Popillius Laenas and Publius Rupilius. 132 BC - The first servile war breaks out in Sicily. 131 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Flaccus and P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus. 131 BC - The censors are Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus and Q. Pompeius. 131 BC - A new set of laws, passed by the tribune G. Papirius Carbo, the leges tabellariae, enacted secret balloting in Rome for the first time. 130 BC - The consuls are G. Sempronius Tuditanus and Man. Aquillius. 130 BC - The Roman general M. Perperna defeats the army of Aristonicus, who was trying to secure the Pergamene throne by force of arms. 129 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus and M. Perperna. 129 BC - Annexation of the Roman Asia Province. 129 BC - The province of Illyria is annexed into the Empire. 129 BC - Death of the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus, who died in unknown circumstances in Rome. He is said to have been poisoned due to his opposition to Ti. Gracchus. It is unknown who did it if it was poison, but even Gracchus's sister Sempronia and his mother Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, were accused. 128 BC - The consuls are T. Annius Rufus and Gn. Octavius. 128 BC - The Roman governor Man. Aquillius sells the territory of Phrygia to King Mithridates V of Pontus and takes the money for himself. 127 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna and L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla. 126 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Aurelius Orestes. 125 BC - The consuls are M. Fulvius Flaccus and M. Plautius Hypsaeus. 125 BC - The censors are Gn. Servilius Caepio and L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla. 125 BC - The Latin Rights colony of Fregellae revolts, and is brutally repressed. The Romans sack the town, and its population is partly massacred and the rest is sold into slavery. 125 BC - The northwest border of the Empire is established by the Romans in Cisalpine Gaul. 125 BC - M. Fulvius Flaccus, an adherent of the ideals of G. Sempronius Gracchus, proposes a bill to enfranchise the Latin citizens of Italy. 124 BC - The consuls are G. Cassius Longinus and G. Sextius Calvinus. 124 BC - The tribes of the Allobroges and Arverni are attacked by the Romans, beginning a war not ended until the arrival of Q. Fabius Maximus (later nicknamed Allobrogicus) and Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. 124 BC - Birth of the future tribune M. Livius Drusus. 124 BC - Birth of the future tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus. 123 BC - The consuls are T. Quinctius Flaminius and Q. Caecilius Metellus Balaericus. 123-2 BC - Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus, in which the Senatus consultum ultimum de res publica defendenda is passed (otherwise known as the Senatus Consultum Ultimum, was the ultimate decree, used only in times of crisis). 123 BC - The Romans, under Q. Caecilius Metellus, subjugate the Balearic Isles into the Empire. Metellus is given the nickname Balericus. 123 BC - Birth of the Roman rebel General Q. Sertorius, in the town of Nersia, Sabini. 123 BC - The tribune of the plebs G. Sempronius Gracchus passes a bill which makes the senate separate from the Ordo Equester, or the knights. 122 BC - The consuls are Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and G. Fannius. 122/21 BC - The Gallic tribe of the Arverni are subjugated by the Roman general Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. 122 BC - After passing a law in the plebeian assembly, G. Gracchus eliminates most unemployment by engaging the unemployed in building roads. 122 BC - A new city, Colonia Junonia, is ordered to be built on the site of old Carthage. It only lasts 30 years. 122 BC - For the first time, the juries of the courts are taken off of senators and given to the knights of the ordo Equester. 121 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus and L. Opimius. 121 BC - Death of Gaius Gracchus, who was murdered in the grove of Furrina, near Rome by a mob lead by the consul L. Opimius. 121 BC - Annexation of southern Gaul, known as the province of Gallia Narbonesis. 121 BC - A road, the via Domitia, is built after the conquests of Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and it runs along the coastline of Italy and southern Gaul. 120 BC - The consuls are G. Papirius Carbo and P. Manilius. 120 BC - The censors are Q. Caecilius Metellus Baliarus and L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi. 119 BC - The consuls are L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus. 119 BC - Tribunate of G. Marius under the patronage of the Caecilii Metellii clan. 118 BC - The consuls are Q. Marcius Rex and M. Porcius Cato. 118 BC - Death of the Greek historian Polybius. 118 - 117 BC - Roman armies are engaged in active campaigns in the lands known as Dalmatia. 118 BC - A colony is established at the top of Spain to become the future important trading town of Narbo. 117 BC - The consuls are L. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus and Q. Mucius Scaevola. 116 BC - The consuls are Q. Fabius Maximus Eburnus and G. Licinius Geta. 116 BC - Birth of the Roman satirist and scholar Marcus Terentius Varro, in the city of Reate, Italy. 115 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Scaurus and M. Caecilius Metellus. 115 BC - The censors are L. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus and Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 115 BC - Mithridates of Pontus is crowned as king of Pontus. 115 BC - M. Aemilius Scaurus (later Princeps Senatus) is elected as consul. 114 BC - The consuls are Man. Acilius Balbus and G. Porcius Cato. 114 BC - The Thracian tribe known as the Scordisci defeat an army under the consul G. Porcius Cato, and extend their raids as far as Delphi in Greece. 114 BC - A bad omen is encountered in the death of a Vestal Virgin, after she is struck by lightning. 113 BC - The consuls are Gn. Papirius Carbo and G. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius. 113 BC - The Land Commission of Gaius Gracchus is dissolved. 113 BC - The migration of the Germans begins. The Germans defeat a Roman army under the general Gn. Papirius Carbo at the battle of Noreia. 113 & 112 BC - The consuls of the two years, Q. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius and M. Livius Drusus, both campaign against the Scordisci, eventually pushing them back beyond the Danube River. 112 BC - The consuls are L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and M. Livius Drusus. 112 BC - Start of the Jugurthine War when King Jugurtha of Numidia sacks the capital Cirta, killing all Roman and Italian citizens living there. 111 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio and L. Calpurnius Bestia. 110 BC - The consuls are Sp. Postumius Albinus and M. Minucius Rufus. 110 BC - (Jugurthine War) The brother of the general Sp. Postumius Albinus, A. Postumius Albinus, uses his brother's army to attack the treasure-filled stronghold of Suthul, in which his constant futile attempts gained no advantage. 110 BC - (Jugurthine War) Brother of the general Sp. Postumius Albinus, A. Postumius Albinus, is forced to surrender after being defeated by Jugurtha in a pitched battle. The survivors are allowed to return to Rome after being made to 'pass beneath the yoke'. 110 BC - (Jugurthine War) There is a special court set up under the tribune G. Mamilius called the 'Mamilian Commission'. It is set up to try those commanders accused of incompetence in the war or with being bought by Jugurtha. The first general of the war L. Calpurnius Bestia, the leader of the initial peace delegation L. Opimius and the current general Sp. Postumius Albinus were all convicted and sent into exile with a large portion of their fortunes confiscated. 110 BC - Birth of the Roman statesman and triumvir M. Licinius Crassus. 109 BC - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus and M. Junius Silanus. 109 BC - The censors are M. Aemilius Scaurus and M. Livius Drusus. 109 BC - (Jugurthine War) The consul Q. Caecilius Metellus is appointed as the new commander in the Jugurthine War. 109 BC - (Jugurthine War) The consul Q. Caecilius Metellus captures the capital city, Cirta, in lesser Africa. 109 BC - After continuously being denied the right to leave to contest the consular elections by Metellus, he is finally let go 12 days before the election. Metellus did this to prevent Marius from becoming consul, as he did not think Marius could make it from Africa to Rome in time to contest the election. Not only did Marius make it, but he was elected as junior consul for that year. He is the first of his gens to become consul. 109 BC - Sent to face the Germanic invaders, the consul D. Junius Silanus marches with an army. After diplomatic talks, the Germans made requests for land and pay in order that they be enlisted as mercenaries to fight for Rome. They were refused, and the Germans felt this was an insult, and attacked and smashed through his army, killing almost all of his army, estimated at about eight legions. 109 BC - Birth of the knight T. Pomponius Atticus in Rome. 108 BC - The consuls are Ser. Sulpicius Galba and L. Hortensius. 108 BC - The censors are Q. Fabius Maximus Eburnus and G. Licinius Getha. 108 BC - (Jugurthine War) First consulship of Gaius Marius, who is given command in war against Jugurtha. So devoid of troops is Italy, that Marius ignores tradition and enlists the Head Count of Rome. This is the first time non-propertied men have been given the chance to serve in the legions. 108 - 101? - G. Marius makes reforms in the army. He abolishes the old ranks of hastati, principes, triarii, replacing them with the ordinary legionary. He also replaced the old hasta style long throwing spear in favor of the new pilum. The cohort replaced the old tactical unit of the maniple, and the old vexillium, or flag/banner, was replaced by the famous standard of the legions, the silver eagle. This was for those in the legions that were illiterate. He also renovated the pila spears, using a wedge system so that the spear shaft would break after being thrown to prevent them from being thrown back at the Romans. 108 BC - (Jugurthine War) Angered at the lack of recruits, G. Marius drafts his new army from the proletarii, or poor citizens, of Rome. 108 BC - Birth of the Roman conspirator L. Sergius Catalina. 107 BC - The consuls are L. Cassius Longinus and G. Marius (first time). 107 BC - The consul L. Cassius Longus is defeated by the Tigurini near Tolosa. 107 BC - The battle of Burdigala against the German hordes occurs under the general L. Cassius Longinus. It is a rout, and almost the entire army is annihilated. 107 BC - (Jugurthine War) G. Marius campaigns in Africa, and after small skirmishes he captured Jugurtha's southernmost stronghold Capsa, after which he leveled the city to the ground. 107 BC - (Jugurthine War) In command of his full army, G. Marius reduces other Numidian fortresses, including the fortress at Muluccha, which was the chief treasure-house of Jugurtha. 106 BC - The consuls are Q. Servilius Caepio and G. Atilius Serranus. 106 BC - (Jugurthine War) King Jugurtha is betrayed by his brother-in-law King Bocchus of Mauretania. He is captured by the quaestor of Marius, L. Cornelius Sulla. 106 BC - Birth of Pompey the Great, in Picenum. 106 BC - Birth of M. Tullius Cicero, in the town of Arpinum, Latium. 106 BC - After camping in the city of Tolosa, the general Q. Servilius Caepio and his army discover an enormous haul of gold, put there by the Gauls after they sacked the temples of Greece under King Brennus. It comes to be known as the Gold of Tolosa. It is sent to Rome by wagon-train, but it is ambushed and the gold is stolen. It is believed that Caepio organized the ambush in order to keep the gold for himself. 105 BC - The consuls are Gn. Mallius Maximus and P. Rutilius Rufus. 105 BC - The armies of Q. Servilius Caepio and Gn. Mallius Maximus were annihilated by the Germanic hordes moving towards Italy. 104 BC - The consuls are G. Flavius Fimbria and G. Marius (second time). 104 BC - (Jugurthine War) Death of King Jugurtha of Numidia, who was executed after walking in Marius's triumphal parade. 104 BC - A new revolt breaks out in Sicily. 104 BC - The Roman tragic playwright L. Accius has his play, Tereus, performed in Rome. 104 BC - G. Marius is elected as consul for the second time. 104 BC - The lex Domitia de sacerdotiis is passed, removing the co-opting of new pontifexes and augurs from the members and putting up the positions for election for the first time in Roman history. 103 BC - The consuls are L. Aurelius Orestes and G. Marius (third term). 103 BC - Death of the Roman writer G. Lucillius, in the city of Neapolis, Italy. 103 BC - The tribune of the plebs L. Appuleius Saturninus passes the lex Appuleia de maiestate, which is meant to be 'minor treason', and is used to secure convictions of incompetent generals. 103 BC - The patrician consular Q. Servilius Caepio is convicted of stealing the Gold of Tolosa by a special court set up by a tribune named Gn. Servilius Glaucia (no relation to Caepio). There are stories of a testimony from a witness, King Copilius, who supposedly witnessed the theft. 102 BC - The consuls are Q. Lutatius Catulus and G. Marius (fourth time). 102 BC - The censors G. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius and Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus. 102 - 101 BC - Marius proceeds to defeat the German Cimbri and Teutones with Q. Lutatius Catulus Caesar, at the battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae. 102 BC - The second servile war breaks out in Sicily. 101 BC - The consuls are Man. Aquilius and G. Marius (fifth time). 101 BC - The governor of Macedonia, T. Didius, gained victories over the Scordisci and ensured a fairly durable peace. 101 BC - The proconsul Man. Aquillius is sent to deal with the slave war in Sicily. 101 BC - The senate issues a decree that all free states are to help in the eradication of piracy. 101 BC - The fifth consulship of G. Marius. 101 - 99 BC - The tribunate of L. Appuleius Saturninus. 101 BC - Cilicia is annexed as a province of Rome. 100 BC - The consuls are L. Valerius Flaccus and G. Marius (sixth time). 100 BC - The riots of Saturninus. 100 BC - The sixth consulship of G. Marius. 100 BC - After the riots of Saturninus, he and his confederate G. Servilius Glaucia and others are imprisoned in the senate house. During the night, a group of young senators climb the roof and pelt the prisoners with tiles from the roof, killing them all. 100 BC - Birth of the Roman general, dictator and statesman Julius Caesar in Rome. His parents are Aurelia Cotta and G. Julius Caesar. 100 BC - The Sicilian slave war is ended and the commander, Man. Aquillius, is given an ovation for his victory. 99 BC - The consuls are A. Postumius Albinus and M. Antonius. 99 BC - Birth of Roman poet Lucretius. 98 BC - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos and T. Didius. 98 BC - A revolt in Lusitania occurs. 97 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus and P. Licinius Crassus. 97 BC - The censors are L. Valerius Flaccus and M. Antonius. 97 BC - The proconsul, Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, conquers the island of Crete. 97 BC - L. Cornelius Sulla is elected as a praetor. 96 BC - The consuls are G. Cassius Longinus and Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. 96 BC - The last Ptolemy ruler of Cyrenacia dies, and it is made over to Rome as in the previous will of Ptolemy VII Euergetes Physcon (his last name, Physcon, roughly means "Gross Belly"). 96 BC - Sulla is sent to Cappadocia to place King Ariobarzanes on the throne after he was deposed by King Mithridates of Pontus. 95 BC - The consuls are L. Licinius Crassus and Q. Mucius Scaevola. 95 BC - Tigranes becomes the king of Armenia after spending his youth as a hostage of King Mithridates II of the Parthians. 95 BC - Birth of Cato the Younger in Rome. 94 BC - The consuls are G. Coelius Caldus and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus. 93 BC - The consuls are G. Valerius Flaccus and M. Herennius. 93 BC - Birth of Publius Clodius Pulcher, in Rome. 93 BC - T. Didius, victor over the Scordisci, completes a victory over the Celtiberians in Spain. 92 BC - The consuls are G. Claudius Pulcher and M. Perperna. 92 BC - The censors are Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and L. Licinius Crassus. 92 BC - The censors are Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and L. Licinius Crassus. 92 BC - The censor L. Licinius Crassus begins to farm fish on his estates and grows fond of one of them. When this fish died, he donned the toga pulla (mourning toga) for a whole month. 91 BC - The consuls are Sex. Julius Caesar and L. Marcius Phillipus. 91 BC - Second Sicilian Slave war ended by Roman general Manius Aquillius. 91 BC - The tribunate of the reformer M. Livius Drusus, who is the son of the man who opposed the Gracchi. 91 BC - The tribune of the plebs M. Livius Drusus tries to legislate for total Italian franchise. He is brutally murdered, thus starting the Social War. 91 BC - The Italian city of Asculum massacres its Roman citizens and prepares for Roman reprisals. 91 - 83 BC - The Italian/Social War. 90 BC - The consuls are L. Julius Caesar and P. Rutilius Lupus. 90 BC - (Italian War) The legate Gn. Pompeius Strabo creates a blockade around the city of Asculum. 90 BC - (Italian War) The consul L. Julius Caesar passes a law, the lex Julia de civitate Latinus et sociis danda, which gives the citizenship to those Italians who had not taken up arms against Rome. This is to consolidate the loyalty of those Italian states that remain loyal. 89 BC - The consuls are Gn. Pompeius Strabo and Lucius Porcius Cato Licinianus. 89 BC - The censors are L. Julius Caesar and P. Licinius Crassus. 89 BC - (Italian War) The Roman commander defeats an Italian army outside the city of Nola. He fights in the front lines, and he is able to save his army. The soldiers of his army then award him the corona murialis (grass crown). 89 BC - (Italian War) The Roman general Gn. Pompeius Strabo captures the city of Corfinium (renamed Italica), the capital of what was to become known as a new state of Italia. 89 BC - (Italian War) The Roman commander L. Cornelius Sulla captures the rebel Italian city of Bovianum Vetus, the old capital of Samnium, which was the new parliamentary center after the fall of Corfinium. 89 BC - (Italian War) After a group of feints with a Roman army of 75,000 and an Italian army of 60,000, the consul Gn. Pompeius Strabo lays siege to Asculum and by the end of the year captures it. 88 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Sulla (first time) and Q. Pompeius Rufus. 88 BC - (Italian War) The Roman general Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius met and defeated the army of the Italian Q. Pompaedius Silo, who was killed after the battle. 88 BC - The proconsul Man. Aquillius invades the Pontic territories with the militia of Asia Province and the army of King Nicomedes of Bithynia. This invasion is only started to enrich Aquillius. The army is quickly defeated and Aquillius is captured. To cure his greed, King Mithridates executed him by pouring molten gold down his throat. 88 BC - King Mithridates of Pontus invades Greece and issues an edict that all Romans and Italians are to be killed. The number of dead reaches about 110,000 people. 88 BC - L. Cornelius Sulla marches upon Rome, the first in history to do so. 88 BC - Tribunate of P. Sulpicius Rufus, who proposes the command of the Mithridatic War be given to Marius and tries to pass a law for cancellation of debt. 88 BC - Death of the tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus, in the city of Lavinium, in Latium, after he was made a public enemy, apprehended and executed. His head was placed upon a spear and placed in the Forum Romanum. 87 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna (first time) and Gn. Octavius Ruso. 87 - 86 BC - Marius marches on Rome with L. Cornelius Cinna, and after a short battle, he occupied Rome. Marius and Cinna are made joint consuls. Then he and Cinna embark on a series of proscriptions and institute a Terror on the city of Rome, although Marius is the main perpetrator. This ceased when Marius died of a third and fatal stroke in 86, during his seventh consulship. The senate, in the person of the remaining consul Gn. Octavius Ruso, surrendered to Marius and Cinna. Octavius was later executed in the bloodbath, one of the first to do so. 87 BC - (First Mithridatic War) Start of the First Mithridatic War, under the command of L. Cornelius Sulla. 86 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna (second time) and G. Marius (seventh time). 86 BC - The censors are L. Marcius Philippus and M. Perperna. 86 BC - (First Mithridatic War) The city of Athens is captured by L. Cornelius Sulla and his army, and is subsequently sacked. 86 BC - (First Mithridatic War) The battle of Lake Orchomenos, in which L. Cornelius Sulla defeats a larger army of Mithridates under the general Archelaus. This is a turning point in the war for Mithridates, who reels from the Roman attacks. 86 BC - (First Mithridatic War) L. Cornelius Sulla defeats the armies of King Mithridates of Pontus (being commanded by one of his generals, Archelaus) at the battle of Chaeroneia. 86 BC - Death of the playwright Accius. 86? BC - Birth of the Roman historian G. Sallustius Crispus, in the town of Amiternum, Samnium, in Italy. 86 BC - The orator M. Tullius Cicero completes his first work on rhetoric, De Inventione Rhetorica. 85 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna (third time) and Gn. Papirius Carbo (first time). 85 BC - (First Mithridatic War) The consul appointed to fight against Mithridates, L. Valerius Flaccus, is murdered by his legatus G. Flavius Fimbria. He then went on to attack the Greek cities of Asia who had supported Mithridates. 85 BC - (First Mithridatic War) The mutineer G. Flavius Fimbria attacks a reserve army of Mithridates and defeats them, and then appeals to the legatus of Sulla, L. Licinius Lucullus, for aid in capturing the king, but he is refused. If Lucullus had agreed, the king would have been captured, the war would have been over and there would have been no further wars with Pontus. 85 BC - (First Mithridatic War) The now defeated King Mithridates meets with Sulla and signs the treaty of Dardanus. Once this is signed, Sulla caught up with the army of Fimbria. They deserted to Sulla en masse, and Fimbria took his own life. 84 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Cinna (fourth time) and Gn. Papirius Carbo (second time). 84 BC - L. Cornelius Cinna is murdered. 84 BC - The new citizens enfranchised by the lex Julia, lex Pompeia and lex Papiria are redistributed throughout all thirty-five tribes of Rome. 84 BC - Birth of the Roman poet G. Valerius Catallus, in the town of Verona in Cisalpine Gaul. 84 BC - Julius Caesar is married to the daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, Cornelia. He is 16 years old, while she is 8 years old. 83 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and G. Norbanus. 83 BC - The Roman governor of Spain and future triumvir M. Licinius Crassus Dives joins forces with Sulla. 83-82 BC - (Civil War) L. Cornelius Sulla lands in Italy at the port city of Brundisium, and wages a civil war against the remaining Marian forces. 83 BC - (Civil War) Many of those who are opposed to the Marians or are by friendship for Sulla flock to join him. These include Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, M. Licinius Crassus and his most valuable recruit the son of the consul Gn. Pompeius Strabo, Gn. Pompeius (later Magnus), who brings his an army of his father's clients for the use of Sulla. 83 BC - While Sulla is involved in Italy, a general named L. Licinius Murena, starts up a war against Mithridates. 83 BC - (Second Mithridatic War) 82 BC - The consuls are Gn. Papirius Carob (third time) and G. Marius Junior. 82 BC - (Civil War) The battle of Clusium, which is indecisive occurs under the Marian general Gn. Papirius Carbo against L. Cornelius Sulla. 82 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Faventia, in which the Sullan general Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius defeated the army of Gn. Papirius Carbo. 82 BC - (Second Mithridatic War) After suffering defeats by Mithridates, Murena is recalled to Rome on the pretext of celebrating a triumph. L. Cornelius Sulla and Mithridates agree a new peace treaty. 82 BC - (Civil War) Gn. Papirius Carbo flees to Sicily, where he is captured by the Sullan general Gn. Pompeius Magnus and executed in the town of Lilybaeum. 82 BC - Birth of the triumvir M. Antonius. 82 BC - (Civil War) L. Cornelius Sulla is victorious at the battle of the Coline Gate at Rome, defeating the Marian forces as well as contingent of Samnites who had joined the Marians to march on Rome. 82 BC - (Civil War) The town of Praeneste, garrisoned by the army of G. Marius the younger, surrenders. Marius the younger is later found dead in the sewers after trying to escape through them. He committed suicide. 81 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Dolabella and M. Tullius Decula. 81 BC - L. Cornelius Sulla assumes the position of dictator. He makes changes to the constitution, including the removal of the tribunician veto. He also adopts the title of Felix (the lucky). 81 BC - (Civil War) The Sullan general Gn. Pompeius Magnus captures Africa province, which is still under Marian control at this point under general Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. This is an important victory, as it ensures the food supply to the empire. 81 BC - Julius Caesar is forced to divorce his wife by Sulla, but he refuses and flees to Asia and joins in the campaign against Mithridates. 81 - 79 BC - Sulla make amendments to the constitution. He creates the following standing courts: de repetundis (extortion), de maiestate (treason), de ambitu (electoral bribery), de sicariis et veneficiis (murder and poisoning), de peculatu (peculation), de iniuria (assault) and de falsis (fraud). A later amendment in 78 BC in a lex Plautia established a de vi (violence) court. He set the number of provinces, as well as which provinces should be assigned to consulars and which to praetors. He also set up proscriptions on his enemies and rich knights, as he was known to have a vendetta against the Ordo Equester. 81 BC - As dictator, L. Cornelius Sulla appoints Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius as Pontifex Maximus. It is thought that this was a cruel joke by Sulla, as Metellus Pius is said to have suffered from a bad stammer. 81 BC - (Second Mithridatic War) The second Mithridatic war comes to an end. King Mithridates is successful. 80 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Sulla (second time) and Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius. 80 BC - The start of the Sertorian War under Q. Sertorius, one of the remaining Marian generals. 80 BC - G. Julius Caesar goes with an army under L. Licinius Lucullus to suppress a revolt at the city of Mitylene on the island of Lesbos. He is awarded the corona civica (oak crown) for saving a cohort from destruction. 80 BC - M. Tullius Cicero has his first major case defending Sex. Roscius against the proscriptions of Sulla. He wins, and publishes the trial as Pro Sextius Roscius Amerino. 79 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus. 79 BC - (Italian War) The city of Nola finally surrenders and the city is razed to the ground. 79 BC - The ex-consul P. Servilius Vatia is given the governorship of Cilicia and given as long as is necessary to defeat the pirate menace. 79 BC - L. Cornelius Sulla resigns the dictatorship. 79 BC - (Italian War) The fanatical rebel city of Volaterrae is finally captured after it is starved to death. 78 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus and Q. Lutatius Catulus. 78 BC - Death of L. Cornelius Sulla, in a villa outside the city of Puteoli. 78 BC - The ex-consul P. Servilius Vatia begins a widespread attack on land and sea against the pirates in Lycia. 78 BC - Julius Caesar joins P. Servilius Vatia in his campaigns against the pirates, raising a fleet for him. 77 BC - The consuls are Mam. Aemilius Lepidus Livianus and D. Junius Brutus. 77 BC - The revolt of the anti-Sullan consul M. Aemilius Lepidus. He is eventually brought to battle by the other consul, Q. Lutatius Catulus, and is routed in a battle near the Quirinal hill at Rome. 77 BC - Julius Caesar conducts his first trial. He prosecutes the governor of Macedonia, Gn. Cornelius Dolabella Minor. He is unsuccessful, but his advocacy is brilliant. 77 BC - (Sertorian War) The remnants of the defeated army of the rebel Lepidus join the forces of Q. Sertorius in Spain. 77 BC - (Sertorian War) Reinforcements for the governor of Spain, Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, are sent under an equal ranking commander, Gn. Pompeius (later Magnus). 76 BC - The consuls are Gn. Octavius and G. Scribonius Curio. 76 BC - (Sertorian War) Metellus Pius inflicts a minor defeat on the Sertorian lieutenant L. Hirtuleius. 76 BC - P. Servilius Vatia ejects the pirates from Pamphylia, destroying the stronghold of a pirate admiral known as Zenecities. 76 BC - The tribunes of the plebs begin to actively agitate for the full restoration of the powers of the tribunes of the plebs. 75 BC - The consuls are G. Aurelius Cotta and L. Octavius. 75 BC - (Sertorian War) The Roman general Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius annihilates the army of the Sertorian lieutenant Lucius Hirtuleius at the Battle of Segovia. 75/74 BC - The kingdom of Bithynia is bequeathed to Rome in the will of King Nicomedes III. Rome accepts this, and immediately encounters threats and opposition from Mithridates of Pontus, who claims that the kingdom belongs to the daughter of Nicomedes, Nysa, who is a hostage of Mithridates. 75 BC - (Sertorian War) The Roman general Gn. Pompeius Magnus is defeated in a battle with Q. Sertorius near the River Sucro and later enters an indecisive battle near the town of Saguntum. 75 BC - Travelling to Rhodes to study rhetoric, G. Julius Caesar is captured by pirates. During his stay, he often jokes about coming back to crucify them when he is released. When he is released, he hires a fleet from Rhodes and captures the pirates and orders them crucified. 75 BC - P. Servilius Vatia campaigns inland to stretch the borders of Cilicia in order to move against the remainder of the pirate castles. He is ready to move in the next year, when he is recalled to Rome following the outbreak of the Second Mithridatic War. When he returns to Rome, he is given a new nickname and is known as P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus for his victories over the tribe known as the Isauri. 75 BC - After L. Cornelius Sulla made the tribunes of the plebs impotent, he also made it so that an ex-tribune could not hold higher magistracies. The consul G. Aurelius Cotta repealed this measure in this year. 74 BC - The consuls are M. Aurelius Cotta and L. Licinius Lucullus. 74-71 BC - Start of the Third Mithridatic War under L. Licinius Lucullus. 74 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) The senator (later dictator) G. Julius Caesar leaves Rhodes, where he is studying rhetoric, after hearing about an undetected Pontic army under King Mithridates in the Roman Asia province. After arriving there, he raises a private army from the militia of Asia province and defeats the Pontic army near the town of Tralles. 74 BC - (Sertorian War) The minor successes of Sertorius force Metellus Pius and Pompeius Magnus to abandon the stronghold of Pallantia. 74 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) The Roman consular M. Aurelius Cotta is defeated in a battle near the town of Chalcedon. 74 BC - Creation of the new Roman province of Bithynia, later renamed Bithynia-Pontus. 74 BC - The ex-praetor M. Antonius is given a command against the pirates with unlimited aquatic imperium. 74/73 BC - M. Antonius makes slight inroads into the pirate menace in the western seas, thereby helping Pompeius Magnus against Q. Sertorius. 73 BC - The consuls are G. Cassius Longinus and M. Terentius Varro Lucullus. 73 BC - The slave revolt under Sparticus, who raises a revolt amongst his fellow gladiators and breaks out of the Gladiator school. Other slaves from the surrounding countryside quickly flock to join his army. 73 BC - Julius Caesar is elected as a military tribune and is posted under the staff of M. Licinius Crassus. 73 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) A hastily brought together fleet under L. Licinius Lucullus defeats a Pontic squadron off Lemnos under an admiral named Archelaeus. 73 BC - The future conspirator L. Sergius Catalina is acquitted after being charged with seducing a Vestal Virgin. 72 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and L. Gellius Publicola. 72 BC - (Sertorian War) End of the Sertorian War. Q. Sertorius is killed in Spain, murdered by his legate M. Perperna Viento. After this, Perperna is lead into a trap and he is captured while his entire army is killed. He is later executed by Pompeius. 72 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus is unsuccessful in his siege of Amisus. 72 BC - L. Licinius Lucullus engages in a battle with an invading force of Thracian tribes, and defeats them. 72 BC - M. Antonius transfers his fleets to the Aegean region, where he firstly suffers a naval defeat off the island of Crete, and then is defeated again in a land battle on Crete. The pirates force him to sign a treaty with them. Realizing the ridicule he will suffer because of this, he commits suicide. He is given the nickname of Creticus, but it is not certain whether this celebrates a victory at Crete, or it means man of chalk. 71 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura and Gn. Aufidius Orestes. 71 BC - (Spartican War) End of the revolt of Sparticus, when his army is defeated in Lucania by M. Licinius Crassus. The 6,000 survivors are crucified down the length of the Via Appia. 71 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Capture of the town of Heraclea by M. Aurelius Cotta. 70 BC - The consuls are M. Licinius Crassus (first time) and Gn. Pompeius Magnus (first time). 70 BC - The censors are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and L. Gellius Publicola. 70 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) The defeat of Mithridates forces near the fortress of Cabira (73) destoryed any real resistance. By this point the Romans have completed the reduction of all the fortified towns of Pontus. 70 BC - Joint consulship of Gn. Pompeius Magnus and M. Licinius Crassus. During this consulship, the constitution of L. Cornelius Sulla is weakened, and the tribunes of the plebs are given back the right to veto. 70 BC - A praetor, G. Aurelius Cotta, passes a lex Aurelia, which makes the first theoretically impartial juries, composed of men from the senate, first class of the Ordo Equester and those who qualify under the census as tribuni aerarii. 70 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero prosecutes the governor G. Verres on behalf of his Sicilian clients, for extortion and governmental incompetence from his governorship of the island province of Sicily. Verres is found guilty by a jury and is sent into exile. He publishes the trial, called In Verrum. 70 BC - The kingdom of Pontus is annexed and created into a new province by L. Licinius Lucullus. 70 BC - Birth of the great Roman poet Virgil, near Mantua, in Cisalpine Gaul. 70 BC - The first censors elected since 86, L. Gellius Popicolla and Gn. Cornelius Lentulus perform a revision of the senate membership rolls and expel no less than sixty-four members. 69 BC - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Q. Hortensius. 69 BC - Birth of Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. 69 BC - Pirates attack the port of Ostia, not far from Rome itself. The pirates took captive two Roman ex-praetors, several notable Roman citizens and several barges full of grain meant to supply Rome during the winter. 69 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus invades Armenia, stating the reason as King Tigranes of Armenia had given help to Mithridates and was now sheltering Mithridates. Lucullus then went on to capture the new capital of Armenia at Tigranocerta. 69 BC - Pirate admirals launch an offensive which leads to the sacking of the harbor of Delos, leaving it ruined forever. 69 - 68 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus is stripped of his governorship in Asia (69) and Cilicia (68). 68 BC - Julius Caesar marries Pompeia Sulla, who is the granddaughter of Sulla Dictator and a relative of Gn. Pompeius Magnus. 68 BC - The consuls are L. Caecilius Metellus and Q. Marcius Rex. 68 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus invades northern Armenia and defeats the combined forces of King Mithridates and King Tigranes near Artaxata, but turns back with the onset of winter and the refusal of his men to go any further. 68 - 67 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus captures the Armenian city of Nisibis. 68 - 67 BC - The ex-consul Q. Caecilius Metellus fights two hard campaigns against the pirate inhabitants of Crete, subdues the island and annexes it as a Roman province. 68 BC - Mutinies break out in the ranks of Lucullus's army due in large part to his brother, P. Clodius Pulcher, and his army refuses to march any further. 68 BC - G. Julius Caesar enters the senate as a quaestor. 67 BC - The consuls are Man. Acilius Glabrio and G. Calpurnius Piso. 67 BC - The tribune A. Gabinius passes his lex Gabinia. This gives a command to Gn. Pompeius Magnus, who is given unlimited imperium on water to fight against the growing pirate menace. 67 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Mithridates threatened a Roman military base, and thus caused a Roman army to come to the aid. The result was the battle of Zela, which turned into a confusing defeat for the Romans under Lucullus's lieutenant G. Triarius. 67 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) The stripping of the army from Lucullus leaves him helpless as the kings Mithridates and Tigranes take back all of their lost territory. The war territory returns to much the same state as it did in 74 BC. 67 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Gn. Pompeius Magnus is given the command in the war, replacing L. Licinius Lucullus. He then creates the province of Syria. 67 BC - Praetors are now required by law to abide by their edicta, which was a published guide how they would do their job, like a list of principles. These had been in existence since the early days of Rome, but until now never had a force in law. 66 BC - The consuls are Man. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Volcacius Tullus. 66 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) A law passed by a tribune of the plebs, the lex Manlia, gives Pompey the command against the two kings Mithridates and Tigranes, and strips all power and title from L. Licinius Lucullus. This is mainly passed by the equites, who have a large vendetta against Lucullus. 66 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Gn. Pompeius Magnus defeats King Mithridates at the battle of Dastria, in which the remainder of the Pontic army is annihilated. Gn. Pompeius Magnus founds the city of Nicopolis (Victory City) on the site. 66 BC - The Roman general L. Licinius Lucullus introduces the cherry to Italy. 65 BC - The consuls are L. Manlius Torquatus and L. Aurelius Cotta. 65 BC - The censors are M. Licinius Crassus and Q. Lutatius Catulus. 65 BC - Birth of the Roman poet Q. Horatius Flaccus, in a military colony called Venusia. 65 BC - The future conspirator L. Sergius Catalina is defeated in his bid to be elected consul, and in his fury he plotted to assassinate the successful candidates L. Manlius Torquatus and L. Aurelius Cotta. But so careless was he, that his plan was frustrated and cancelled easily. 65 BC - Julius Caesar is elected as a curule aedile. 64 BC - The consuls are L. Julius Caesar and G. Marcius Figulus. 64 BC - The squabbling brothers John Hyrcanus and Aristobulus refer a dispute of succession between them to Pompeius, who sides with the weaker elder brother Hyrcanus. The partisans of Aristobulus refuse to accept this, refused to admit Pompeius's officers into the city and held out against the Romans. Pompeius, already having moved away into the Transjordan area, backtracked to Jerusalem, laid siege to the city for three months and then capturing the city. 64 BC - After being defeated in his third attempt as consul by M. Tullius Cicero and G. Antonius Hybrida, L. Sergius Catalina begins to plot a revolution. 64 BC - After a revolt in Syria, the Seleucid monarchy ends and the Romans annex the province of Syria. 63 BC - The consuls are G. Antonius Hybrida and M. Tullius Ciciero. 63 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Mithridates proposes a new campaign, which is opposed by his soldiers. He is killed when his son, Pharnaces, storms the fortress-city of Calabria. Rather than live to see the end of this revolt he orders his Gallic bodyguard to run him through with his sword. 63-62 BC - The Cataline Conspiracy is begun under a nobleman, L. Sergius Catalina. The consul M. Tullius Cicero uncovers the plot, arrests the conspirators and immediately executes them under the Senatus Consultum Ultimum. Catalina manages to field a rebel army, but is defeated in a battle against the general G. Antonius Hybrida, near Pistoria, Etruria. 63 BC - Pompeius Magnus marches with an army against the Nabataeans in northern Arabia who had taken possession of the city of Damascus. 63 BC - The birth of the future emperor Augustus. 63 BC - M. Tullius Cicero is the defense lawyer in a case against Caesar. The verdict is never given, and the trial is published as Pro G. Rabirio perduellionis. 63 BC - The lex Labiena, passed by the tribune T. Labienus, puts the election for Pontifex Maximus to election, when it had been reverted to the tradition of co-opting by the college of Pontifices by the dictator Sulla. This law is thought to have been passed for the benefit of G. Julius Caesar, who was known to be in debt at this point. 63 BC - G. Julius Caesar is elected as Pontifex Maximus. 63 BC - Birth of the Roman statesman and general M. Vipsanius Agrippa. 62 BC - The consuls are D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena. 62 BC - Julius Caesar is elected as praetor. Coming in at the top of the poll, he is the praetor urbanus. 62 BC - The religious colleges, like those of the Crossroads Colleges, are suppressed and forced to close doors in some cases. 62 BC - The Bona Dea scandal, believed to be caused by P. Clodius Pulcher, occurs at the house of G. Julius Caesar, whose wife is hosting the festivities. 62 BC - Julius Caesar divorces his wife Pompeia Sulla after the scandal, stating "Caesar's wife, like all of Caesar's family, must be above suspicion". 61 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla Niger and M. Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus. 60 BC - The consuls are L. Afranius and Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer. 59 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (first time) and M. Calpurnius Bibulus. It is called the consulship of Gaius and Julius, due to the inactivity and mundane quality of Caesar's consular colleague. 59 BC - The first triumvirate is formed by M. Licinius Crassus, Gn. Pompeius Magnus and G. Julius Caesar. 59 BC - Julius Caesar marries Calpurnia, the daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso. 59 BC - Birth of the Roman historian Livy the Elder, who was born in the city of Patavium, Italy. 59 BC - G. Julius Caesar is elected senior consul in Rome. 59 BC - In an attempt to defeat the ambition of Caesar, his enemies at Rome moved a motion that instead of being given provinces, they be made commissioners of forests and cattle paths. The triumvirate members quickly defeated this motion. 59 BC - Through the agency of his tame tribune of the plebs P. Vatinius, a lex Vatinia was passed, which gave Caesar the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum for five years. After the death of the governor of Narbonese Gaul, he is given this extra province by the senate, who realize that he will use the plebeian assembly to give it to him anyway. 59 BC - The senate recognizes Ptolemy Auletes in his claim as the new king of Egypt. 59 BC - In order to be elected as a tribune of the plebs, P. Clodius Pulcher persuades the Pontifex Maximus Caesar to adopt him into a plebeian family. 59 BC - The daughter of Caesar, Julia, is married to Gn. Pompeius Magnus to reinforce the triumvirate. 58 BC - The consuls are L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and A. Gabinius. 58 BC - Gallic tribes who are allies of Rome invite a German chieftain, named Ariovistus of the Germanic Suebi, to help against rivals, but soon this soon turned into what amounted to an invasion of these lands. G. Julius Caesar who was asked to help by the Gallic allies attacked him. Ariovistus was driven out of and across the Rhine in a rout. This is the start of the Gallic Wars. 58 BC - (Gallic Wars) The Germanic chieftain Ariovistus leads an attack on the Sequani stronghold of Vesontio. Caesar reached the town first, garrisoning it for the attack. The Romans charged, breaking the left wing, and when the Germans began to attack the right wing in greater force, P. Licinius Crassus brought the cavalry behind the Germans and drove them off, slaughtering many as they tried to escape. 58 BC - (Gallic Wars) A large migration of a Gallic tribe known as the Helvetii endangers the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul. They are stopped and are routed in a battle with the Romans under G. Julius Caesar, and the remainder are forced to flee back into Gallia Comata (Gaul of the Longhairs, as it is referred to by the Romans. It is the area of modern France and Amsterdam). 58 BC - King Ptolemy Auletes of Egypt is driven out of Alexandria. 58 BC - The tribunate of P. Clodius Pulcher, who legislates for a special command to be given to M. Porcius Cato to annex the island of Cyprus. He also plans to legislate for a free grain dole to be paid for out of the treasury of Cyprus. 58 BC - The tribune P. Clodius Pulcher makes it legal once again for the operation of the religious colleges to run their duties and sodalities. 58 BC - The Romans take over the town of Turicum (modern Zurich). 58 - 56 BC - The island of Cyprus is annexed by Rome under the praetor M. Porcius Cato. 58 BC - The tribune of the plebs P. Clodius Pulcher tries M. Tullius Cicero for his execution of the traitors of the Cataline conspiracy. Cicero is condemned, and forced into exile. 58 BC - (Gallic Wars) A small battle occurs near the town of Autun. 57 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos. 57 BC - Gangs under P. Clodius Pulcher and T. Annius Milo start street warfare. 57 BC - (Gallic Wars) G. Julius Caesar is threatened by a coalition of all the Belgic tribes except the Remi, at the so-called Battle of the Aisne. The battle never occurred, due to bad supply arrangements by the Gallic army. Caesar simply waited until they departed from lack of supplies. Following the leaving Gallic army, Caesar in an incredibly quick campaign defeated them while on retreat and reduced what is now northern France. 57 BC - (Gallic Wars) Julius Caesar lets himself be surprised by a lesser Gallic coalition headed by the tribe known as the Nervii. His army was all but defeated on the banks of the Sambre River, and it was only the quick thinking of Caesar and the battle training of the legions from preventing the annihilation and the end of the Gallic Wars. As it was, Caesar gradually turned the tables on the Nervii and defeated them. 57 BC - (Gallic Wars) G. Julius Caesar subdues the tribes of the Belgae, such as the Nervii and the Atrebates. 57 BC - (Gallic Wars) Julius Caesar relaxes his army, believing Gaul to be subdued. But the Gallic Veneti proclaimed their independence and hoped to force Caesar into a stalemate by retiring into their shoreline strongholds. Bringing a navy to attack, his admiral D. Brutus invented scythes on long poles to destroy the Gallic ships rigging. Thus left motionless, the ships were boarded, crews were killed and ships were sunk. Caesar the used the fleet and his army to attack the Veneti strongholds which eventually capitulated. Caesar punished their rebellion by mass executions of the men and sale into slavery of the women and children. 57 BC - The exile M. Tullius Cicero is recalled from exile by the tribune T. Annius Milo. 57 BC - Death of the Roman general, statesman and Epicurean L. Licinius Lucullus. He dies amid great luxury, and his name is where we get the term "Lucullan Feast", indicating a rich meal or a banquet. 56 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and L. Marcius Phillipus. 56 BC - (Gallic Wars) G. Julius Caesar suppresses the revolt of the Gallic Morini with difficulty. He captures their harbors, including one renamed Portus Itus that he uses as a launching point for his journeys to Britain. 56 BC - Conference of the First Triumvirate at Luca. 55 BC - The consuls are M. Licinius Crassus (second term) and Gn. Pompeius Magnus (second term). 55 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar defeats two immigrating German tribes, the Usipetes and Tencteri. The survivors offer their services as mercenaries to the Gallic tribes, who us them against Caesar. 55 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar bridges the Rhine, the first Roman to do so, in order to raid Germany. 55 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar becomes the first Roman to land on the uncharted island of Britain. 55 BC - Death of the Roman poet Lucretius. 55 BC - Birth of the Roman elegiac poet Sextus Propertius in the town of Assisi, Umbria, in Italy. 55 BC - Death of King Tigranes the Great of Armenia. 55 BC - Gn. Pompeius Magnus builds and dedicates the first stone theatre in Rome. 55 BC - M. Tullius Cicero writes his work, De Oratore. 54 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus. 54 BC - (Gallic Wars) A king of the tribe known as the Eburones, Ambiorix, tricks a contingent of one and a half legions into leaving a camp and entering a gorge area, where they were destroyed. 54-52 BC - Riots between Clodius and Milo's gangs erupt again. Clodius is found murdered by Milo on the Via Appia, outside the town of Bovillae, Latium. Milo is tried, convicted and sent into exile. 54 BC - The proconsul A. Gabinius is sent to Egypt, where he fulfills his duty to restore King Ptolemy Auletes to his throne in Alexandria. 54 BC - Death of the poet G. Valerius Catallus, in Rome. 54 BC - Death of Julia, the daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompeius Magnus. She died from loss of blood after a miscarriage. 53 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla Rufus and Gn. Domitius Calvinus (first term). 53 BC - (Gallic Wars) A new rebellion, erupting due to the success of Ambiorix, by the Nervii attacks the camp of Q. Cicero and the legion under his command. After withstanding siege for some weeks, Caesar managed by forced march to reach the camp and relieve it by engaging the attackers and defeating them. 53/52 BC - (Gallic Wars) The rebellions encourage yet another, far larger and more serious rebellion by the Gauls under an Arvernian chieftain named Vercingetorix. 53 BC - Rioting breaks out in Rome due to the gang battles between the rivals P. Clodius Pulcher and T. Annius Milo. 53 BC - Defeat of a Roman Army at the battle of Carrhae against the Parthians under the Triumvir M. Licinius Crassus, who is killed in the battle. 52 BC - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica and Gn. Pompeius Magnus (third time). 52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Finding himself almost completely cut off from his troops in Gaul, Caesar marches his available army across a narrow goat track high in the mountains and enters Gallia Comata without the immediate knowledge of Vercingetorix. 52 BC - (Gallic Wars) One of Caesar's legates, T. Labienus, defeats an army of Gauls under the command of Camulogenus near the site of Lutetia. 52 BC - The city of Lutetia (modern Paris) is founded by G. Julius Caesar. 52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Siege of Avaricum by G. Julius Caesar. This is the oppidium (citadel) of the Gallic tribe known as the Bituriges. 52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar attempts to besiege the city of Gergovia, the stronghold of the Avernii. But a miscalculation by Caesar causes a reversal. This is the first major defeat suffered by the Romans in Gaul. 52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar again disappears and rejoins his forces with those of his legatus T. Labienus without being found by Vercingetorix. 52 BC - (Gallic Wars) An attempted attack on the province of Gallia Narbonensis is tried by Vercingetorix. Caesar rushes there to defend the province, and in a battle near modern Dijon, Vercingetorix attempts to waylay the Roman forces with his cavalry, but the German cavalry charged into the Gauls who had been unnerved by the Germanic war-cry and inflicted heavy losses, as did the infantry. 52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar builds two sets of fortifications forty two miles long all the way around the citadel of Alesia, where part of the Gallic army numbering 100,000 men is holding out. The second row of fortifications is created to hold off an attack by a relief army of 250,000 men. There are many attacks on the fortifications, which are being held by eight Roman legions (approximately 42,000 men). The fighting is fierce and there are occasional breaches of the ramparts by the Gauls, but in the end the Gauls are defeated and Vercingetorix is forced to surrender. He is sent as a captive to Italy to await his march in Caesar's triumphal march. This is the theoretical end of the Gallic resistance, although many sporadic revolts occur. This also signifies Caesar's right to assume the title of primus inter pares, or the First Man in Rome. This title was originally recognized as belonging to Gn. Pompeius Magnus. This was also the start of jealousy between Pompeius and Caesar which led to the civil wars. 52 BC - Gn. Pompeius Magnus is elected as consul without a colleague in an attempt to prevent him from assuming the dictatorship. 52 BC - During this year, the violence caused by the gangs of Clodius and Milo came to a head, when the gang of Milo killed Clodius and a small travelling group on the via Appia. 52 BC - Out of land gained from the conquests of Caesar, the provinces are Belgica, Aquitania and Lugdunesis are created. 52 BC - Cicero takes up the defense of Milo, who is prosecuted for the murder of Publius Clodius by G. Sallustius Crispus. Cicero is unable to deliver his speech, and Milo is exiled to Massilia. Cicero publishes his unsaid speeches in a work called Pro Milone. 51 BC - The consuls are M. Claudius Marcellus and Ser. Sulpicius Rufus. 51 BC - (Gallic Wars) The remainder of the Gallic army from the battle of Alesia holds out in the citadel of Uxellodunum. Their water supply is cut off and they soon surrender, and Caesar cuts off both the hands of 4,000 the defenders of Uxellodunum. 51 BC - The Parthians invade the province of Syria after the defeat of Crassus, but are repelled by Crassus's able quaestor G. Cassius Longinus. After the death of Crassus, he takes over the governorship of Syria, and is the youngest governor of a province, and also the first quaestor to run a province. 50 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and G. Claudius Marcellus Major. 50? BC - Death of the historian Posidonius of Rhodes. 50 BC - M. Antonius is elected as an augur. 49 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus and G. Claudius Marcellus Minor. 49 BC - Martial law is proclaimed by the consuls in Rome. 49 BC - (Civil War) Start of the civil war, when Caesar crosses the Rubicon River, proclaiming "aelia jacta est" ('the die is cast"). The republicans (Pompeians) immediately levy forces to attack the Caesarians. 49 BC - (Civil War) Caesar surrounds the Pompeian commander L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and three legions at Corfinium. This resulted in capitulation by Ahenobarbus, who Caesar pardoned and enlisted those of Ahenobarbus's soldiers who wanted to in his legions. 49 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Utica, in which the Caesarian general in Africa, G. Scribonius Curio, defeated a large number of Numidian horse and foot sent by King Juba to aid Attius Varus. Although many got away, the Caesarian legions slaughtered many of their infantry. 49 BC - (Civil War) After initial successes by the legatus G. Scribonius Curio in Africa against King Juba of Numidia and P. Attius Varus, he is led into a trap in which he is killed and his two legions are destroyed. 49 BC - (Civil War) The Pompeian legates M. Petronius and L. Afranius are almost bloodlessly defeated at the battle of Ilerda. The surrendered Pompeian troops are given the option of joining Caesar's army, while the rest are discharged. 49 BC - (Civil War) Death of the Pompeian admiral M. Calpurnius Bibulus. 48 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (second time) and P. Servilius Vatia (first time). 48 BC - Trying to return to Rome from exile, Milo raises an army of debt ridden soldiers and marches on Rome, but is defeated by a hastily gathered army. 48 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Dyrrachium in Greece, in which Caesar suffers a major defeat at the hands of the Pompeians and is forced to retreat further into Thessaly, near the old throne of Alexander the Great. One of the centurions, Cassius Scaeva, was blinded in one eye, wounded on both waist and shoulder, and his shield bristled with 120 arrows, and yet he still continued to fight on. 48 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Pharsalus, in which G. Julius Caesar defeated the general Gn. Pompeius Magnus. Pompeius then fled to Egypt. 48 BC - (Civil War) Death of Pompey the Great, decapitated in Egypt by Ptolemy XII. 48 BC - M. Terentius Varro is appointed as librarian of Rome by Caesar. 47 BC - The consuls are Q. Fufius Calenus and P. Vatinius. 47 BC - (Civil War) While in Alexandria to sort out the dynastic dispute between the Ptolemies, Caesar is attacked and trapped in the palace quarter of Alexandria by the young King Ptolemy XII. He comes close to being defeated, but he was saved by a relief force rounded up by a eastern general known as Mithridates of Pergamum. 47 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Thapsus in Africa. Caesar destroyed the Pompeian garrison under Q. Metellus Scipio. Most of the Pompeian officers died in a bloodbath after the battle. 47 BC - Battle of Zela, with Caesar and his army against Pharnaces of Pontus, a son of Mithridates, and his army. Famous quote veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered). 47 BC - (Civil War) The tenth legion, Caesar's favorite from the Gallic Wars, mutinies and marches on Rome. Caesar stops the mutiny by arriving in person and commands them to disband. This bluff works and they return to their garrison. 46 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (third time) and M. Aemilius Lepidus (first time). 46 BC - Caesar reforms the Roman calendar, and so it virtually coincides with today's calendar. 45 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (fourth time) without a colleague. 45 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Munda. The remainder of the notable Pompeian officers except for Sextus Pompeius, son of Gn. Pompeius Magnus, was killed. This ended the civil wars. 45 BC - To celebrate his victories, Julius Caesar holds a feast for 24,000 in the forum. 45 BC - Cicero publishes his work, Academica. 45 BC - The Julian calander is introduced to Rome, and the month of Caesar's birthday, Quinctillis, is renamed as Julius, where we get July from. 44 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (fifth time) and M. Antonius (first time). 44 BC - Ides (15th) of March. Caesar is assassinated by fellow senators, even those he trusted such as M. Junius Brutus. 44 BC - One of the assassinators of Caesar, and also one of his most trusted lieutenants, G. Trebonius, is put to death by the loyal Caesarian P. Cornelius Dolabella. 44 BC - Death of the Dacian king Burebistas. 44 BC - Cicero completes his work De Officiis. 44 BC - M. Aemilius Lepidus is appointed as the new Pontifex Maximus to replace the dead Caesar. 44 - 43 BC - M. Tullius Cicero delivers the '12 Phillipics' against M. Antonius, in order to urge the senate to declare war against Antonius. 43 BC - The consuls are A. Hirtius and G. Vibius Pansa. 43 BC - A battle occurs at Forum Gallorum between Octavius and Antony. 43 BC - After laying siege to the city of Mutina, Antony raises the siege and moves away from the town. 43 BC - The Caesarian general and one of the murderers of Caesar, D. Brutus, is defeated and killed in Gaul by M. Antonius. 43 BC - Founding of the city of Lugdunum (modern Lyon). 43 BC - Death of M. Tullius Cicero, in the town of Formiae, Latium. He was executed as a proscribed senator. 43 BC - Birth of the Roman writer Ovid, in the city of Sulmo, Italy. 43 BC - The exile G. Verres is proscribed and killed. 42 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (second time) and L. Munatius Plancus. 42 BC - First battle of Phillipi, in which Brutus was defeated and consequently committed suicide, rather than be captured and executed. 42 BC - The second battle of Phillipi in which the assassin of Caesar, G. Cassius Longinus, is killed by G. Julius Caesar Octavianus and M. Antonius. This is the end of the fighting, and the death of the last of Caesar's murderers. 42 BC - G. Julius Caesar, the dictator, is officially declared a god by the senate, led by his nephew G. Julius Caesar Octavianus, who is proclaimed as divui filius (son of a god). 41 BC - The consuls are P. Servilius Vatia (second time) and L. Antonius. 41 BC - The Perusine war occurs in Italy, under command of G. Julius Caesar Octavianus. 41 BC - L. Antonius, brother of the rebel M. Antonius, surrenders Perusia to Octavianus. 40 BC - The consuls are G. Asinius Pollio and Gn. Domitius Calvinus (second time). 40 BC - The treaty of Brundisium is signed by G. Julius Caesar Octavianus, M. Antonius and M. Aemilius Lepidus. This is the forming of the second triumvirate. The triumvirs split the empire into three parts between them, Antonius taking the east and Octavianus taking most of the west. 40 BC - The Jew Herod is appointed as king of Judaea by the Senate. 40 BC - A Parthian invasion, under a Parthian named Pacorus, of Syria occurs. Most of the Roman gains in the east are lost in very quick succession. 39 BC - The consuls are G. Calvisius Sabinus and L. Marcius Censorinus. 39 - 38 BC - An army of reinforcements under P. Ventidius defeats the Parthian invasion at the battles of Mt. Amanus and Mt. Gindarus, and pushes the invaders out of their newly conquered territories quicker than they had gained them. He doesn't follow up his victory, as he has been bribed to cease his advances by the Parthians 38 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and G. Norbanus Flaccus. 38 BC - During his campaigns, M. Antonius captures the city of Samosata. 38 BC - Approximate date the Roman writer and poet Virgil completes his works, the Eclogues. 37 BC - The consuls are L. Caninius Gallus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (first time). 37 - 30 BC - The Roman poet Horace writes the Satires. 36 BC - The consuls are M. Cocceius Nerva and L. Gellius Publicola. 36 BC - The son of Gn. Pompeius Magnus, Sex. Pompeius Magnus Pius is brought to battle and defeated by the legate of Octavianus, M. Vipsanius Agrippa. 36 BC - The reality of the triumvirate breaks up when M. Aemilius Lepidus is ousted from the grouping. 36 BC - A battle occurs between a Roman army under the command of Marcus Antonius and a Parthian army under the command of King Phraates IV near Phraaspa. The result is inconclusive, and both armies withdraw. 35 BC - The consuls are L. Cornificius and Sex. Pompeius. 35/34 BC - Death of the Roman historian G. Sallustius Crispus. 34 BC - The consuls are M. Antonius (second term) and L. Scribonius Libo. 34 BC - Emperor Augustus finishes his work, the Res Gestae. 33 BC - The consuls are Augustus and L. Volcacius Tullus. 33 BC - The knight T. Pomponius Atticus learns that a disorder that he has been suffering from is fatal, and he dies after five days of voluntary self starvation. 32 BC - The consuls are Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and G. Sosius. 32 BC - Renewal of the treaty of Brundisium, with the treaty of Tarentum signed by only Octavian and Antony. 31 BC - The consuls are Augustus (second term) and M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus. 31 BC - Battle of Actium. Civil War between M. Antonius and G. Julius Caesar Octavianus (later Augustus). 30 BC - The consuls are Augustus (third term) and M. Licinius Crassus (first term). 30 BC - M. Licinius Crassus, the son of the defeated triumvir, takes an army and campaigns in the Balkan regions. He drove the Bastarnae back across the Danube river, and reduced the Moesian and Thracian tribes, and Moesia was incorporated into Macedonia. This line of provinces set the border of the empire in this region as the Danube River. 30 BC - Death of M. Antonius in Alexandria. 30 BC - Death of Queen Cleopatra of Egypt in Alexandria. 30 BC - Egypt is annexed as an imperial province of Rome. 30 BC - The Roman writer and poet, Horace, completes his work the Epodes. 29 BC - The consuls are Augustus (fourth term) and Sex. Appuleius. 29 BC - The Roman poet Virgil completes his work the Georgics. 29 BC - The doors of the temple of Janus are closed. 28 BC - The consuls are Augustus (fifth term) and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (second term). 28 BC - The censors are Imperator Caesar Augustus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa. 28 BC - Octavianus reduces the number of senators from 1,000 to 800 men. 28 - 23 BC - The Roman architect and writer Vitruvius completes his work On Architecture. 28 BC - The dedication of a temple of Apollo in Rome occurs. 27 BC - The consuls are Augustus (sixth term) and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (third term). 27 BC-14 AD - Octavianus is now known to history as Augustus. 27 BC - The first 300 men of the legions, which were originally the bodyguard of the general, are reformed into a bodyguard for the emperor known as the Praetorian Guard by Emperor Augustus. 27 BC - Death of the Roman satirist and scholar Marcus Terentius Varro. 26 BC - The consuls are Augustus (seventh time) and T. Statilius Taurus. 26 BC - Emperor Augustus campaigns against the Sabaeans secured the sea trade to Somalia and India. 26/25 BC - Augustus campaigns in a war known as the Cantabrian War. 26 BC - The prefect of Egypt, G. Cornelius Gallus, is recalled disgrace after he erects statues to himself in his province with boastful statements written on them in three different languages. 26 BC - The Emperor Augustus begins the Pax Romana, the Roman Peace which lasts for around 200 years and comes to an end at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Commodus. 25 BC - The consuls are Augustus (eighth time) and M. Junius Silanus. 25 BC - The Roman poet Ovid starts his work, the Amores. 25 BC - The province of Galatia is annexed into the Empire. 24 BC - The consuls are Augustus (ninth time) and G. Norbanus Flaccus. 23 BC - The consuls are Augustus (tenth time) and A. Terentius Varro Murena. 23 BC - Augustus is given almost virtual imperial powers, as well as the power of the tribunes of the plebs, including the tribunes inviolability. This is recognised as the point when Augustus is seen as emperor. 23 BC - The Roman writer Horace completes his works the Odes. 22 BC - The consuls are L. Arruntius an M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus. 22 BC - Abolishment of the office of censor. 21 BC - The consuls are Q. Aemilius Lepidus and M. Lollius. 20 BC - The consuls are M. Appuleius and P. Silius Nerva. 20 BC - Augustus recovers the standards of the legions lost by Crassus from the Parthians. 20 BC - Reconstruction on the Great Temple in Jerusalem is begun by the Jewish king Herod Agrippa. 19 BC - The consuls are Q. Lucretius Vespillo and G. Sentius Saturninus. 19 BC - The Roman poet Virgil completes one of the great literary pieces in history, the Aeneid. 19 BC - Death of the great Roman poet Virgil. 19 BC - The arch of Augustus is constructed in Rome. 18 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus and P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus. 18 BC - Birth of the German leader Ariminus. 17 BC - The consuls are G. Furnius and G. Junius Silanus. 17 BC - Establishment of the ludi seculares, or the secular games, in honor of Augustus by Augustus. 16 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus. 16 BC - The province of Noricum is incorporated in the Empire. 16 - ? BC - Death of the Roman elegiac poet Sextus Propertius, in Rome. 15 BC - The consuls are L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi and M. Livius Drusus Libo. 15 BC - Tiberius and his brother Drusus both subdue the Germanic tribes of the Vindelici and Rhaeti. 14 BC - The consuls are Cn. Cornelius Lentulus and M. Licinius Crassus (second time). 13 BC - The consuls are Tiberius (first term) and P. Quinctilius Varus. 13 BC - Dedication of the theatre of Marcellus in Rome. 12 BC - The consuls are P. Sulpicius Quirinus and M. Valerius Messalla Barbatus. 12 BC -The Panonnian War is started, and Tiberius is sent to command the war. 12 BC - The emperor Augustus is given the position of Pontifex Maximus. 12 BC - Death of the Roman general and heir to Augustus, M. Vipsanius Agrippa. 11 BC - The consuls are Paullus Fabius Maximus and Q. Aelius Tubero. 11 BC - The first appointed curator aquarum, M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, is appointed by Augustus. 10 BC - The consuls are Africanus Fabius Maximus and Iulus Antonius. 9 BC - The consuls are Nero Claudius Drusus and T. Quinctius Crispinus. 9 BC - The Pannonian War is successfully completed by Tiberius. 9 BC - The Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar to Augustan Peace) is completed. 8 BC - The consuls are G. Asinius Gallus and G. Marcius Censorinus. 8 BC - The Germannic Marcomanni and Quadi drive the Gallic Boii out of Bohemia. 8 BC - Death of the Roman poet Q. Horatius Flaccus, in Rome. 7 BC - The consuls are Tiberius (second term) and Gn. Calpurnius Caesar. 6 BC - The consuls are G. Antistius Vetus and D. Laelius Balbus. 6 BC - The region of Paphlagonia is added to the province of Galatia. 5 BC - The consuls are Augustus (eleventh time) and L. Cornelius Sulla. 5 BC - Date of birth of Jesus Christ. 4 BC - The consuls are G. Calvisius Sabinus and L. Passienus Rufus. 4 BC - Birth of the Roman philosopher and tragedy playwright Seneca, in the city of Corduba, Spain. 3 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus and M. Valerius Messalla. 3 BC - Birth of the Emperor Galba near the town of Tarracina. 2 BC - The consuls are Augustus (twelfth time) and M. Plautius Silvanus. 2 BC - Augustus is now given the title of pater patriae by the senate. 2 BC - Construction of the Forum of Augustus is completed. 2 BC - The Dedication of the temple of Mars Ultor occurs in Rome. 1 BC - The consuls are Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (first time) and L. Calpurnius Piso. 0 BC/AD - Start of new millennium. 1 AD - The consuls are G. Caesar and L. Aemilius Paullus. 2 AD - The consuls are P. Alfenus Varus and P. Vinicius. 2 AD - The Death of L. Caesar, who was marked out as the successor to Augustus. The succession is transferred to G. Caesar. 3 AD - The consuls are M. Servilius and L. Aelius Lamia. 3 AD - The newly built house of the Emperor Augustus on the Palatine hill is destroyed by fire. 4 AD - The consuls are Sex. Aelius Catus and G. Sentius Saturninus. 4 AD - G. Caesar, the successor to Augustus, dies in Lycia. This badly cripples the plans for Augustus's dynastic plans. 4 AD - The adoption of Tiberius as the successor of Augustus. 4 AD - Tiberius adopts Germanicus Caesar as his son and heir. 5 AD - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Cinna Magnus and L. Valerius Messalla Volesus. 5 AD - Tiberius's Campaigns in Germany advance through this territory, where Tiberius conquers, up to the Elbe River. 5 AD - A Famine occurs in Italy. 6 AD - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (first time) and L. Arruntius. 6 AD - Moesia is constituted as a separate province. 6 AD - Rome becomes suspicious of the growing power of the Marcomanni under their king Maroboduus, as do their fellow German tribes. 6 AD - Pannonia and Illyricum revolt against Rome. 4-6 AD - Tiberius is on campaign against the Germans. 7 AD - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus and A. Licinius Nerva Silianus. 7 AD - The Emperor Augustus founds the city of Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier). 7 AD - The city of Rome is divided up into 14 regions. 8 AD - The consuls are M. Furius Camillus and Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus. 8 AD - The Pannonian revolt is finally put down. 8 AD - The Roman poet Ovid completes his work the Metamorphoses. 8 AD - The Roman poet Ovid is sent into exile by Augustus. 8 AD - The future emperor Claudius is appointed an augur, his only official post under Augustus. 9AD - The consuls are Q. Sulpicius Camerinus and G. Poppaeus Sabinus. 9 AD - Birth of the Emperor Vespasian, at the town of Reate. 9 AD - The Battle of Teutoburg Forest under the Roman governor P. Quintilius Varus. The Roman force was completely routed, classified as one of the greatest military defeats in Roman history. 9 AD - The Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) is inaugurated by Augustus in Rome. 10 AD - The consuls are P. Cornelius Dolabella and G. Junius Silanus. 10 AD - A Jew, Paul the Apostle, proclaims Christianity as a universal religion. 11 AD - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (second time) and T. Statilius Taurus. 12 AD - The consuls are Germanicus Caesar (first time) and G. Fonteius Capito. 13 AD - The consuls are L. Munatius Plancus and G. Silius. 14 AD - The consuls are Sex. Appuleius and Sex. Pompeius. 14 AD - Death of the Emperor Augustus, in the city of Nola in Italy. 14 AD - Mutiny breaks out amongst the Rhine troops upon the news of the death of Augustus. The mutiny is quelled in non-violent ways by Germanicus Caesar, whose personal popularity stopped widespread military dissension. 14 AD - Germanicus Caesar crosses the Rhine and begins to campaign against the Germanic Marsi. 14 AD - Germanicus Caesar attacks the Germanic Chatti. 14 AD - L. Aelius Sejanus is appointed as a Praetorian Prefect. 14 AD - Ascension of Tiberius as Emperor. 14 AD - Death of the Roman historian Livy, in the city of Patavium, Italy. 14 AD - The viaduct, the Pont du Gard, is completed near modern Nimes in France. 15 AD - The consuls are Drusus Caesar (first time) and G. Norbanus Flaccus. 15 AD - Birth of the Emperor Nero in the city of Antium. 15 AD - Emperor Tiberius successfully transfers the elections from the popular assemblies to the senate. 15 AD - Birth of the Emperor Vitellius. 15 AD - Germanicus Caesar campaigns successfully against the Cherusci and their chieftain, Ariminus. 15 AD - Tiberius is appointed as the new Pontifex Maximus. 16 AD - The consuls are Sisenna Statilius Taurus and L. Scribonius Libo. 16 AD - The senator M. Scribonius Libo Drusus is accused of plotting against Emperor Tiberius. He is forced to commit suicide. 16 AD - After withdrawing from Germany to replenish his forces, Germanicus Caesar renews his invasions into Germany. Tiberius recalls him. 17 AD - The consuls are L. Pomponius Flaccus and G. Caelius Rufus. 17 AD - Death of the Roman writer Ovid, who died in exile in the town of Tomis, Moesia, after he offended Augustus' moral crusade. 17 AD - A large-scale earthquake occurs in Asia Minor. 17 AD - The provinces of Commagene and Cappadocia are made into imperial provinces. 17 AD - A chieftain of Numidia, Tacfarinas, rebels against the Romans. He is campaigned against at first by Junius Blaesus, but no result comes of this for four years. He is eventually defeated and captured by P. Cornelius Dolabella, the uncle of L. Aelius Sejanus. 18 AD - The consuls are Tiberius (third time) and Germanicus Caesar (second time). 19 AD - The consuls are M. Junius Silanus Torquatus and L. Norbanus Balbus. 19 AD - Death of Germanicus in Antioch. Many believe that a jealous Tiberius poisoned him. 19 AD - Death of the German leader Ariminus. 19 AD - The leader of the Marcomanni, King Maroboduus, escapes and is given refuge in Ravenna when his empire collapses. The majority of trouble caused under the rule of Domitian is not so much the Germanic tribes, but rather the Dacians and the Sarmatians. 20 AD - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla and M. Aurelius Cotta. 21 AD - The consuls are Tiberius (fourth time) and Drusus Caesar (second time). 22 AD - The consuls are D. Haterius Agrippa and G. Sulpicius Galba. 22 AD - Construction on the Castra Praetoria (Praetorian barracks) is completed. 23 AD - The consuls are G. Asinius Pollio and G. Antistius Vetus (first time). 23 AD - Birth of the Roman historian Pliny the Elder, in the town of Novum Comum, in Italy. 24 AD - The consuls are Ser. Cornelius Cethegus and L. Visellius Varro. 24 AD - Slave revolt breaks out in southern Italy under T. Curtisius. 25 AD - The consuls are Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (second time) and M. Asinius Agrippa. 25 AD - The province of Thrace revolts over military service. 26 AD - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus and G. Calvisius Sabinus. 26 AD - A new prefect of Judaea is appointed, Pontius Pilate. 26 AD - Q. Poppaeus Sabinus is given triumphal insignia for crushing a Thracian revolt. 27 AD - The consuls are M. Licinius Crassus Frugi and L. Calpurnius Piso. 27 AD - A fire breaks out in Rome. 28 BC - The consuls are G. Appius Junius Silanus and P. Silius Nerva. 28 AD - A revolt breaks out among the Frisii, who refuse to pay tribute. 28 AD - John the Baptist is executed by Herod Antipas, son of King Herod in Judaea. 29 AD - The consuls are L. Rubellius Geminus and G. Fufius Geminus. 29 AD - Livia, the wife of Augustus dies in Rome. She is 86 years old. 30 AD - The consuls are M. Vinicius (first time) and L. Cassius Longinus. 30 AD - Birth of the Emperor Nerva in the city of Narnia. 30 AD - Date of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. 31 AD - The consuls are Tiberius (fifth time) and L. Aelius Sejanus. 31 AD - Execution of the Praetorian prefect, L. Aelius Sejanus, who was a suspected conspirator against Tiberius. 31 AD - Gn. Naevius Sutorius Macro is appointed as the new Praetorian Prefect to replace Sejanus. 32 AD - The consuls are Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus. 32 AD - Riots start in Rome over the price of grain. 32 AD - Birth of the Emperor Otho in the city of Ferentium. 33 AD - The consuls are Ser. Sulpicius Galba (first time (future emperor)) and L. Cornelius Sulla Felix. 33 AD - Supposed date of the crucifixion of Christ by Pontius Pilate in Judaea. 34 AD - The consuls are L. Vitellius (first time) and Paullus Fabius Persicus. 35 AD - The consuls are G. Cestius Gallus (sole consul, other consul died). 35 AD - Birth of the writer and teacher Quintillian. 36 AD - The consuls are Sex. Papinius and Q. Plautius. 36 AD - A fire breaks out in Rome. 37 AD - The consuls are Gn. Acerronius Proculus and G. Petronius Nigrinus. 37 AD - Death of Tiberius on the island of Capri. The exact cause is unknown. 37 AD - Ascension of Caligula as Emperor. 37 AD - Birth of the historian Flavius Josephus, in Jerusalem. 37 AD - Birth of the Emperor Nero, in the town of Antium, in Italy. 37 AD - The province of Commagene is changed once again to a client-kingdom. 38 AD - The consuls are M. Aquila Julianus and G. Nonius Asprenas. 38 AD - The Emperor Caligula puts to death the Praetorian commander Naevius Cordus Sertorius Macro. Caligula was having an affair with the wife of Macro. When Macro found out, Caligula accused him of being a pimp and ordered Macro to take his own life. 38 AD - The Roman writer Martial is born. 38 AD - The Emperor Caligula has his sister Drusilla deified after her funeral. Because of this, it is rumored that they had an incestuous relationship. 39 AD - The consuls are Caligula (first term) and L. Apronius Caesianus. 39 AD - The Emperor Caligula travels to the Rhine border with the intention of invading Germany, but nothing ever comes of this. 39 AD - The Emperor Caligula bridges the Bay of Naples with boats from Baiae to Puteoli in the summer of this year. 39 AD - Birth of the Roman poet Lucan, in the city of Corduba, Spain. 40 AD - The consuls are Caligula (second term, without a colleague). 40 AD - The Emperor Caligula travels to the English Channel on the pretense of an invasion of Britain, but instead returns to Rome to celebrate a fake triumph for an imaginary campaign. 40 AD - Birth of the Emperor Titus. 40 AD - Birth of the Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola, in the town of Forum Julii, in the province of Gallia Narbonesis. 40 AD - Emperor Caligula gives an order that a statue of himself is to be erected in the temple at Jerusalem, and that it is compulsory to worship this statue. Herod Antipas soon dissuades him from this potentially catastrophic decision. 40 BC - Revolts break out in Mauretania after the murder of King Ptolemy. 41 AD - The consuls are Caligula (third term) and Gn. Sentius Saturninus. 41 AD - Caligula is murdered by a tribune of the Praetorian Guards named Cassius Chaerea, as well as Cornelius Sabinus, at the Palatine Games. His wife Milonia Caesonia Major is also killed, and his infant daughter is killed when her head is smashed against a wall. 41 AD - The invading Germanic tribe, the Chauci, are defeated. 41 AD - Ascension of Claudius as Emperor. 41 AD - The Roman writer Seneca is banished to the island of Corsica after he is accused of committing adultery with Claudius's wife Messalina. 41 AD - Livia, the wife of Augustus, is finally deified by the senate. 42 AD - The consuls are Claudius (second term) and G. Caecina Largus. 42 AD - Famine in Rome. 42 AD - Revolt of governor of Upper Illyricum M. Furius Camillus Scribonianus against the Emperor Claudius. 42 AD - The revolts in Mauretania are settled after it is split into two separate provinces. 43 AD - The consuls are Claudius (third term) and L. Vitellius (second term). 43 AD - The Emperor Claudius begins the first large-scale Roman invasion of Britain, at first under the command of the general A. Plautius. But Plautius soon got into difficulties and Claudius took over overall command. He met up with his troops beside the River Thames and attacked the barbarians. The battle was over when Claudius captured the town of Camelodunum (modern Colchester). But the other tribes fought on for many years under the leader Caratacus. 43 AD - Camelodunum is declared as the capital of the new Roman Britain province by Emperor Claudius. 43 AD - Londinium (modern London) is founded. 43 AD - Lycia is annexed into the empire, after the senate despairs of the savage behavior of its inhabitants. 44 AD - The consuls are G. Passienus Crispus and T. Statilius Taurus. 44 AD - Judaea is annexed as a Roman province after the death of Herod Agrippa. 45 AD - The consuls are M. Vinicius (second time) and T. Statilius Corvinus. 46 AD - The consuls are D. Valerius Asiaticus and M. Junius Silanus. 46 AD - The client kingdom of Thrace is annexed into the empire as a province. 46 AD - G. Asinius Gallus is exiled under suspicion of conspiracy against Claudius. 47 AD - The consuls are Claudius (fourth time) and L. Vitellius (third time). 47 AD - The Roman general Gn. Domitius Corbulo was victorious over the German tribe of the Frisii in campaigns near the Rhine river. 47 AD - Claudius celebrates the Secular Games, and Rome celebrates the 800th celebration of the founding of the city. 48 AD - The consuls are A. Vitellius (later emperor) and L. Vipstanus Publicola. 48 AD - A plot against the Emperor Claudius is uncovered. Claudius's wife Valeria Messalina and her lover G. Silius led it. They intended to place Claudius's son on the throne and rule as regents. 49 AD - The consuls are Q. Veranius and G. Pompeius Longus Gallus. 49 AD - Seneca is recalled from exile and made a tutor of the future emperor L. Domitius Ahenobarbus Nero. 49 AD - Emperor Claudius passes an edict expelling all Jews from Rome. 50 AD - The consuls are G. Antistius Vetus (second time) and M. Suillius Nerullinus. 50 AD - The Emperor Claudius was persuaded by Agrippina the Younger to adopt her son Nero as heir to the throne. 50 AD - A new Praetorian prefect, Sex. Afranius Burrus is appointed. 50 AD - A Roman colony is founded on the site of Camelodunum (modern Colchester). 51 AD - The consuls are Claudius (fifth time) and Ser. Cornelius Salvidienus Orfitus. 51 AD - Birth of the Emperor Domitian in Rome. 51 AD - A famine occurs in Rome. 52 AD - The consuls are Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix and L. Salvius Otho Titianus. 53 AD - The consuls are D. Junius Silanus Torquatus and Q. Haterius Antoninus. 53 AD - The Parthians invade and occupy the throne of Armenia, turning it into a satrapy (almost like a Roman province). 53 AD - Emperor Claudius recovers the standards lost at Carrhae by the triumvir M. Licinius Crassus from the Parthians. 54 AD - The consuls are Man. Acilius Aviola and M. Asinius Marcellus. 54 AD - Death of the Emperor Claudius. His wife Agrippina the Younger with mushrooms poisoned him. It was done in order to give the throne to her son, the Emperor Nero. 54 AD - The dead emperor Claudius is deified by the senate. 54 AD - The Roman writer Seneca finishes his work, the Apocolocyntosis. 55 AD - The consuls are Nero (first time) and L. Antistius Vetus. 55 AD - Birth of the Roman poet Juvenal, in the town of Aquinum, Italy. 55 AD - Death of Britannicus, the son of Claudius, who was thought to have been poisoned by Nero. 56 AD - The consuls are Q. Volusius Saturninus and P. Cornelius Scipio. 56 AD - In a moment of jealousy, Nero expels many actors from Rome. 56 AD - Birth of the great Roman historian Tacitus, probably in Rome. 57 AD - The consuls are Nero (second term) and L. Calpurnius Piso. 57 AD - The emperor Nero passes a decree that there is not to be any bloodletting during circuses and festivals. 58 AD - The consuls are Nero (third time) and M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus. 58 AD - The Roman general Gn. Domitius Corbulo completes the conquest of Armenia, after the capture of the capital Artaxata. 59 AD - The consuls are G. Vipstanus Apronianus and G. Fonteius Capito. 59 AD - Agrippina the Younger is murdered by a group of officers, under order from Nero. She was clubbed and stabbed to death. 59 AD - Corbulo captures the Armenian city of Tigranocerta. 60 AD - The consuls are Nero (fourth time) and Cossus Cornelius Lentulus. 61 AD - The consuls are P. Petronius Turpilianus and L. Caesennius Paetus. 61 AD - In Britain, Boudicca, the queen of the Iceni tribe, leads a revolt against Rome after her lands are taken away and her daughters are raped and murdered by the Romans. 62 AD - The consuls are P. Marius Celsus and L. Afinius Gallus. 62 AD - Pontus is made into a Roman territory. 62 AD - Birth of the Roman historian Pliny the Younger, in the town of Novum Comum, in Italy. 62 AD - The revolt of Boudicca is squashed by the governor of Britain Suetonius Paullus. She commits suicide by taking poison rather than allow herself to be captured. 62 AD - The Roman general Lucius Caesennius Paetus surrendered to the Parthians after being defeated at Rhandeia. Armenia and parts of Parthia are then invaded by the general Gn. Domitius Corbulo, who re-establishes the ascendancy of Roman power in the East. 62 AD - The Roman general Gn. Domitius Corbulo brings the Parthians to battle at Rhandeia, where he is victorious. 62 AD - The Praetorian Prefect Sex. Afranius Burrus dies, poisoned by Nero. He is replaced as Prefect by Ofonius Tigellinus. 62 AD - The Emperor Nero divorces his wife Octavia and marries his mistress Poppaea Sabina. 63 AD - The consuls are G. Memmius Regulus and L. Verginius Rufus (first time). 63 AD - The first signs of new volcanic activity are seen in Mt. Vesuvius, when it causes an earthquake which damages some Campanian towns. 64 AD - The consuls are G. Laecanius Bassus and M. Licinius Crassus Frugi. 64 AD - The Great Fire of Rome. 64 AD - The emperor Nero begins construction an enormous new palace, known as the domus aurea (the Golden House). It becomes a rumor that Nero had Rome burnt to make space for this new palace. 64 AD - The writer Martial arrives in Rome, and is helped to find a patron by the Senecas. 65 AD - The consuls are A. Licinius Nerva Silanus and M. Julius Vestinus Atticus. 65 AD - A plot against the Emperor Nero, known as the 'Pisonian Conspiracy', led by a senator G. Calpurnius Piso, is uncovered. Nineteen men are executed or forced to commit suicide. 65 AD - Death of the Roman poet Lucan, in Rome, after having participated in the Pisonian conspiracy against the Emperor Nero. 65 AD - Death of the Roman philosopher and tragedy playwright Seneca, who was forced to commit suicide in Rome after being accused of participating in the Pisonian conspiracy against the Emperor Nero. 65 AD - An epidemic breaks out in Rome. 65 AD - Death of the wife of Nero, Poppaea, whom he kicked to death after an argument. 66 AD - The consuls are G. Luccius Telesinus and G. Suetonius Paullinus (second term). 66 AD - Death of the Roman writer Petronius Arbiter, who was forced to commit suicide and slit his wrists. 67 AD - The consuls are Fonteius Capito and L. Julius Rufus. 67 AD - A Jewish revolt breaks out. The future Emperor Vespasian is sent to end it and the city of Jerusalem is put under siege. He captures the historian and rebel leader Flavius Josephus. 67 AD - Death of the Praetorian Prefect Gn. Domitius Corbulo, who was forced to commit suicide by the Emperor Nero in Rome. 67 AD - The Emperor Nero enters the Olympic games accompanied by bodyguards. He is crowned as the winner of every event he enters. 67 AD - Death of Paul the Apostle. 68 AD - The consuls are P. Galerius Trachalus and Ti. Catius Silius Italicus. 68 AD - Year of four emperors. 68 AD - Death of the Emperor Nero, who committed suicide. 68 AD - End of the Julio - Claudian dynasty of emperors. 69 AD - Death of the Emperor Galba. Members of the Praetorian Guard lynched him. 69 AD - The German legions proclaim their general Vitellius as emperor. 69 AD - A battle near Bedriacum occurs between Otho and Vitellius. The battle rages on for a long time, before a Batavian cohort of Vitellius takes the army of Otho in the flank and defeats them. 69 AD - Death of the Emperor Otho, who stabbed himself to death. 69 AD - A fire breaks out on the Capitoline Hill, destroying much of the archives of Rome. 69 AD - Battle of Cremona, in which the forces of the Emperor Vitellius are defeated by one of the armies of Vespasian, under the command of Antonius Primus and Cornelius Fuscus, half the size of the opposing army. 69 AD - Death of the Emperor Vitellius, who was murdered by the troops of Vespasian, who threw his body into the Tiber. 69 AD - Revolt of Julius Civilis and Julius Classicus, who attempt to break away part of the empire to create a new Imperium Galliarum ('empire of the Gauls'). 69 AD - A war with the Garamantes in Libya happens. 69 AD - Birth of the Roman historian Suetonius, in Rome. 70 AD - The Emperor Vespasian enters Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor. 70 AD - Titus, the son of Emperor Vespasian, finally captures Jerusalem after four months siege. Titus then treated the defeated Jews with brutality. 70 AD - End of the revolt of Civilis and Classicus, and the collapse of the 'empire of the Gauls'. The failure of the rebels to rally the population of Gaul behind them shows how much the Gauls had become reconciled to Roman rule. 71 - 74 AD - The Roman general Petilius Cerealis, under the rule of Emperor Vespasian, conquers the Briton tribe of the Brigantes in modern Yorkshire. 72 AD - The kingdom of Commagene is finally annexed by the Roman general Caessenius Paetus. 73 BC - The final Jewish stronghold, Masada, is finally captured after a long seige. 73 BC - The nomadic invaders, the Alans, invade Parthia and the Roman Armenia province. 74 - 78 AD - The governor of Britain, Julius Frontinus, defeated and subjugated the tribe known as the Silures in modern South Wales. 75 AD - The construction on the Temple of Peace is completed. 75 AD - The Alans attack Media and the furthermost regions of Armenia. 75 AD - The invasions of the Parthians are defeated by the legate appointed in Syria, M. Ulpius Trajanus. 75 AD - The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is rebuilt. 75 - 90 AD - The Historian Plutarch lectures at Rome during this period. 76 AD - Birth of the Emperor Hadrian, in Rome. 77-84 AD - Conquest of most of Britain by Gn. Julius Agricola. 77 AD - The Roman writer Pliny the Elder completes his work Naturalis Historia (Natural History). 78 AD - Vespasian appoints Gn. Julius Agricola as governor of Britain. 78 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola defeats the Briton tribe known as the Ordovices in northern Wales, and conquers Anglesey. 79 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola advances deeper into unexplored Britain, from a town known as modern Chester and and Eburacum (modern York). He stabilizes the parts of Britain behind him with permanent forts and garrisons. 79 AD - A plot is uncovered by Titus, which involves two prominent senators Epirus Marcellus and Caecina Alienus. Titus acted quickly and neither of the conspirators lived. 79 AD - Death of the Emperor Vespasian, who died of natural causes. His last words are "Vae puto fieri deus" (I think I am becoming a god). 79 AD - Accession of Titus as the new emperor of Rome. 79 AD - The volcano Mt. Vesuvius erupts burying the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, killing the inhabitants and preserving the city. 79 AD - Death of the Roman historian Pliny the Elder, who suffocated when trying to get a better look at the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. He died at the town of Stabiae. 80 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola advances further into Britain and Caledonia (modern Scotland), with minor skirmishes occurring along the way. His furthest advances reach the Tay River in modern Scotland. 80 AD - The Colosseum is completed by the Emperor Titus. 80 AD - An outbreak of the plague occurs in Rome. 80 AD - A large fire breaks out in Rome, and burns for three days and nights. 80 AD - Destruction of the Capitoline temple occurs. 80 AD - The dedication of the Baths of Titus occur. 81 AD - Death of the Emperor Titus, who died of a suspected illness. His reign was marked by disaster. 81 AD - Domitian is hailed as Emperor upon the death of Titus. 81 AD - The Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola campaigns in modern Scotland, and he consolidates the Forth - Clyde line with the construction of a line of forts. 81 AD - Arch of Titus is constructed in Rome. 82 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola advances further into Scotland, from the modern Solway Firth through to Galloway peninsula and the modern city of Ayrshire. For a short period of time, Agricola even contemplates an invasion of Hibernia (modern Ireland), but decides against it. 82 AD - The Capitoline temple is restored and inaugurated. 83 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola advances through coastal areas and crosses the Tay river. An attack by the Caledonians occurs and the camp of the ninth legion is attacked. At the same time a cohort of troops mutinies, steals some naval vessels and sails around northern Britain. 83 AD - The Emperor Domitian is on campaigns in Germany, in which he makes territorial gains, and he fights against the tribe kown as the Chatti. 83 AD - The Emperor Domitian cracks down on moral standards, and puts to death three Vestal Virgins on charges of immoral behavior. 84 AD - The Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians under their king Calgacus at the battle of Mons Graupius. 84 AD - The emperor Domitian raises the pay of the army by one third. This makes him extremely popular with the army, and also causes trouble with the troops upon the news of his assassination. 84 AD - Emperor Domitian orders the execution of his cousin, Flavius Sabinus, whom he suspects of ploting against him. 85 AD - Invasion of the province of Moesia by the Dacians under their king Decebalus. 85 AD - The senate confers upon Emperor Domitian the title of 'perpetual censor'. He cracks down upon the castration of males and on homosexuals. 86 AD - Emperor Antoninus Pius is born in the town of Lanuvium. 86 AD - The tribe of Nasamones revolts in Africa. 86 AD - The Emperor Domitian inaugurates the Capitoline Games. 87 AD - The Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola is recalled to Rome by Emperor Domitian, who has become jealous of Agricola's victories. 88 AD - The Dacian invasion is turned back by Tettius Julianus, at the battle of Tapae. 88 AD - The Roman teacher and writer Quintilian writes his work Institutio Oratoria while in retirement, shortly before his death. 89 AD - A peace treaty is signed between Rome and Dacia by Emperor Domitian and King Decebalus. The peace does not last long. 89 AD - The Emperor Domitian campaigns aganst the Chatti, who have once more been making incursions across the Rhine. 89 AD - A revolt against Domitian under the governor of Upper Germany, L. Antonius Saturninus, occurs. It appears that this is due to the crackdown on homosexuality, as Saturninus was homosexual. He is defeated and killed at the battle of Castellum by the governor of Lower Germany, Lappius Maximus. 90 AD - The head of the Vestal Virgins, Cornelia, is walled up in an underground cell until she dies. Her lovers are beaten to death. 91 AD - The consul Acilius Glabrio is forced to fight in the Colosseum after he is suspected of conspiring against Domitian. 91 AD - The consuls are M. Ulpius Trajanus and ?. 92 AD - The tribe of the Iazyges invade the slightly weakened and disorientated kingdom of Dacia. 92 AD - Upon hearing of new incursions into the empire, Emperor Domitian begins to campaign against the Sarmatae and Suevi, due also to their role in the Dacian invasion. 92 AD - The teacher and rhetorician Quintillian completes his work Institutio Oratoria. 93 AD - Death of the Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola, who died in retirement. 93 - 96 AD - Emperor Domitian begins his 'reign of terror' at Rome. Thousands loose their lives. 93 AD - The Roman writer and historian Tacitus returns to Rome after researching in Germany. 96 AD - Death of the Emperor Domitian. Murdered by an ex-slave named Stephanus. 96 AD - Nerva is acclaimed as Emperor by the senate. 97 AD - The future emperor Trajan is made governor in Upper Germany, where he makes many minor, yet successful, campaigns. 97 AD - Adoption of the future emperor Trajan by the Emperor Nerva. 97 AD - The Praetorian Guard revolt, and despite refusals by Emperor Nerva, the assassins of Domitian are seized and put to death. 97 AD - The alimenta is instituted. It is essentially a fund for the homeless and poor children of Italy, as well as an extremely light loan for poor Italian farmers. 97 AD - A Chinese embassy attempts to visit Rome but is dissuaded in Mesopotamia by agents of the Parthians. 98 AD - Death of the Emperor Nerva, who died of an illness. 98 AD - Tacitus finishes two of his books, the Agricola and the Germania. 98 AD - Trajan, campaigning in Germany, inflicts a massive defeat upon the tribe known as the Bructeri. The reminder flee into Germany, and are almost completely erased from history by their German enemies. 99 AD - Trajan enters Rome as Emperor. He enters on foot, embracing senators and mingling with the common people. He was the first emperor to do this. 99 AD - The Kushans send a delegation to Rome. 100 AD - The consuls are Pliny the Younger and ?. 100? AD - Introduction of a new type of sword, known as the pugio. Little is known of this except that it was shorter than 450mm long. 100? AD - Birth of the Roman writer Appian, in the city of Alexandria. 100 AD - The Roman writer, Pliny the Younger, completes his work the Panegyricus. 100 AD - The teacher, rhetorician and writer Quintillian dies. 101 AD - Start of the Dacian Wars under Trajan against King Decebalus. 101 AD - (Dacian Wars) A battle occurs at a place called Tibiscum. The fighting is hard, and both armies agree to a break after a while, but eventually the Dacians were defeated and forced to flee. 101 AD - Death of the historian Flavius Josephus. 102 AD - The Dacian Wars are brought to a halt by a peace treaty. 102 AD - The Roman writer Martial dies. 105 AD - The Dacian Wars are recommenced with fresh hostilities by the Dacian King Decebalus. 106 AD - Emperor Trajan captures the city of Petra. 106 AD - Annexation of the province of Arabia Petraea by Emperor Trajan. 107 AD - The kingdom of Dacia is annexed into the Roman Empire by the Emperor Trajan. 109 AD - The Roman writer Tacitus completes his book The Annales of Imperial Rome. 109 AD - The Roman writer Tacitus completes his book the Histories. 113 AD - Annexation of Armenia as a province by Emperor Trajan. 113 AD - Death of the Roman historian Pliny the Younger, in Bithynia. 113 AD - Trajan's column is built. 114 AD - The Arch of Trajan is completed in Beneventum. It is erected to commemorate his plans for the upkeep of the children of poor Italians. 114 AD - Death of Pliny the Younger. 115/16 AD - Conquest of the lands between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers by the Roman Emperor Trajan. 115 AD - Jewish revolts occur in Cyrene, leading to the deaths of 220,000. Other Jewish revolts also break out in Cyprus, leading to the deaths of 240,000 and in Egypt, where unknown thousands were killed. 116 AD - Emperor Trajan marches through Parthia, his journey ending with his capture of the Parthian capital Ctesiphon. For the first time, Roman soldiers bathe in the Persian Gulf. 116 AD - The Roman Empire reaches its greatest size, 3.5 million square miles, incorporating over 100 million people. 117 AD - A revolt occurs in the province of Judaea. 117 AD - Battle of Hatra, where Trajan and his army met a force of Jewish rebels and defeated them, but with unexpected casualties. 117 AD - Death of the Emperor Trajan, who died of an illness. 118 AD - Emperor Hadrian burns the state debts house, literally canceling all debts. 120 AD - The consuls are Antoninus Pius and ?. 120? AD - Death of the great Roman historian Tacitus. 121 AD - The Emperor Hadrian climbs up Mt. Etna, the sole reason being that he enjoyed it. 121 AD - Emperor Hadrian begins his tour of the Empire. 121 AD - Birth of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius in Rome. 122+ AD - Death of the Roman historian Suetonius. 122 AD - The construction of Hadrian's Wall is started in order to keep the marauding Scots and Picts from invading the established Roman Britain province. The wall stretches from the Tyne to the Solway. 123 AD - The Roman Pantheon is finally rebuilt by Hadrian. 122 AD - A Moorish revolt occurs in the Roman province of Mauretania. 125 AD - Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome for the first time since the beginning of his Empire tour in 121AD. 126 AD - The consuls are M. Annius Verus and C. Eggius Ambibulus Pomponius. 126 AD - Birth of the Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, in the town of Alba Pompeia Liguria. 127 AD - The consuls are M. Gavius Squilla Gallicanus and T. Atilius Rufus Titianus. 127 AD - Death of the Roman poet Juvenal. 128 AD - The consuls are Nonius Torquatus Asprenas and M. Annius Libo. 129 AD - The consuls are P. Juventius Celsus and L. Neratius Marcellus. 129 AD - Emperor Hadrian calls a council of the eastern kings. They appoint vassals to protect their kingdoms. 130 AD - The consuls are Q. Fabius Catullinus and M. Flavius Aper. 130 AD - Emperor Hadrian founds the city of Antinoopolis. 131 AD - The consuls are Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus and M. Antonius Rufus. 132 AD - The consuls are G. Serius Augurinus and C. Trebius Sergianus. 132 AD - A Jewish revolt, the Simeon Bar-Kochba revolt, occurs. 133 AD - The consuls are M. Antonius Hiberus and P. Mummius Sisenna. 133 AD - Birth of the Emperor Julianus. 134 AD - The consuls are L. Julius Ursus Servianus and T. Vibius Varus. 134 AD - The Alani invade the Kingdom of the Parthians. 135 AD - The consuls are L. Tutilius Lupercus Pontianus and P. Calpurnius Attianus Atticus. 135 AD - The emperor Hadrian captures and razes the city of Jerusalem. He builds a new city, Aelia Captiolina, on the site and forbids Jews to live there. This is the expulsion of the Jews referred to in the bible. 135 AD - A newly built temple dedicated to Venus and Rome in Rome is inaugurated. 135 AD - Birth of the Emperor Pescennius Niger, in Italy. 135 AD - The Bar-Kochba revolt is suppressed, and ends with the death of over 500,000 rebels. 136 AD - The consuls are L. Aelius Caesar (first time) and Sex. Vettulenus Civica Pompeianus. 136 AD - The Emperor Hadrian puts to death his brother-in-law Julius Ursus Servianus, whom he believed was trying to make his grandson Gn. Pedianus Fuscus the new emperor. 137 AD - The consuls are L. Aelius Caesar (second term) and P. Coelius Balbinus Pius. 138 AD - The consuls are Kanus Junius Niger and G. Pomponius Camerinus. 138 AD - L. Ceionius Commodus, who is the appointed as successor to Hadrian, dies of Tuberculosis. 138 AD - Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his successor. 138 AD - Death of Emperor Hadrian, he died of natural causes. 138 AD - Accession of Antoninus Pius as the new emperor. 139 AD - The consuls are Antoninus Pius (first time) and G. Buttius Praesens. 139 AD - The British tribes known the Brigantes are defeated by Lollius Urbicus. He then removes many troops away from their station on Hadrian's Wall, which then leads the Brigantes to revolt again. 139 AD - The body of Hadrian is laid to rest in his mausoleum. 140 AD - The consuls are Antoninus Pius (second time) and M. Aurelius (first time) 140 AD - Death of the philosopher Epictus. 140 AD - Death of the satirist Juvenal. 140 AD - The pope dies, and is replaced as pope by Pius I. 140/141 AD? - The emperor Antoninus Pius institutes the Puellae Faustinianae, a charity foundation for daughters of the poorer people of Rome. 141 AD - The consuls are T. Hoenius Severus and M. Peducaeus Stloga Priscinus. 142 AD - The consuls are L. Cuspius Rufinus and L. Statius Quadratus 142 AD - Construction is completed on the Antonine Wall. This wall stretches from the Forth to the Clyde in Scotland, and is 36 miles long. 143 AD - The consuls are G. Bellicus Torquatus (first time) and Ti. Claudius. 144 AD - The consuls are L. Lollianus Avitus and T. Statilius Maximus. 145 AD - The consuls are Antoninus Pius (third time) and M. Aurelius (second time). 145 AD - Birth of the Emperor Albinus, in the town of Hadrumentum. 146 AD - The consuls are Sex. Erucius Clarus and Gn. Claudius Severus Arabianus. 146 AD - Birth of the future emperor L. Septimius Severus near Leptis Magna, in Africa. 147 AD - The consuls are L. Annius Largus and G. Praestina Pacatus Messallina. 148 AD - The consuls are G. Bellius Torquatus (second time) and P. Salvius Iulianus. 149 AD - The consuls are Ser. Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus and Q. Nonius Sosius Priscus. 150 AD - The consuls are M. Gavius Squilla Gallicanus and Sex. Carminius Vetus. 150 AD - The Roman satirist, Apuleius, dies. 151 AD - The consuls are Sex. Quintilius Condianus and Sex. Quintilius Valerius Maximus. 152 AD - The consuls are Man. Acilius Glabrio and M. Valerius Homullus. 152 AD - The riots and risings in Mauretania are quelled and peace is restored to the Empire. 152 - 153 AD - Revolts occur in the province of Egypt after territorial expansions in that area. 153 AD - The consuls are C. Buttius Praesens and A. Iunius Rufinus. 154 AD - The consuls are L. Verus (first time) and T. Sextius Lateranus. 154 AD - The revolt of the Brigantes is finally crushed in brutal fashion by the new governor of Britain, Julius Verus. 155 AD - The consuls are G. Julius Severus and M. Junius Rufus Sabinianus. 155 AD - Birth of the historian Dio Cassius, in the city of Nicaea, in Bithynia. 156 AD - The consuls are M. Ceionius Silvanus and G. Serius Augurinus. 157 AD - The consuls are M. Ceionius Civica Barbatus and M. Metilius Aquillius Regulus. 158 AD - The consuls are Ser. Sulpicius Tertullus and Q. Tineius Sacerdos Clemens. 158 AD - Birth of the Emperor Gordian I. 159 AD - The consuls are Plautius Quintillus and M. Statius Priscus Licinius Italicus. 160 AD - The consuls are Ap. Annius Atilius Bradua and Ti. Clodius Vibius Varus. 161 AD - The consuls are M. Aurelius (third time) and L. Verus (second time). 161 AD - Death of the Emperor Antonius Pius. 161 AD - Marcus Aurelius is proclaimed as the new emperor. 161 AD - New wars break out in the empire. Calpurnius Agricola is sent as the new governor of Britain to deal with the outbreaks there, and Aufidius Victorinus is sent to deal with the invasion of the Germanic Chatti by breaching the Rhine borders and entering Germany. 161 AD - Birth of the Emperor Commodus. 162 AD - The consuls are Q. Junius Rusticus and L. Plautius Aquilinus. 162 AD - The Parthians invade the Roman province of Armenia. 163 AD - The consuls are M. Pontius Laelianus and A. Junius Pastor. 163 AD - The governor of Britain, Statius Priscus, is moved to Armenia, where he captures Artaxata. 164 AD - The consuls are M. Pompeius Macrinus and P. Juventius Celsus. 164 AD - Birth of the Emperor Macrinus, in the city of Caesarea. 164 AD - Birth of the Emperor Pupienus Maximus. 165 AD - The consuls are L. Arrius Pudens and M. Gavius Orfitus. 165 AD - The Roman general Avidius Cassius marches into Parthian territory, retaking Mesopotamia and marching deeper into enemy lands to capture the city of Seleucia. 165 - 166 AD - The Roman general Avidius Cassius invades Parthia after renewed outbreaks of fighting by the Parthians who had reoccupied the captured provinces. He attacks and lays siege to the cities of Ctesiphon and Seleucia, both of which are destroyed as a result. 165 - 167 AD - An outbreak of the plague occurs throughout the Roman Empire, spreading from the East to Italy and the West. 166 AD - The consuls are Q. Servilius Pudens and L. Fufidius Pollio. 166 AD - A Roman army marches into the Parthian satrapy of Media. This is the first Roman army to enter this region. 167 AD - The consuls are L. Verus (third time) and M. Ummidius Quadratus. 167 AD - The plague devastates Rome, killing an estimated tenth of the population. 168 AD - The consuls are L. Venuleius Apronianus and L. Sergius Pallus. 168 AD - The Marcommani suffer a defeat at the hands of a Roman army. 169 AD - The consuls are Q. Pompeius Priscus and P. Coelius Appolinaris. 169 AD - Death of L. Verus. 170 AD - The consuls are G. Erucius Clarus and M. Cornelius Cethegus. 170 AD - Marcomanic Wars, under the command of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. 170 AD - The persecution of the Christians at Rome increases. 170 AD - Birth of the Emperor Balbinus. 170 AD - Death of the Roman writer Appian. 171 AD - The consuls are T. Statilius Severus and L. Alfidius Herennianus. 172 AD - The consuls are Ser. Calpurnius Scipio Orfitus and Quintillius Maximus. 172 AD - Birth of the Emperor Maximinus Thrax. 172 AD - An army of Egyptian shepards defeated the Romans in Egypt and almost captured Alexandria, before they were driven back by the general G. Avidius Cassius. 173 AD - The consuls are Gn. Claudius Severus and Ti. Claudius Pompeianus. 173 AD - (Marcomanic Wars) The Marcomani are almost totally annihilated by a Roman army under the command of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. 174 AD - The consuls are L. Aurelius Gallus and Q. Volusius Flaccus Cornelianus. 174 AD - (Marcomanic Wars) Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his army defeat another Germanic tribe, the Quadi. 174 - 180 AD - Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes his work the Meditations. 175 AD - The consuls are L. Calpurnius Piso and P. Salvius Julianus. 175 AD - (Marcomanic Wars) Emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats the last of the major tribes in this war, the Iazyges. 175 AD - A revolt against Marcus Aurelius occurs under the governor of Syria, G. Avidius Cassius. Soldiers loyal to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius assassinated him before the revolt could begin. 176 AD - The consuls are T. Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio and M. Flavius Aper. 176 AD - (Marcomanic Wars) Commodus and Emperor Marcus Aurelius return to Rome to celebrate a joint triumph for their victories over the Marcomanic coalition. 177 AD - The consuls are Commodus (first time) and M. Plautius Quintillus. 177 AD - Commodus is made joint emperor with Marcus Aurelius. 177 AD - The Christians, later known as the Martyrs of Lyons, are persecuted by the provinces governors. 177 AD - The governor of Mauretania violently quells the revolts in that province, and defeats the bands of soldiers grouped together as a sort of freedom militia. 178 AD - The consuls are Ser. Scipio Orfitus and D. Velius Rufus. 178 AD - Emperor Marcus Aurelius cancels all debts. 178/80 AD - The end of the Marcomanic Wars under the command of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his heir Commodus. But Marcus Aurelius is by this point suffering from chest pains and is known to be dying. 178 AD - The Germanic tribes living on the other side of the Danube begin to cause trouble. This is thought to be due to the tribal dislocation caused by the Marcomanic Wars. 178 AD - L. Septimius Severus is elected as praetor. 179 AD - The consuls for this year are unknown. 180 AD - The consuls are L. Fulvius and Sex. Quintilius Condianus. 180 AD - The bronze equestrian statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius is completed. 180 AD - Death of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, who died from illness at Sirmium in Pannonia. 180 AD - The Ascension of Commodus as emperor. Commodus is insane, and thinks of himself as Hercules, and even carries around a club and wears a lion skin to emulate the mythical hero. 180 AD - The Dacians, Quadi, Iazyges and Vandals are finally pacified by the governors of the various Danube/Rhine provinces. 180 AD - The start of the decline of the Roman Empire. 181 AD - The consuls are Commodus (second time) and L. Antistius Burrus. 182 AD - The consuls are M. Petronius Sura Mamertinus and Q. Tineius Rufus. 182 AD - A plot against Commodus is uncovered when one of the conspirators, Pompeianus, approached Commodus with a sword, announcing "This dagger the Senate sends". 183 AD - The consuls are Commodus (third time) and G. Aufidius Victorinus. 183 AD - Lucillia, the sister of Emperor Commodus, plots to kill him. But the plot is uncovered. 184 AD - The consuls are L. Cossonius Eggius Marullus and Gn. Papirius Aelianus. 184 AD - In Britain, the Roman forces led by the governor Ulpius Marcellus lost the Antonine Wall against the raids of the Caledonians and Picts, but manage to regain it. This frontier is abandoned after revolts break out. 185 AD - The consuls are M. Cornelius Maternus and Ti. Claudius Bradua Atticus. 185 AD - Birth of the writer Origen, where is unknown. It is thought he was born in Alexandria. 186 AD - The consuls are Commodus (fourth time) and Man. Acilius Glabrio. 186 AD - A military revolt in Britain against the conditions under the rule of Commodus is forcibly crushed by the governor of Britain, P. Helvius Pertinax. 187 AD - The consuls are L. Bruttius Quintius Crispinus and L. Roscius Aelianus. 188 AD - The consuls are Seius Fuscianus and M. Servilius Silanus. 188 AD - Birth of the Emperor Caracalla. 188 AD - More military revolts break out in the provinces, this time in Germany. 189 AD - The consuls are Duilius Silanus and Q. Servilius Silanus. 189 AD - Birth of the Emperor Geta, who was born in Rome. 190 AD - The consuls are Commodus (fifth time) and M. Petronius Sura Septimianus. 190 AD - Birth of the Emperor Decius, who was born near the city of Sirmium. 190 AD - The prefect of the grain supply Papyrius Dionysius, concocts a grain shortage which leads to the death of the extremely powerful freedman and Praetorian Prefect M. Aurelius Cleander. 190 AD - Fresh revolts break out in Africa, but are quickly and harshly suppressed by P. Helvius Pertinax. 190 AD - Thanks in large part to the power and influence of the freedman Cleander, 25 men were appointed as consuls for the year (for a price). 191 AD - The consuls are Pedo Apronianus and M. Valerius Mauricius. 192 AD - The consuls are Commodus (sixth time) and Pertinax. 192 AD - Death of the Emperor Commodus, who was strangled in a bath by the wrestler Narcissus. 192 AD - Birth of the Emperor Gordian II. 192 AD - A disastrous fire breaks out in Rome, where the imperial archives are destroyed. 193 AD - The consuls are Q. Sosius Falco and C. Julius Erucius Clarus. 193 AD - P. Helvius Pertinax is hailed as the new emperor of Rome. 193 AD - Death of the Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was lynched by all of the Praetorian Guard after ruling for only 86 days. 193 AD - Emperor Julianus buys the position of emperor from the senate. 193 AD - Death of the Emperor Julianus, who was sentenced to death by the senate. He had only ruled for 66 days. 193 AD - Septimus Severus is proclaimed as emperor of Rome, as is Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus. The reign of Septimus Severus can, unlike that claimed of Augustus, claim to be the first true military autocracy of Rome. 193 AD - Emperor Septimus Severus begins the siege of Byzantium against the forces of Pescennius Niger. 193 AD - Completion of the Column of Marcus Aurelius, in honor of his victories over the Marcomanni. 194 AD - The consuls are Septimus Severus and D. Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar. 194 AD - A battle takes place between the forces of Pescennius Niger and Septimus Severus near the city of Cyzicus. 194 AD - Another battle of the civil war between Pescennius Niger and Septimus Severus occurs near the city of Nicea. 194 AD - Septimus Severus annihilates the army of Pescennius Niger at the battle of Issus. 195 AD - The consuls are Scapula Tertullus Priscus and Tineius Clemens. 195 AD - Birth of the Emperor Valerian. 195 AD - Death of the Emperor Pescennius Niger, who was captured and killed by troops of Septimus Severus. 195 AD - The new Emperor Septimus Severus brings the Parthians and Adiabenians under Roman authority, but the campaign is unpopular, costing more than it brought back in spoils. 196 AD - The consuls are G. Domitius Dexter and L. Valerius Messalla Thrasea Paetus. 196 AD - The city of Byzantium is sacked by Emperor Septimus Severus after a long siege. 197 AD - The consuls are T. Sextius Lateranus and L. Cuspius Rufinus. 197 AD - Clodius Albinus marches against Emperor Septimus Severus, after Severus names his son Caracalla as heir. They meet at the battle of Lugdunum, at which it was said that both sides fielded enormous armies. The cavalry of Severus won the battle, and after two days of battle, Albinus's army is destroyed. As a punishment for its part in the battle, Lugdunum was sacked and burned by Severus's army. 197 AD - Death of the Emperor Albinus, who was found dead after a battle with Septimus Severus. 197/98 AD - Capture of the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon by Emperor Septimus Severus, who re-annexed the province of Mesopotamia which had previously been lost. 198 AD - The consuls are Gallus and Saturninus. 199 AD - The consuls are P. Cornelius Anullinus and M. Aufidius Fronto. 200 AD - The consuls are Ti. Claudius Severus Proculus and G. Aufidius Victorinus. 200 AD - There is a massive trade recession in the Mediterranean world. 200 AD - Birth of the Christian martyr Cyprian in Carthage. 200 AD - The future emperor G. Decius Quintus Trajanus is born at Budalia in Lower Pannonia. 203 AD - Completion of the Arch of Septimus Severus in the Roman Forum. 204 AD - Birth of the Emperor Philip the Arab, who was born in the region known as Trachonitis in Syria. 204 AD - The Christian writer Tertullian completes his work The Crown, in which he questions whether it was right for a Christian to participate in warfare. 205 BC - First consulship of the Roman historian Cassius Dio. 205 AD - Fall from favor of the emperor's favorite subject, the praetorian prefect Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, after he was suspected of plotting against Emperor Septimus Severus. 205 AD - Birth of the philosopher Plotinus in Asyut, Egypt. He was the founder of Neoplatonism. 207 AD - Birth of the Emperor Aemilian on the island Jerba in Africa. 208 AD - Birth of the Emperor Alexander Severus, in the city of Caesarea. 208 AD - Septimus Severus leaves Rome to campaign in Britain. 209 AD - Emperor Septimus Severus campaigns in Britain against the Caledonians, though he watched the battle from a litter, as he was said to be suffering from gout. 211 AD - Emperors Septimus Severus and Caracalla institute the first ban on abortion, which is made a crime by the parents. The punishment is a small fine and temporary exile. 211 AD - Death of the Emperor Geta, who was assassinated by centurions at the command of Caracalla. 212 AD - Caracalla is hailed as the sole ruler and emperor of the Roman Empire. 212 AD - The Emperor Caracalla passes the Constitutio Antoniniana, which grants the Roman citizenship to the entire population of the empire, excepting slaves. 213 AD - Birth of the Emperor Gallienus. 213 AD - The Emperor Septimus Severus begins his campaign against the Alemmani. 214 AD - Birth of the Emperor Aurelian, in the province of Lower Moesia. 214 AD - Birth of the Emperor Claudius II Gothicus, in the province of Illyricum. 215 AD - The Emperor Caracalla issues a new form of silver coinage, the Antoninianus. 216 AD - The Emperor Septimus Severus begins a campaign against the Parthians, in which the Romans rampage across Mesopotamia and trounce all opponents. 216 AD - The baths of Caracalla are completed in Rome. 216 AD - The Emperor Caracalla tricks the Osroene King Abgarus during a visit and captures him, in order to annex Osroene into the empire. 216 AD - The Emperor Caracalla makes concessions to the Jews, exempting them from taxes for the first time since Julius Caesar. 217 AD - Death of the Emperor Caracalla (Assassinated by Julius Martialis, an officer of the imperial bodyguard). 217 AD - Macrinus, the Praetorian Prefect under Caracalla, is hailed by the troops as the new emperor. He is the first emperor to be drawn out of the Roman Ordo Equester. 217 AD - Emperor Macrinus continues to campaign against the Parthians, but suffers several setbacks including a setback near the city of Nisibis. 217 AD - Callistus is elected as the new bishop of Rome, but his rival Hippolytus became a rival bishop. He is said to have been the first anti-pope. 218 AD - A battle occurs at Macrinus, where the Roman Emperor Macrinus brought to battle a pretender named Gannys. Macrinus and his forces emerged victorius. 218 AD - Death of the Emperor Macrinus, who was take to Antioch and executed. 218 AD - Elagabalus, nephew of Caracalla, is hailed as emperor after the defeat of the pretender Macrinus. 219 AD - Elagabalus arrives in Rome to let the senate ratify his claim to the throne. 220 AD - The Emperor Elagabalus announces that the Syrian sun god of whom he is priest, El Gabal, is the only true god. 222 AD - The Emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as the next in line for the succession. 222 AD - The Emperor Elagabalus is murdered while in a latrine, as is his mother Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard. 222 AD - Severus Alexander is hailed as the new emperor of Rome. 223 AD - The advisor to Emperor Alexander Severus, the jurist Domitius Ulpianus, is murdered by his own soldiery. 224 AD - Birth of the Emperor Carus, who was born in the city of Narbo in Gaul. 225 AD - Birth of the Emperor Gordian III. 226 AD - A Persian king, who is a vassal to the Parthians, named Ardashir I, rebels against the Parthians and defeats them at the battle of Hormuz. Thus was founded the Sassanid dynasty of Persians. 229 AD - Second consulship of the historian Cassius Dio. 230 AD - The new Persian dynasty sets out to reconquer its territories and to reclaim all of its original lands. It begins by besieging the city of Nisibis. 232 AD - Birth of the Emperor Probus, in the town of Sirmium. 232 AD - An army under the Emperor Alexander Severus launched a large attack on Armenia and Mesopotamia, occupied by the Persians. 232 AD - The offensive of Emperor Severus Alexander against the Persians fails. 233 AD - Emperor Alexander Severus begins to campaign against the Alemmani on the Rhine. 234 AD - The Pannonian troops proclaim Maximinus Thrax as the new emperor. 235 AD - Death of the Emperor Alexander Severus, who was killed when his troops mutinied near the town of Moguntiacum. 235 AD - This is the beginning of the period which was dominated by those who were brought to power on the strength of the military, known as soldier emperors. 235 AD - Maximinus Thrax is recognized by the senate as emperor. 235 AD - Maximinus Thrax begins to campaign against the Alemmani, and completes his campaign successfully. 235 AD - Death of the historian Dio Cassius. 236 - 237 AD - The Emperor Maximinus Thrax begins to campaign against the revived tribes of the Dacians and Sarmatians. 237 - 238 AD - The Persians invade the Roman province of Mesopotamia, capturing the cities of Nisibis and Carrhae. 238 AD - Year of six emperors. 238 AD - Death of the Emperor Balbinus, who was beaten and dragged naked through the streets of Rome before being killed by the Praetorians. 238 AD - Death of the Emperor Gordian I, who hanged himself. 238 AD - Death of the Emperor Gordian II, who was killed in battle. 238? AD - Death of the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, who was killed when his soldiers mutinied. 238 AD - Death of the Emperor Pupienus Maximus, who was killed when his bodyguard lynched him. 239 AD - A Gothic invasion of Lower Moesia is repelled by a governor under Emperor Gordian III. 240 AD - Birth of the Emperor Diocletian in the province of Dalmatia. 240 AD - A rebellion under the governor of Africa, Sabinianus, is put down near Carthage. 242 AD - Emperor Gordian III marches against the Persian invasion of the East, and relieves the city of Antioch from siege. 243 AD - A Persian occupation of the province of Syria is defeated by a general named Timesitheus. 244 AD - Death of the Emperor Gordian III, executed by Phillip the Arab. 244 AD - Emperor Phillip the Arab negotiates peace with the Persian invaders in order to deal with the troubles on the Rhine/Danube border. 245 AD - The Emperor Phillip the Arab sets out from Rome to campaign against Germanic tribes, and he secures peace from some tribes. 245 AD - The future emperor G. Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus is born in Dalmatia. 247 AD - Philippus II is proclaimed emperor by the troops who were loyal to his father. 248 AD - Rome celebrates it's 1000th birthday. 248 AD - A rebellion under a Danube commander, Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus. While this is happening, the Goths take advantage and wreak large-scale destruction in the northern part of the empire. 248 AD - The Roman general G. Messius Quintus Decius is appointed as governor of Moesia and Pannonia. 248 AD - Decius defeats the invasion of the Goths and resettles Moesia and Pannonia. 248 AD - Cyprian becomes the bishop of Carthage. 249 AD - Decius is so successful in his campaigns that he is proclaimed emperor by his troops. 249 AD - Death of the Emperor Phillip the Arab, who was killed in a battle near Verona against Decius Trajanus. 249 AD - The Goths, under a King Kniva, renew their incursions into the Roman Empire. 250 AD - The emperor Decius Trajanus defeats an incursion through Dacia by King Kniva of the Carpi, a Gothic tribe. 250 AD - Birth of the Emperor Constantius Chlorus, who was born in Danubian region. 250? AD - Birth of the Emperor Carinus. 250? AD - Birth of the Emperor Galerius, near the town of Florentiana in Upper Moesia. 250 AD - Birth of the Emperor Licinius, in the province of Upper Moesia. 250? AD - Birth of the Emperor Maximian, at the city of Sirmium. 251 AD - A new soldier emperor, Herennius, claims the throne, backed by his army. 251 AD - A pretender to the throne, Julius Valens Licianus, is defeated and executed. 251 AD - Death of the Emperor Decius, who was killed in battle at Abricium against King Kniva of the Carpic Goths. 251 AD - Trebonius Gallus is proclaimed as emperor, but only for a short period, as he soon dies. 252 AD - On the northern borders of the empire, the Goths and other barbarians invade. On the eastern borders, the Persians take advantage of the momentary weakness to attack Mesopotamia. 253 AD - Aemilianus is proclaimed as emperor. 253 AD - Death of the Emperor Aemilian, whose troops stabbed him to death rather than face the army of Valerian. 253 AD - The general Valerian is proclaimed as emperor. 254 AD - The long quiet tribe of the Marcomani attack and invade the province of Pannonia, and raid the city of Ravenna. 254 AD - The Goths, under King Kniva, rampage, loot and sack the length of Thrace. 255 AD - Death of the writer Origen. 256 AD - The Franks, a Germanic tribe who were an amalgamation of the remnants of the Cherusci and Chatti, attack the border cities on the lower Rhine region and invade the majority of the province of Gaul. 256 AD - The Goths launch an attack on Asia Minor with a fleet. 257 AD - The Persians renew their invasions into Roman territory. 257 AD - Death of the bishop of Carthage, Cyprian. 259 AD - A Germanic tribe, the Juthungi (known today as the Jutes, and who were mostly the remainder of the Marcomani), crossed the Upper Danube and entered Italy. 260 AD - An army which is hastily assembled prevents the Jutes from marching on Rome. They move to Mediolanum (modern Milan) before turning around. They were then defeated there by the emperor, Gallienus. 260 AD - The Jutes are defeated again at the battle of Augsburg, in which many Italian prisoners are freed. 260 AD - The Emperor Valerian is taken captive by the Persian King Shapur I, and spends the rest of his life in captivity as a slave. 260 AD - The Persians invade the Roman Empire and sack the city of Antioch. 260 AD - A marauding tribe of Franks attack, capture and sack the city of Tarraco in Spain. 261 AD - A battle occurs in the Balkans region between the rival emperors M. Acilius Aureolus and F. Iunius Macrianus. 262 AD - A Palmyrian Prince under command of Emperor Gallienus, Odenathus, mobilises his forces against the Parthians and Armenians. 262 AD - The plague once again reaches Italy and Africa from the East. 267 AD - The Goths invade the province of Asia Minor. 267 AD - The Palmyrian prince, Odenathus, who had been named dux orientalis, or duke of the orient, is murdered. 267 AD - A nomadic tribe known as the Heruli invade Greece. 268 AD - An invasion occurs by the largest Gothic horde yet, and Gallienus, retreating before this, is deserted by his officers. The Goths raid and sack towns on their journeys, destroying a small portion of Greece and Thrace. 268 AD - Battle of Naissus, in which Gallienus defeated a larger Gothic horde. 268 AD - Slave revolts break out in Sicily. 268 AD - Death of the Emperor Gallienus, who is murdered by his Praetorian prefect and others, including Claudius II Gothicus. 268 AD - Battle of Lake Benacus, where the army under command of Emperor Claudius II Gothicus defeated the army of the pretender M. Acilius Aureolus. 268 AD - Battle of Mediolanum, in which Emperor Claudius II Gothicus defeated a force of the Germanic Alemanni. 269 AD - The new queen of Palmyra, Zenobia, revolts against Rome and attacks Roman territory. 269 AD - Emperor Claudius II Gothicus defeats the largest and most dangerous of the German invasions in the 3rd century at the battle of Naissus, with tactics to rival Scipio Africanus and Julius Caesar. He then marched quickly through the Balkans to intercept and demolish the greater part of the retreating army. The Germanic raiders were reduced to becoming allies of Rome. 269 - 270 AD - The defeat of the Germani came at a price. Emperor Claudius II Gothicus had to cede Spain to a new Gallo - Roman Empire. 270 AD - Death of the Emperor Claudius II Gothicus, who died of the plague. 270 AD - Birth of the Emperor Maximinus II Daia, who was born somewhere in the Danubian regions. 270 AD - Death of the philosopher Plotinus. 270 AD - Death of the Sassanid Persian King Shapur I. 270 AD - The Romans abandon the province of Dacia. 270 AD - The army of Zenobia invades Egypt and enters the city of Alexandria. 271 AD - The province of Dacia is lost forever to the Romans. 271 AD - The Emperor Aurelian builds a wall to protect Rome from attacks. 271 AD - Emperor Aurelian destroys the Gothic Chieftain Cannabas and 5,000 of his men in a small area north of the Danube. 271 AD - A battle occurs near Placentia, in which a combined Germanic invasion of the Alemanni, Marcomanni, and Juthungi defeat a Roman army under the command of the Emperor Aurelian. 271 - 272 AD - Revolts under a Septimus in Dalmatia, a Domitianus in southern Gaul and a Urbanus somewhere else in the empire. 271 AD - Battle of Immae, in which the main part of the Palmyrene army was destroyed by Aurelian. 271 - 273 AD - After the capture of the city of Emesa, the city of Palmyra surrendered. But a few months later, the city revolted under Zabdas and slaughtered the garrison stationed there. Emperor Aurelian reacted by marching back to Palmyra, capturing it and sacking and looting the city, and killing its inhabitants. 272 AD - Emperor Aurelian campaigns with his army along the Rhine river against the Carpi. 272 AD - Death of the successful Persian ruler Shapur I. 273 AD - The revolts brought about by the occupation of Alexandria by Zenobia are crushed by Emperor Aurelian. 273 AD - The territory lost to the breakaway Gallic Empire are re-annexed back into the Empire after a battle fought at Chalon-sur-Marne, in modern Belgium. 274 AD - Riots break out in the city of Lugdunum, which is suppressed by Aurelian. 274 AD - The Emperor Aurelian drives into Gaul and defeats the breakaway Gallic empire at the battle of Campi Catalaunii. He punishes the rebel soldiers by executing many, but he shows mercy to the usurper Tetricus. 274 AD - Emperor Aurelian defeats the incursions of the Franks and the Batavians, and drives them back across the Danube causing heavy casualties to the invaders. 274 AD - The emperor Aurelian moved and quickly contained an invasion by the Jutes. 274 AD - Birth of the future Christian emperor Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantius (Constantine the Great) in the city of Naissus in Upper Moesia. 275 AD - Death of the Emperor Aurelian, who was stabbed to death by a Praetorian named Mucapor, a Thracian, in the province of Thrace. 275 AD - A new emperor, Cornelius Tacitus, is asked to fill the vacant throne as emperor. He is 75 years old. 276 AD - Emperor Cornelius Tacitus dies in Rome. His successor, his brother Florian, is murdered. 276 AD - Ascension of Probus as the new Emperor of Rome. 277 AD - The Emperor Probus begins to campaign in Gaul, clearing the Goths and Germanic tribes from te province. 278 AD - The new ruler, Emperor Probus, campaigns in the province of Raetia and secures it. He then goes on to drive invading groups of Vandals from Illyricum. 278 AD - In order to check the brigantry and barbarism of the Isaurians, Emperor Probus builds forts to secure the province. 279 AD - Emperor Probus settles unrest in Asia Minor and the more recently acquired eastern provinces. 279 AD - Probus signs a peace treaty with the Persian King Vahram II. 279 AD - Birth of the Emperor Maxentius. 282 AD - Death of the Emperor Probus, who was murdered near Sirmium by his own troops. 282 AD - A new emperor, Carus, is proclaimed as ruler in Rome. 282 AD - An army under Emperor Carus marches against invading bands of Quadi and Sarmatians, and defeats them causing moderate losses of around 16,000 men. 282 AD - Invasion of Persia by the Emperor Carus. 283 AD - The emperor Carus invaded Mesopotamia, capturing Seleucia first and finally Ctesiphon. 283 AD - Death of the Emperor Carus, who was suspected to have been struck by lightning. 283 AD - New emperors are appointed for the empire. Carinus succeeds as the emperor in the West, and Numerian as the emperor in the East. 283 AD - The leader of the Praetorian Guard, a Danubian named Diocles, assumes the name Diocletian and the title of emperor in the East after he kills Numerian. 284 AD - This year marks the ascension of the Emperor Diocletian, and it also marks the end of the rulers known as the soldier emperors, finishing almost fifty years of constant turmoil and civil war. 284 AD - Year of four consuls. The consuls are Bassus (first time), Carinus (first time), Numerian, and Diocletian (first time). 284 AD - Diocletian is hailed as emperor of Rome by the senate, who are growing tired of the constant murders and civil wars. 284 AD - Emperor Diocletian introduces the Edict of Maximum Prices, which fixes wages for people and the price of goods. Diocletian also bans books on alchemy. 285 AD - The consuls are Aristobulus, Carinus (second time), and Diocletian (second time). 285 AD - Revolt of M. Aurelius Julianus, governor of Venetia. The emperor Carinus at a battle near Verona defeats him. 285 AD - Death of the Emperor Carinus, who was assassinated by his officers during the battle of Margus Valley in Moesia against Diocletian. (From this point on, due to the tetrarchy of Diocletian, (where possible & upon emperor ascension only) the senior emperor will be referred to as Augustus, pl. Augusti, the junior as Caesar, pl. Caesarii). 286 AD - A fellow Danubian, Maximian, is made junior Augustus, with Diocletian senior Augustus, after Maximian defeats the Bagaudae, a group of rebels and discontented peasants, in Gaul. 286 AD - Revolt of Carausius, commander of the North Sea fleet. 286 AD - Emperor Maximian campaigns along the Rhine River, fighting against the Alemmani and Burgundians. 287 AD - The consuls are Diocletian (third time) and Maximian (first time). 288 AD - The sole consul is Ianuarianus. 289 AD - The consuls are Maximian (second time) and Bassus (second time). 289 AD - The pretender Carausius defeats Emperor Maximian in battle. 289 AD - Emperor Diocletian makes preparatory campaigns against the Sarmatians. 290 AD - Emperor Diocletian pushes the Saracens out of Syria and expands this province slightly. 292 AD - The Emperor Diocletian returns to complete the campaigns against the incursions of the Sarmatians. 293 AD - The emperor Diocletian creates the tetrarchy, or rule of four. There are two senior emperors, each using the title Augustus, and two junior emperors who use the title Caesar. The senior Augustus is Diocletian, the junior Augustus is Maximian. The senior Caesar is Galerius, the junior Caesar is Constantius Chlorus. 293 AD - The mainland base of Carausius at Gesoriacum (modern Boulogne) is captured by Constantius Chlorus. 293 AD - Carausius is killed in Britain by a pretender, named Allectus. He holds Britain as the new tyrant. 296 AD - Revolt in Egypt by Domitius Domitianus and Achilleus. Diocletian put it down. 296 AD - Emperor Galerius goes on an unsuccessful campaign against the Persians. During his campaign he is defeated and the province of Mesopotamia is lost. 296 AD - The Roman Britain province is restored to the Empire by Emperor Constantius Chlorus after the revolt of Carausius, who had named himself as emperor of Britain, and the usurpation of Allectus. Allectus was later defeated by a Roman force under command of Asclepiodotus in a battle near Silchester, and captured. Allectus was later executed by Constantius Chlorus. 296 AD - In a complete reversal, Emperor Galerius turns the tide of the war against Persia, defeating the king, Narses. 296 - 302 AD - Emperor Diocletian splits the provinces up in order to lessen the risk from provincial governors. The new provinces are called Dioceses and there are six in the East (Orient, Pontus, Asia, Thrace, Moesia, and Pannonia), and six in the West (Britain, Gaul, Vienne, Italy, Spain, and Africa). The governor of each Diocese is only allowed two legions. 297 AD - Emperor Diocletian publishes an edict proscribing a religious order known as the Manichaeans. 297 AD - Emperor Galerius takes the Persian royal family hostage, and is therefore able to negotiate for very favorable terms of surrender. 298 AD - Emperor Constantius Chlorus repels the incursions of the Alemmani. 298 AD - The Emperor Diocletian lays siege to Alexandria against a revolt led by Domitius Domitianus and Achilleus, which end after eight months and kills thousands of people. 298 AD - Emperor Maximian recaptures the lost portions of Africa and subdues the Moors. 298 AD - Emperor Galerius reconquers the province of Mesopotamia. 303 AD - The persecution of the Christians escalates, beginning at Nicomedia. 303 AD - Birth of the Emperor Magnentius, who was born in the town of Ambiani. 305 AD - Diocletian abdicates as one of the Augusti, as does the other Augusti, Maximian. 305 AD - Constantius Chlorus is elevated to the position of Augustus of the West. Galerius is made the Augustus in the East. The junior Caesar is Fl. Valerius Severus, and the senior Caesar is Maximinus Daia. 305 AD - The Emperor Constantius requests and is given his son Constantine and two legions to help Constantius in his campaigns in Britain. 306 AD - Death of the Emperor Constantius Chlorus in the city of Ebaracum (modern York), who died of an illness. 306 AD - The troops of Constantius Chlorus proclaim his son, Constantine, as the emperor of the West. 306 AD - Emperor Fl. Valerius Severus invades Italy. 307 AD - The Emperor Fl. Valerius Severus, having no real support other than among the Praetorians, appeals to his father Maximian for help. 307 AD - In response to his son's request, Maximian rounds up troops and drives Severus to Pannonia, where he was captured and killed by Emperor Constantine after a siege of the city of Ravenna. He was enticed to surrender by false promises by Maximianus. In recognition of the service he performed, Constantine recognized Maximian as the new Augustus. 307 AD - Marcellus is appointed as the new bishop of Rome. 308 AD - The Conference of Carnutum, a meeting of all of the Caesars and Augusti. 308 AD - To replace his dead Caesar, Severus, Galerius appoints Licinius as the new Caesar. 308 AD - The historian and Christian Eusebius is placed as the new bishop of Rome after the opposition to Marcellus forces him into exile. 310 AD - Death of the Emperor Maximian, who was found dead after the siege of Masillia by Constantine the Great. 311 AD - Final persecutions of the Christians begins in Rome. 311 AD - Publication of the Edict of Toleration by the Emperor Galerius. 311 AD - Death of the Emperor Galerius. He died of illness, when he was believed to have been about to abdicate. It is said that he believed that the Christian God as punishment for his cruelties to the Christians brought about his illness. 311 AD - Death of the Emperor Diocletian. 311 AD - A rebellion under a pretender in Africa is crushed. 312 AD - Constantine leads his army from Gaul and captures Turin, as well as the imperial seat in the city of Milan. 312 AD - Constantine lays siege to the city of Verona, which quickly capitulates. At this point, most of Italy begins to support Constantine. 312 AD - On the march to Rome, the Emperor Constantine claimed to have seen the sign of a cross of light, and the words "By this sign, conquer". It is at this point that many believe that Constantine converted to Christianity. 312 AD - Death of the Emperor Maxentius, who was drowned, when the Milvian Bridge collapsed during a battle with Constantine the Great. 312 AD - The Praetorian Guard, for the first time in Imperial times, is disbanded. 312 AD - Emperor Constantine the Great is converted to Christianity. 313 AD - Edict of Milan is signed by Emperor Constantine the Great and the Emperor Licinius 313 AD - The Emperor Licinius defeats the army of Emperor Maximinus II Daia. 313 AD - Death of the Emperor Maximinus II Daia, who died of a wasting illness. 314 AD - Persecution of the Donatist sect of Christians by Emperor Constantine the Great and the Christian council in Rome. 314 AD - A meeting of a council of the bishops of the Empire is held at Arles. 314 AD - Emperor Constantine the Great makes a series of small but victorious battles against the Emperor Licinius. The force of 20,000 men with Constantine defeated a force of 35,000 under Licinius in a battle near Cibalae in Pannonia. After this, Constantine made Licinius sign a treaty to hand over more of his territory to Constantine, leaving Licinius with Thrace as his only European territory. This is the opening battle of the civil wars between Constantine the Great and Licinius. 314 AD - The kingdom of Armenia, under King Tiridates III, becomes Christian and persecutes many people practicing the Zoroastrian faith. 315 AD - The arch of Constantine is erected in Rome. 316 AD - Death of the retired emperor Diocletian, who died of natural causes. 316 AD - The battle of the Campus Ardiensis occurs in Thrace, the second battle in the civil war between Emperor Constantine the Great and Emperor Licinius, which resulted in a major defeat for Licinius. 317 AD - Birth of Constantine II, in the city of Arelate. 320 AD - Birth of the Emperor Constans, in the city of Constantinople. 321 AD - The Emperor Constantine grants toleration to the persecuted Christian sect, the Donatists. 321 AD - Constantine grants the right for women to manage their own estates, except in the case of the sale of land estates. 322 AD - After an invasion of Pannonia by the Sarmatians, Emperor Constantine the Great campaigns against them, driving them out of Pannonia and even expanding the province slightly. 322 AD - The first version of St. Peter's Church is constructed in Rome. 323 AD - After a period of occupation of the province of Thrace, the Goths are driven out by Constantine. 323 AD - The navy of Constantine, under the command of his son Crispus, defeats the navy of Licinius. 324 AD - Battle of Adrianople, which resulted in victory for Constantine over the army of Licinius, who killed 34,000 men. 324 AD - Battle of Chrysopolis, in which the army of Constantine the Great defeated the army of Licinius with 25,000 dead. 324 AD - After defeating Licinius, Constantine stripped him of his rank and banished him to the city of Thessalonica. 325 AD - Death of the Emperor Licinius. The Emperor Constantine hanged him. 325 AD - The Council of Nicea occurs, which is a meeting of the religious (Christian) leaders from all around the empire. The council is said to have consisted of 255 bishops, although most of these were from the East. 325 AD - The Council of Nicaea sets the date of Easter, declaring it to be the first Sunday with a full moon after the Vernal Equinox. 326 AD - After a suspicion of adultery and treason, Constantine the Great executed his son Crispus. 326 AD - The aging mother of Emperor Constantine the Great, Helena, is sent on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem by Constantine. 327 AD - Constantine had his wife Fausta steamed to death in a bath that was too hot because she had been plotting against him. 328 AD - Birth of the Emperor Valens, in the city of Cibalae. 330 AD - Helena, the mother of Constantine, dies. 330 AD - Founding of the city of Constantinople over the site of the Greek colony of Byzantium. This is made the Imperial residence. The city's consecration is marked by forty days of celebrations, rituals and festivities. 331 AD - An invasion by the Vandals and Sarmatians is stopped by the Goths, who appeal to Constantine. In gratitude, Constantine sends them grain foods, oil, iron and wine, as well as a treaty. 332 AD - Birth of the Emperor Julian the Apostate. 336 AD - Constantine the Great campaigns along the river Danube until he recaptures most of Dacian gains made by Trajan. 336 AD - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is built and dedicated in Jerusalem. 337 AD - Constantine, knowing himself to be dying, had himself baptized by Eusebius, the bishop of Nicomedia. 337 AD - Death of the Emperor Constantine the Great, at Ankyrona. He was baptized just before his death to ensure entry into heaven and the purification of his soul. 339 AD - Birth of the bishop of Milan, Ambrose, in the city of Trier. 340 AD - Emperor Constans is campaigning very successfully against the tribes of the Danubian region. 340 AD - Death of the Emperor Constantine II, killed by an ambush set up by his brothers troops in a skirmish at Aquileia after Constantine II tried to annex his brother's territory. 341 AD - Emperor Constans begins a successful campaign against the Franks. 343 AD - The Emperor Constans crosses the English Channel to campaign against the marauding Picts and Scots, whom he successfully drives back into Caledonia. 347 AD - Birth of the Emperor Theodosius the Great, in the town of Cauca, Northwestern Spain. 348 AD - Birth of Saint Jerome, the Christian writer of the Vulgate (Latin translation of the bible). 350 AD - Death of the Emperor Constans, who was murdered by a man named Gaiso at the foot of the Pyrenees, after a revolt broke out under Magnentius. 350 AD - The Persians invade and take Armenia from the Romans again. 351 AD - Emperor Constantius II defeats the army of the pretender Magnentius in a battle near Mursa. He then rules the entire empire until 361 AD. During the battle, it is thought that he suffered losses of 54,000 men, making his victory very costly. 353 AD - A bloody battle ensues at Mons Seleuci, between Magnentius and Constantius II, in which Constantius II, although he won, lost 30,000 men and Magnentius lost 24,000 men. This was the final battle between Constantius II and Magnentius. 353 AD - Death of the Emperor Magnentius, who committed suicide at the city of Lugdunum. 353 AD - Since the Britons had supported Magnentius, Constantius II purges Britain of its entire ruling class. 354 AD - The Emperor Constantius II travels to Valentia, where he stops the incursions of the Alemmani, but ends in signing a peace treaty with them. 355 AD - Upon hearing that the Franks had captured the city of Cologne and the Alemmani had attacked Autun, Julian the Apostate lead his army against them, recapturing Cologne and driving of the Alemmani attacks. 357 AD - The Alemmani, under Kings Chnodomar and Serapio invade the empire with an army of 35,000 men. The reports from the battle that occurred near the Rhine River, state that 6,000 Alemmani died, but only 250 Romans died. Many Alemmani were unaccounted for, as the river in their haste to escape carried them away. 357 AD - The Emperor Constantine II issues a decree that any Christian who marries a Jew would have his property confiscated. 357 AD - Emperor Julian the Apostate defeats the Germanic Alemanni at the battle of Argentorate. The Roman force of 13,000 defeated a larger one of 30,000 with minor Roman and major Alemmanic losses. 359 AD - Birth of the Emperor Gratian, in the town of Sirmium. 359 AD - The Persians renew their invasions of Roman territory and spark a new war with Rome. 360 AD - The marauding tribes of Britain, most notably the Picts and Scots, breach Hadrian's Wall and invade Roman Britain. 361 AD - Julian the Apostate is proclaimed as emperor of Rome, and the Empire reverts back to the pagan religion. 361 AD - Emperor Julian the Apostate campaigns against the Alemmani, and forces them to sign a peace treaty after capturing their King Vadomar by treachery. 361 AD - Just before the commencement of civil war, Constantius II is taken ill and dies. 362 AD - The Emperor Julian the Apostate becomes unpopular when he travels to Antioch and fixes prices on grain to stave of a threatened famine. 363 AD - Death of the Emperor Julian the Apostate. An arrow during a skirmish killed him, fired by a contingent of Parthian cavalry archers. His replacement, Emperor Jovian, restores Christianity to the Empire. 363 AD - A peace treaty is signed between the Romans and the Persians. 364 AD - The Emperor Jovian is found dead in his tent. 367 AD - Britain is attacked and partially overrun by a coalition of the tribes of the Germanic Saxons, the Picts and Scots. 368 AD - The Emperor Valentinian campaigns across the Rhine, and with a large army he defeated the Alemmani in battle at Solicinium. 370 AD - Theodosius the Elder uses his army to drive the Scots and Picts out of Britain. 370 AD - The Roman historian, Eutropius, dies. 371 AD - Birth of the Emperor Valentinian II. 374 AD - As a commander on the Danube, Theodosius the Great campaigns against the Sarmatians, who had been making incursions into the Roman provinces. 374 AD - A new bishop of Milan is appointed, named Ambrose. 375 AD - The nomadic Huns begin to migrate. They cross the Volga River, attack the Germanic Visigoths who are living in the Ukraine region and drive them out. They are permitted to enter the empire as allies, but they are so badly mistreated by the Romans that they rise up in revolt. 375 AD - Death of the Roman Emperor Valentinian, who became so angry at the emissaries of the Quadi, that he ruptured a blood vessel. 375 AD - The successful general of Valentinian, Theodosius, is beheaded by enemies who were intriguing against him in Carthage. 377 AD - A battle under combined forces sent from Emperor Valens and Emperor Gratian against Visigoth and Ostrogoth armies occurs in a battle at Salices. Both sides had heavy casualties, and the Romans had to withdraw, leaving Thrace to be plundered by the Goths. 377 AD - Birth of the Emperor Arcadius, in Spain. He was the son of Emperor Theodosius. 378 AD - The Emperor Gratian's forces defeat the Alammanic tribe of Lentienses, massacring them to a point where only 5,000 of the 40,000 warriors escaped alive. 378 AD - Battle of Adrianople, in which Gothic horsemen utterly defeated a Roman army under the Emperor Valens. Valens was killed during this battle. Only a third of the Roman army escaped alive. 378 AD - The Goths, some Alans, and Huns move to attack the capital Constantinople. The city is saved by a group of Saracens who helped the Romans to defeat the attacking hordes. 379 AD - Theodosius the Great is proclaimed co-emperor by the Emperor Gratian. 379 AD - Uprising in Africa by a military commander named Gildo. 380 AD - Theodosius the Great declares Christianity to be the sole religion of the empire. 382 AD - The Emperor Theodosius the Great declares the remainder of the Visigoths as allies in a treaty in an attempt to stifle the constant invasions by the marauding barbarian hordes. 383 AD - Birth of the Emperor Honorius. 383 AD - Death of the Emperor Gratian, who was assassinated by an officer named Andragathius. 383 AD - The Roman Empire pulls all soldiers out and completely abandons the island of Britain. 383 AD - The governor of Britain, Magnus Maximus, revolts and tries to claim himself as Emperor of Briatain 387 AD - Emperor Theodosius signs a treaty with the Persian King Shapur III, giving Persia four fifths of Armenia, and Rome one fifth. 388 AD - Death of the Emperor Magnus Maximus, who was captured and executed by Theodosius the Great after the battle of Aquileia. Theodosius won by using German troops. 390 AD - Birth of the Roman general Flavius Aetius. 390 AD - After the murder of a general in an incident in Thessalonica, Theodosius invited them to free game, then treacherously sent in his soldiers to slaughter them. For this deed, he was refused communion from Bishop Ambrose of Milan until he performed public penance for his deed. 391 AD - The sole consul is Q. Aurelius Symmachus. 391 AD - Paganism is officially ended with edicts published by Emperor Theodosius against their practice. 391 AD - The army of Emperor Theodosius is defeat at the Maritza, by an army of Visigoths under the command of a young Alaric. 391 AD - Theodosius issues an edict that commands that the temple of Serapis in Egypt is to be demolished. 391 AD - The Great Library of Alexandria is destroyed under order of Emperor Theodosius. 392 AD - Theodosius manages to surround the Gothic invaders at the Maritza, compelling them to sign a peace treaty. 392 AD - Death of the Emperor Valentinian II, who was murdered by the Frankish general Arbogast. 393 AD - Theodosius the Great appoints his son Honorius as emperor of the west in order to depose the puppet emperor Eugenius, who is under the control of Arbogast. 394 AD - The last showing of the ancient Olympic Games is held in this year after it is banned by Emperor Theodosius the Great. It is not recommenced until 1896. 394 AD - Alaric I is made leader of the Gothic auxiliaries of the army of Theodosius the Great. 394 AD - A battle is fought at the River Frigidus where the Emperor Theodosius the Great defeated an army of Pagan orientated forces in the West. 395 AD - The Roman Empire is split, with both a Latin Western Empire and a Greek Eastern Empire created by the split. This is the last time of a unified Roman Empire. 395 AD - The sons of Theodosius the Great are given a side of the empire each. Arcadius is given the East, and Honorius is given the West. 395 AD - Death of the Emperor Theodosius the Great, who died of unknown causes. 395 AD - The commander of the Gothic auxiliaries, Alaric I, invades and ravages Thrace, Macedon, Thessaly, and Illyria, and captures Boeotia, Athens, Megara, Corinth, Argos, and Sparta. Stilicho and the troops of the Western Empire later drive him out of the Peloponnese. 395 AD - The Greek Eleusinian Mysteries are no longer celebrated after a group of fanatical Goths sack the sanctuary and destroy a large portion of it. 395 AD - The Huns invade Armenia, Cappadocia and Northern Syria, threatening both the Persian and Roman Empire. 396 AD - The city of Sparta, famous for its ancient military power, is sacked and then razed to the ground by King Alaric I. 396 AD - Alaric is bought off when he is made the governor of Illyricum. 397 AD - Death of Bishop Ambrose of Milan, who died just a few days before Easter. 399 AD - An army of Ostrogoths, under the command of King Tribigild, invade and capture Galatia, Pisidia, and Bithynia. 400 AD - Alaric is compelled to revolt, and does so, managing to capture southern Italy. 401 AD - An army of Vandals led by King Radagaisus invade Noricum and Raetia. 401 AD - The Visigoths invade Italy. 401 AD - Birth of the emperor Theodosius II. 402 AD - The Roman auxiliary general, Flavius Stilicho (a Vandal) defeats the invasion force of Alaric in battle at Pollentia on the Tanarus. 403 AD - The Roman Master of the Soldiers, Stilicho, defeats the army of Alaric in the battle of Verona. 403 AD - Honorius changes the capital of the Western Empire to Ravenna. This begins the decline of the city of Rome as a major power, as Rome is now superceded by many other cities of the empire. 405 AD - The Roman general Flavius Stilicho repels a barbarian invasion of Italy begun under Radagaisus in a battle near Fiesole. 405 AD - The colosseum is closed and all gladiatorial fights are banned after a monk is stoned to death for trying to break up a pair of combatants. 406 AD - The nomadic tribe known as the Vandals invades Gaul. Other migratory tribes instantly follow them. 406 AD - The Roman legions are removed from Britain forever. 407 AD - Bands of Isaurian brigands and bandits ravage and plunder the majority of Asia Minor. 408 AD - Death of the Roman general Stilcho, who is murdered is in Ravenna. 408 AD - Death of the Emperor Arcadius, who died of natural causes. 409 AD - The Vandals, an Arabic tribe, and the Germanic Suevi and Alans all invade Spain, which is then lost to the empire forever. 410 AD - The Visigoths and other Germanic tribes sack Rome. 410+ AD - Around this period in time, the feudal system begins to evolve, as the provincial councils are now composed of people owning more than a certain amount of land. 410 AD - The Roman forces in Britain are removed, and the island is left to fend for itself among a number of contenders, pretenders and invaders, until the clear outcome at the battle of Hastings in 1066 AD. 413 AD - Emperor Constantius III drives the Goths out of Italy and back into Gaul. 413 AD - Count Heraclian of Africa attempts to gain the throne in the West by invading Italy, but he was defeated, captured and beheaded. 417 AD - The Emperor Honorius grants the title of Allies to the Suevi and Asding Vandals. 418 AD - A new king of the Visigoths is created. He is a grandson of Alaric, and is known as Theodoric the Goth. 418 AD - The Visigoths are given tracts of the best land available in Gaul to settle upon. This was eventually formed to create the independent kingdom of Tolouse. 419 AD - Alaric Plunder Augustus's Mausoleum in Rome. 419 AD - Birth of the Emperor Valentinian III. 420 AD - Death of the Christian writer St. Jerome. 423 AD - Death of the Emperor Honorius. He died of illness. 429 AD - 80,000 Vandals, under their king Gaiseric, cross over to and occupy Mauretania. 429 AD - King Gaiseric and his Vandals invade and take control over the rich Roman Africa province while the Empire is assailed on all sides. 430 AD - Gaiseric, a King of the Vandals, lays siege to and captures the city of Hippo. 430 AD - Death of the writer and Christian St. Augustine of Hippo. 430 AD - The Arsacid Persian Dynasty comes to an end. 432 - 439 AD - The general Flavius Aetius wages successful campaigns against the Visigoths and Burgundians in the province of Gallia Narbonesis (it may have been renamed by this point). 434 AD - The sole consul is Flavius Aetius. 434 AD - Atilla is made king of the Huns. 435 AD - The Visigothic King Theodoric I attacks the Romans in Gaul and besieges them in the city of Narbonne. 436 AD - Aetius sends his Hunish auxiliaries against the Burgundians, killing 20,000 of them in the regency of Placidia. 437 AD - The Burgundians and some Alans were made Allies of Rome. 438 AD - The Theodosian Code is published. This is a codification of the laws of the Roman Empire up until this point. 439 AD - After the Vandals invaded North Africa, King Gaiseric subjugated the city of Carthage and made it his capital. 442 AD - The Germanic tribe of the Saxons take control of the island of Britain. 446 AD - The island of Britain makes its final appeal of help to the Roman Empire, especially to the general Flavius Aetius. But the appeal is ignored due to the growing crisis in the empire. 447 AD - Atilla attacks the Roman Empire. 447 AD - The Huns invade and devastate the province of Lower Moesia, as well as the Kingdom of Scythia. 450 AD - The Western Empire refuses to continue to pay a tribute to stop attacks from the Huns. In response, the Huns invade Italy and Gaul. 450 AD - Justin I, future Byzantine emperor, is born in Illyria. 451 AD - The general Flavius Aetius brings the armies of Atilla the Hun to battle at the battle of Troyes. It is a costly victory for Aetius, and he is unable to follow it up. Theodoric the Goth, who had allied and helped Aetius against Atilla is killed while driving back Atilla's troops. 452 AD - Atilla captures and sacks the town of Patavium (Padua). 452 AD - King Atilla captures the city of Aquileia and razes it to the ground. 453 AD - Death of the Hunish king Atilla. 454 AD - A revolt of Atilla's advisor, the Gepid Ardaric and many other Germans vassals, defeats the Hunnish empire. 454 AD - The power of the Huns is forever broken. Many join the Roman army, some merge with other tribes and some just become brigands. 454 AD - Flavius Aetius is stabbed to death as he stands before Emperor Valentinian III to give a report on the military condition of the empire. 454 AD - The Ostrogoths, after many years of aimless wandering due to being displace by tribal migrations, settles in the Roman province of Pannonia. 454 AD - The Alemmani breach the Rhine borders and invade the Roman Empire in several waves of warriors. 455 AD - Death of the Emperor Valentinian III, who is murdered by two supporters of the general Flavius Aetius. 455 AD - Rome is sacked by the Vandal King Gaiseric. He carries off the empress and her two daughters after plundering the city for two days. 456 AD - The general Ricimer launches a fleet against widescale naval attacks of the Vandals, and defeats the Vandal navy off the coast of Corsica. 457 AD - The general Majorian is proclaimed as emperor in the West and is recognized by the Eastern Emperor Leo, who had replaced the previous emperor Marcian. 460 AD - A humiliating defeat of an Roman imperial navy by a Vandal fleet forced Emperor Majorian to sign an even more humiliating peace treaty. 461 AD - Death of the Emperor Majorian, who was murdered by officers Ricimer at the city of Tortona after loosing his army against the Vandals. 463 AD - The Goths are prevented from crossing the Loire River by the Roman general Aegidius in a battle near Orleans. 467 AD - The Eastern Emperor Leo has the patrician Roman general Anthemius made emperor of the Western Empire. 468 AD - The Vandals are defeated. 472 AD - The Roman mercenary commander, Ricimer, leads his forces on and captures the city of Rome. 474 AD - The death of the Eastern Emperor Leo. 476 AD - The Germanic mercenaries Rome has employed for so long revolt and declare Odoacer as king. They invade Italy and defeat the general Orestes at the battle of Piacenza. Odoacer then marches on and captures the new capital of Ravenna and deposes the Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus. But Romulus is not the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, as Emperor Julius Nepos outlives him. But it is, in practice, the end of Roman emperors in the Western Empire. 476 AD - The exiled Eastern general Zeno the Isaurian enters Constantinople unhindered and immediately capture the present emperor Basiliscus and his family and had them all sentenced to death by beheading. 476 AD - Emperor Zeno is emperor of the East and West, except for Italy, who is at this point King of Italy. 477 AD - The Vandal King Gaiseric dies. 480 AD - Death of the puppet emperor Julius Nepos. This is in theory the end of the Roman Empire in the west, as he is the last Roman emperor and outlasted Romulus Augustulus. 493 AD - The Eastern Emperor Zeno sends his general Theodoric, an Ostrogoth, to depose the usurper Odovacer and to rule there in his name. Theodoric founds a dynasty which lasts right through to 526 AD. 500 AD - Birth of the writer and biographer Procopius in the city of Caesarea Maritima. 500 AD - The terminology of BC - AD/BCE - CE are established by a Christian Monk, but used beginning of AD as 1 AD, as there was no Roman numeral for zero. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 480 AD - The theoretical creation of the Byzantine Empire occurs. For the remainder the composition of the Western provinces, they are now ruled over by various Germanic and Eastern nomadic tribes, such as the Huns and Sarmatians. 481 AD - A Byzantine general, Theodoric Strabo, marches his army on Constantinople, but he is quickly turned away from his march. He dies soon from an accident. 483 AD - Justinian I is born in the town of Tauresium in Illyria. 484 AD - The Master of the Soldiers, Illus, supports Marcian as emperor against Zeno. Zeno gains the support of Theodoric and crushes the supporters of Marcian. 486 AD - Theodoric, after helping the Byzantine Emperor Zeno, begins to pillage Thrace. 491 AD - The Byzantine Emperor Zeno the Isaurian dies of an epileptic fit. 520 AD - Justinian murders one of the consuls of the year, Vitalian. 521 AD - Justinian is named as consul of the Eastern Empire. 526 AD - A large earthquake destroys large parts of some large eastern cities, including Antioch. 527 AD - The eastern emperor, Justin I, dies. He is succeeded by Justinian I, who is his nephew. 528 AD - A Persian army under a prince named Xerxes numbering 30,000 defeats a Roman army. The general, Belisarius, escapes, but returns to defeat Xerxes with new troops supplied by Justinian. 528 AD - Incursions into the empire by Bulgarians through Lower Moesia and Scythia, in which imperial armies are defeated. 532 AD - The Conflict of the Blue and Green circus factions occurs when a rival eastern emperor is elected. The Emperor Justinian is almost overthrown, but his position is saved by the brutal repression of Belisarius and Theodora, his wife. This becomes known as the Nika riots, and before the revolt is put down, nearly 30,000 are killed and much of Constantinople is wrecked or destroyed. 532 AD - The Hagia Sophia is completed in Constantinople. It is the most lavish Byzantine Church of all. 533 AD - A battle occurs between the Vandals and the forces of Belisarius at Ad Decimum. The Vandals had some of their minor forces of cavalry defeated by the Byzantines. 533 AD - Belisarius captures the city of Carthage and renames it Colonia Justiniana Carthago. 533 AD - The Byzantine general, Belisarius, reconquers North Africa from the Vandals. 534 AD - The Vandals cease to exist as a unified tribe. 534 AD - All Roman law is codified when Emperor Justinian's Corpus Iuris Civilis (body of civil law) is punished. 540 AD - The Byzantine general Belisarius captures the city of Ravenna. 541/42 AD - Belisarius is on campaign against the Persians. 548 AD - While campaigning successfully against the Ostrogoths in Italy, he has his command removed due to fear of him from Emperor Justinian. 555 AD - The Gothic power is forever broken by the Byzantines, and the rulers of Ravenna are governors from the Byzantine Empire. 558 AD - Belisarius is recalled to repel an attempted invasion of Constantinople by Bulgarians. 562 AD - Emperor Justinian becomes so afraid of Belisarius, that he imprisons him for several months on an accusation of conspiracy. 565 AD - Belisarius dies in a peaceful retirement, aged 60. 565 AD - Emperor Justinian dies and is succeeded by his nephew, Emperor Justin II. 565 AD - Death of the writer and biographer Procopius. 578 AD - Emperor Justin II dies. By this point he has gone completely mad. 641 AD - The Persian Empire is defeated and ceases to exist. The Islamic warriors known as the Arabs defeat it. The Arabs become a new threat to the Byzantine Empire. 697 AD - The Arabs capture the city of Carthage. 698 AD - After a war, the city of Carthage is destroyed again and its site is not built upon until modern times. 878 AD - The city of Syracuse is sacked and razed by an invasion by the Saracens. It never regains its former glory. 1448 AD - Constantine XI Dragases is crowned emperor of the Eastern Empire. 1453 AD - The city of Constantinople is captured by the Ottoman Turks. Emperor Constantine XI Dragases is killed in the fighting. This signals the final downfall of the last bastion of the Roman Empire in Europe. Later, modern France is named the Holy Roman Empire, founded by King Charlemange, but the only true traces of the Roman Empire are the ruins and some of the surviving buildings. In total, the true Roman Empire as a whole lasted for 1229 years, while the small existing pockets of the Roman empire lasted for a total of 2206 years, spanned an entire continent and is so far the largest empire in history. Abbreviations: A. = Aulus Ap. = Appius D. = Decimus G. = Gaius Gn. = Gnaeus K. = ? L. = Lucius Mam. = Mamercus Man. = Manius Num. = Numerius P. = Publius Q. = Quintus Ser. = Servius Sex. = Sextus Sp. = Spurius T. = Titus Ti. = Tiberius I would like to acknowledge the information given to me by Robert Tarquinio on the true founding of the city of Rome, and would like to give him my thanks. Craig Stevenson Timeline of Roman History Roman Timeline Years 1000BC - 1500AD By: Gaius Sentius Bruttius Sura of clan Sentia E-mail: dougies@iweb.net.au Please feel free to post me with any ideas or dates for updating the timeline with